actix-extras/guide/src/qs_10.md

# Middlewares

## Logging

Logging is implemented as middleware. Middlewares get executed in same order as registraton order.
It is common to register logging middleware as first middleware for application. 
Logging middleware has to be registered for each application.

### Usage

Create `Logger` middlewares with the specified `format`.
Default `Logger` could be created with `default` method, it uses the default format:

```ignore
  %a %t "%r" %s %b "%{Referrer}i" "%{User-Agent}i" %T
```
```rust
# extern crate actix_web;
use actix_web::Application;
use actix_web::middlewares::Logger;

fn main() {
    Application::new()
       .middleware(Logger::default())
       .middleware(Logger::new("%a %{User-Agent}i"))
       .finish();
}
```

Here is example of default logging format:

```
INFO:actix_web::middlewares::logger: 127.0.0.1:59934 [02/Dec/2017:00:21:43 -0800] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 302 0 "-" "curl/7.54.0" 0.000397
INFO:actix_web::middlewares::logger: 127.0.0.1:59947 [02/Dec/2017:00:22:40 -0800] "GET /index.html HTTP/1.1" 200 0 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10.13; rv:57.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/57.0" 0.000646
```

### Format

 `%%`  The percent sign

 `%a`  Remote IP-address (IP-address of proxy if using reverse proxy)

 `%t`  Time when the request was started to process

 `%P`  The process ID of the child that serviced the request

 `%r`  First line of request

 `%s`  Response status code

 `%b`  Size of response in bytes, including HTTP headers

 `%T`  Time taken to serve the request, in seconds with floating fraction in .06f format

 `%D`  Time taken to serve the request, in milliseconds

 `%{FOO}i`  request.headers['FOO']

 `%{FOO}o`  response.headers['FOO']

 `%{FOO}e`  os.environ['FOO']


## Default headers

To set default response headers `DefaultHeaders` middleware could be used.
*DefaultHeaders* middleware does not set header if response headers already contains
specified header.

```rust
# extern crate actix_web;
use actix_web::*;

fn main() {
    let app = Application::new()
        .middleware(
            middlewares::DefaultHeaders::build()
                .header("X-Version", "0.2")
                .finish())
        .resource("/test", |r| {
             r.method(Method::GET).f(|req| httpcodes::HTTPOk);
             r.method(Method::HEAD).f(|req| httpcodes::HTTPMethodNotAllowed);
        })
       .finish();
}
```

## User sessions

Actix provides general solution for session management. 
[*Session storage*](../actix_web/middlewares/struct.SessionStorage.html) middleare can be 
use with different backend types to store session data in different backends. 
By default only cookie session backend is implemented. Other backend implementations 
could be added later.

[*Cookie session backend*](../actix_web/middlewares/struct.CookieSessionBackend.html) 
uses signed cookies as session storage. *Cookie session backend* creates sessions which 
are limited to storing fewer than 4000 bytes of data (as the payload must fit into a 
single cookie). Internal server error get generated if session contains more than 4000 bytes.

You need to pass a random value to the constructor of *CookieSessionBackend*.
This is private key for cookie session. When this value is changed, all session data is lost.
Note that whatever you write into your session is visible by the user (but not modifiable).

In general case, you cretate
[*Session storage*](../actix_web/middlewares/struct.SessionStorage.html) middleware 
and initializes it with specific backend implementation, like *CookieSessionBackend*. 
To access session data
[*HttpRequest::session()*](../actix_web/middlewares/trait.RequestSession.html#tymethod.session)
method has to be used. This method returns
[*Session*](../actix_web/middlewares/struct.Session.html) object, which allows to get or set
session data.

```rust
# extern crate actix;
# extern crate actix_web;
use actix_web::*;
use actix_web::middlewares::RequestSession;

fn index(mut req: HttpRequest) -> Result<&'static str> {
    // access session data
    if let Some(count) = req.session().get::<i32>("counter")? {
        println!("SESSION value: {}", count);
        req.session().set("counter", count+1)?;
    } else {
        req.session().set("counter", 1)?;
    }

    Ok("Welcome!")
}

fn main() {
#   let sys = actix::System::new("basic-example");
    HttpServer::new(
        || Application::new()
            .middleware(middlewares::SessionStorage::new(          // <- create session middlewares
                middlewares::CookieSessionBackend::build(&[0; 32]) // <- create cookie session backend
                    .secure(false)
                    .finish()
            )))            
        .bind("127.0.0.1:59880").unwrap()
        .start();
#     actix::Arbiter::system().send(actix::msgs::SystemExit(0));
#     let _ = sys.run();
}
```