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    use std::convert::From;
    use std::error::Error;
    use std::fmt;
    use std::str;

    use actix_web::http::header;

    /// Possible errors while parsing `Authorization` header.
    ///
    /// Should not be used directly unless you are implementing
    /// your own [authentication scheme](./trait.Scheme.html).
    #[derive(Debug)]
    pub enum ParseError {
        /// Header value is malformed
        Invalid,
        /// Authentication scheme is missing
        MissingScheme,
        /// Required authentication field is missing
        MissingField(&'static str),
        /// Unable to convert header into the str
        ToStrError(header::ToStrError),
        /// Malformed base64 string
        Base64DecodeError(base64::DecodeError),
        /// Malformed UTF-8 string
        Utf8Error(str::Utf8Error),
    }

    impl fmt::Display for ParseError {
        fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
            let display = match self {
                ParseError::Invalid => "Invalid header value".to_string(),
                ParseError::MissingScheme => "Missing authorization scheme".to_string(),
                ParseError::MissingField(_) => "Missing header field".to_string(),
                ParseError::ToStrError(e) => e.to_string(),
                ParseError::Base64DecodeError(e) => e.to_string(),
                ParseError::Utf8Error(e) => e.to_string(),
            };
            f.write_str(&display)
        }
    }

    impl Error for ParseError {
        fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {
            match self {
                ParseError::Invalid => None,
                ParseError::MissingScheme => None,
                ParseError::MissingField(_) => None,
                ParseError::ToStrError(e) => Some(e),
                ParseError::Base64DecodeError(e) => Some(e),
                ParseError::Utf8Error(e) => Some(e),
            }
        }
    }

    impl From<header::ToStrError> for ParseError {
        fn from(e: header::ToStrError) -> Self {
            ParseError::ToStrError(e)
        }
    }
    impl From<base64::DecodeError> for ParseError {
        fn from(e: base64::DecodeError) -> Self {
            ParseError::Base64DecodeError(e)
        }
    }
    impl From<str::Utf8Error> for ParseError {
        fn from(e: str::Utf8Error) -> Self {
            ParseError::Utf8Error(e)
        }
    }