diff --git a/examples/basic.rs b/examples/basic.rs
index 304eabd27..22dfaba37 100644
--- a/examples/basic.rs
+++ b/examples/basic.rs
@@ -13,9 +13,11 @@ use futures::future::{FutureResult, result};
 /// simple handler
 fn index(mut req: HttpRequest) -> Result<HttpResponse> {
     println!("{:?}", req);
-    if let Ok(ch) = req.payload_mut().readany() {
-        if let futures::Async::Ready(Some(d)) = ch {
-            println!("{}", String::from_utf8_lossy(d.0.as_ref()));
+    if let Some(payload) = req.payload_mut() {
+        if let Ok(ch) = payload.readany() {
+            if let futures::Async::Ready(Some(d)) = ch {
+                println!("{}", String::from_utf8_lossy(d.0.as_ref()));
+            }
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/src/encoding.rs b/src/encoding.rs
index 1c8c88272..be44990b7 100644
--- a/src/encoding.rs
+++ b/src/encoding.rs
@@ -402,14 +402,14 @@ impl PayloadEncoder {
 
                     resp.headers_mut().insert(
                         CONTENT_LENGTH,
-                        HeaderValue::from_str(format!("{}", b.len()).as_str()).unwrap());
+                        HeaderValue::from_str(&b.len().to_string()).unwrap());
                     *bytes = Binary::from(b);
                     encoding = ContentEncoding::Identity;
                     TransferEncoding::eof()
                 } else {
                     resp.headers_mut().insert(
                         CONTENT_LENGTH,
-                        HeaderValue::from_str(format!("{}", bytes.len()).as_str()).unwrap());
+                        HeaderValue::from_str(&bytes.len().to_string()).unwrap());
                     resp.headers_mut().remove(TRANSFER_ENCODING);
                     TransferEncoding::length(bytes.len() as u64)
                 }
@@ -478,22 +478,27 @@ impl PayloadEncoder {
 
 impl PayloadEncoder {
 
+    #[inline]
     pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
         self.0.get_ref().len()
     }
 
+    #[inline]
     pub fn get_mut(&mut self) -> &mut BytesMut {
         self.0.get_mut()
     }
 
+    #[inline]
     pub fn is_eof(&self) -> bool {
         self.0.is_eof()
     }
 
+    #[inline]
     pub fn write(&mut self, payload: &[u8]) -> Result<(), io::Error> {
         self.0.write(payload)
     }
 
+    #[inline]
     pub fn write_eof(&mut self) -> Result<(), io::Error> {
         self.0.write_eof()
     }
@@ -508,6 +513,7 @@ enum ContentEncoder {
 
 impl ContentEncoder {
 
+    #[inline]
     pub fn is_eof(&self) -> bool {
         match *self {
             ContentEncoder::Br(ref encoder) =>
@@ -521,6 +527,7 @@ impl ContentEncoder {
         }
     }
 
+    #[inline]
     pub fn get_ref(&self) -> &BytesMut {
         match *self {
             ContentEncoder::Br(ref encoder) =>
@@ -534,6 +541,7 @@ impl ContentEncoder {
         }
     }
 
+    #[inline]
     pub fn get_mut(&mut self) -> &mut BytesMut {
         match *self {
             ContentEncoder::Br(ref mut encoder) =>
@@ -547,6 +555,7 @@ impl ContentEncoder {
         }
     }
 
+    #[inline]
     pub fn write_eof(&mut self) -> Result<(), io::Error> {
         let encoder = mem::replace(self, ContentEncoder::Identity(TransferEncoding::eof()));
 
@@ -555,7 +564,6 @@ impl ContentEncoder {
                 match encoder.finish() {
                     Ok(mut writer) => {
                         writer.encode_eof();
-                        *self = ContentEncoder::Identity(writer);
                         Ok(())
                     },
                     Err(err) => Err(err),
@@ -565,7 +573,6 @@ impl ContentEncoder {
                 match encoder.finish() {
                     Ok(mut writer) => {
                         writer.encode_eof();
-                        *self = ContentEncoder::Identity(writer);
                         Ok(())
                     },
                     Err(err) => Err(err),
@@ -575,7 +582,6 @@ impl ContentEncoder {
                 match encoder.finish() {
                     Ok(mut writer) => {
                         writer.encode_eof();
-                        *self = ContentEncoder::Identity(writer);
                         Ok(())
                     },
                     Err(err) => Err(err),
@@ -583,19 +589,18 @@ impl ContentEncoder {
             },
             ContentEncoder::Identity(mut writer) => {
                 writer.encode_eof();
-                *self = ContentEncoder::Identity(writer);
                 Ok(())
             }
         }
     }
 
+    #[inline]
     pub fn write(&mut self, data: &[u8]) -> Result<(), io::Error> {
         match *self {
             ContentEncoder::Br(ref mut encoder) => {
                 match encoder.write(data) {
-                    Ok(_) => {
-                        encoder.flush()
-                    },
+                    Ok(_) =>
+                        encoder.flush(),
                     Err(err) => {
                         trace!("Error decoding br encoding: {}", err);
                         Err(err)
@@ -604,20 +609,18 @@ impl ContentEncoder {
             },
             ContentEncoder::Gzip(ref mut encoder) => {
                 match encoder.write(data) {
-                    Ok(_) => {
-                        encoder.flush()
-                    },
+                    Ok(_) =>
+                        encoder.flush(),
                     Err(err) => {
-                        trace!("Error decoding br encoding: {}", err);
+                        trace!("Error decoding gzip encoding: {}", err);
                         Err(err)
                     },
                 }
             }
             ContentEncoder::Deflate(ref mut encoder) => {
                 match encoder.write(data) {
-                    Ok(_) => {
-                        encoder.flush()
-                    },
+                    Ok(_) =>
+                        encoder.flush(),
                     Err(err) => {
                         trace!("Error decoding deflate encoding: {}", err);
                         Err(err)
@@ -655,6 +658,7 @@ enum TransferEncodingKind {
 
 impl TransferEncoding {
 
+    #[inline]
     pub fn eof() -> TransferEncoding {
         TransferEncoding {
             kind: TransferEncodingKind::Eof,
@@ -662,6 +666,7 @@ impl TransferEncoding {
         }
     }
 
+    #[inline]
     pub fn chunked() -> TransferEncoding {
         TransferEncoding {
             kind: TransferEncodingKind::Chunked(false),
@@ -669,6 +674,7 @@ impl TransferEncoding {
         }
     }
 
+    #[inline]
     pub fn length(len: u64) -> TransferEncoding {
         TransferEncoding {
             kind: TransferEncodingKind::Length(len),
@@ -676,6 +682,7 @@ impl TransferEncoding {
         }
     }
 
+    #[inline]
     pub fn is_eof(&self) -> bool {
         match self.kind {
             TransferEncodingKind::Eof => true,
@@ -687,6 +694,7 @@ impl TransferEncoding {
     }
 
     /// Encode message. Return `EOF` state of encoder
+    #[inline]
     pub fn encode(&mut self, msg: &[u8]) -> bool {
         match self.kind {
             TransferEncodingKind::Eof => {
@@ -724,6 +732,7 @@ impl TransferEncoding {
     }
 
     /// Encode eof. Return `EOF` state of encoder
+    #[inline]
     pub fn encode_eof(&mut self) {
         match self.kind {
             TransferEncodingKind::Eof | TransferEncodingKind::Length(_) => (),
@@ -739,11 +748,13 @@ impl TransferEncoding {
 
 impl io::Write for TransferEncoding {
 
+    #[inline]
     fn write(&mut self, buf: &[u8]) -> io::Result<usize> {
         self.encode(buf);
         Ok(buf.len())
     }
 
+    #[inline]
     fn flush(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
         Ok(())
     }
diff --git a/src/error.rs b/src/error.rs
index e79b12939..37c0d0e5c 100644
--- a/src/error.rs
+++ b/src/error.rs
@@ -262,6 +262,9 @@ pub enum MultipartError {
     /// Multipart boundary is not found
     #[fail(display="Multipart boundary is not found")]
     Boundary,
+    /// Request does not contain payload
+    #[fail(display="Request does not contain payload")]
+    NoPayload,
     /// Error during field parsing
     #[fail(display="{}", _0)]
     Parse(#[cause] ParseError),
@@ -329,6 +332,9 @@ pub enum WsHandshakeError {
     /// Websocket key is not set or wrong
     #[fail(display="Unknown websocket key")]
     BadWebsocketKey,
+    /// Request does not contain payload
+    #[fail(display="Request does not contain payload")]
+    NoPayload,
 }
 
 impl ResponseError for WsHandshakeError {
@@ -351,7 +357,9 @@ impl ResponseError for WsHandshakeError {
             WsHandshakeError::UnsupportedVersion =>
                 HTTPBadRequest.with_reason("Unsupported version"),
             WsHandshakeError::BadWebsocketKey =>
-                HTTPBadRequest.with_reason("Handshake error")
+                HTTPBadRequest.with_reason("Handshake error"),
+            WsHandshakeError::NoPayload =>
+                HttpResponse::new(StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, Body::Empty),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -371,6 +379,9 @@ pub enum UrlencodedError {
     /// Content type error
     #[fail(display="Content type error")]
     ContentType,
+    /// Request does not contain payload
+    #[fail(display="Request does not contain payload")]
+    NoPayload,
 }
 
 /// Return `BadRequest` for `UrlencodedError`
diff --git a/src/h1.rs b/src/h1.rs
index 5a46a3bb4..10b5cff2d 100644
--- a/src/h1.rs
+++ b/src/h1.rs
@@ -545,28 +545,25 @@ impl Reader {
             }
         }
 
-        let (mut psender, payload) = Payload::new(false);
-        let msg = HttpRequest::new(method, uri, version, headers, payload);
-
-        let decoder = if msg.upgrade() {
+        let decoder = if upgrade(&method, &headers) {
             Decoder::eof()
         } else {
-            let has_len = msg.headers().contains_key(header::CONTENT_LENGTH);
+            let has_len = headers.contains_key(header::CONTENT_LENGTH);
 
             // Chunked encoding
-            if msg.chunked()? {
+            if chunked(&headers)? {
                 if has_len {
                     return Err(ParseError::Header)
                 }
                 Decoder::chunked()
             } else {
                 if !has_len {
-                    psender.feed_eof();
+                    let msg = HttpRequest::new(method, uri, version, headers, None);
                     return Ok(Message::Http1(msg, None))
                 }
 
                 // Content-Length
-                let len = msg.headers().get(header::CONTENT_LENGTH).unwrap();
+                let len = headers.get(header::CONTENT_LENGTH).unwrap();
                 if let Ok(s) = len.to_str() {
                     if let Ok(len) = s.parse::<u64>() {
                         Decoder::length(len)
@@ -581,11 +578,13 @@ impl Reader {
             }
         };
 
-        let payload = PayloadInfo {
-            tx: PayloadType::new(msg.headers(), psender),
+        let (psender, payload) = Payload::new(false);
+        let info = PayloadInfo {
+            tx: PayloadType::new(&headers, psender),
             decoder: decoder,
         };
-        Ok(Message::Http1(msg, Some(payload)))
+        let msg = HttpRequest::new(method, uri, version, headers, Some(payload));
+        Ok(Message::Http1(msg, Some(info)))
     }
 }
 
@@ -610,6 +609,32 @@ fn record_header_indices(bytes: &[u8],
     }
 }
 
+/// Check if request is UPGRADE
+fn upgrade(method: &Method, headers: &HeaderMap) -> bool {
+    if let Some(conn) = headers.get(header::CONNECTION) {
+        if let Ok(s) = conn.to_str() {
+            s.to_lowercase().contains("upgrade")
+        } else {
+            *method == Method::CONNECT
+        }
+    } else {
+        *method == Method::CONNECT
+    }
+}
+
+/// Check if request has chunked transfer encoding
+fn chunked(headers: &HeaderMap) -> Result<bool, ParseError> {
+    if let Some(encodings) = headers.get(header::TRANSFER_ENCODING) {
+        if let Ok(s) = encodings.to_str() {
+            Ok(s.to_lowercase().contains("chunked"))
+        } else {
+            Err(ParseError::Header)
+        }
+    } else {
+        Ok(false)
+    }
+}
+
 /// Decoders to handle different Transfer-Encodings.
 ///
 /// If a message body does not include a Transfer-Encoding, it *should*
diff --git a/src/h2.rs b/src/h2.rs
index d3f357aef..625681623 100644
--- a/src/h2.rs
+++ b/src/h2.rs
@@ -237,7 +237,7 @@ impl Entry {
         let (psender, payload) = Payload::new(false);
 
         let mut req = HttpRequest::new(
-            parts.method, parts.uri, parts.version, parts.headers, payload);
+            parts.method, parts.uri, parts.version, parts.headers, Some(payload));
 
         // set remote addr
         req.set_peer_addr(addr);
diff --git a/src/handler.rs b/src/handler.rs
index 241eabf3c..5c9ba94a8 100644
--- a/src/handler.rs
+++ b/src/handler.rs
@@ -58,6 +58,7 @@ pub(crate) enum ReplyItem {
 impl Reply {
 
     /// Create actor response
+    #[inline]
     pub fn actor<A, S>(ctx: HttpContext<A, S>) -> Reply
         where A: Actor<Context=HttpContext<A, S>>, S: 'static
     {
@@ -65,6 +66,7 @@ impl Reply {
     }
 
     /// Create async response
+    #[inline]
     pub fn async<F>(fut: F) -> Reply
         where F: Future<Item=HttpResponse, Error=Error> + 'static
     {
@@ -72,10 +74,12 @@ impl Reply {
     }
 
     /// Send response
+    #[inline]
     pub fn response<R: Into<HttpResponse>>(response: R) -> Reply {
         Reply(ReplyItem::Message(response.into()))
     }
 
+    #[inline]
     pub(crate) fn into(self) -> ReplyItem {
         self.0
     }
diff --git a/src/httprequest.rs b/src/httprequest.rs
index 3752cdf36..266a4e945 100644
--- a/src/httprequest.rs
+++ b/src/httprequest.rs
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ pub struct HttpMessage {
     pub params: Params<'static>,
     pub cookies: Option<Vec<Cookie<'static>>>,
     pub addr: Option<SocketAddr>,
-    pub payload: Payload,
+    pub payload: Option<Payload>,
     pub info: Option<ConnectionInfo<'static>>,
 }
 
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ impl Default for HttpMessage {
             params: Params::default(),
             cookies: None,
             addr: None,
-            payload: Payload::empty(),
+            payload: None,
             extensions: Extensions::new(),
             info: None,
         }
@@ -72,13 +72,13 @@ impl HttpMessage {
 }
 
 /// An HTTP Request
-pub struct HttpRequest<S=()>(Rc<HttpMessage>, Rc<S>, Option<Router<S>>);
+pub struct HttpRequest<S=()>(Rc<HttpMessage>, Option<Rc<S>>, Option<Router<S>>);
 
 impl HttpRequest<()> {
     /// Construct a new Request.
     #[inline]
     pub fn new(method: Method, uri: Uri,
-               version: Version, headers: HeaderMap, payload: Payload) -> HttpRequest
+               version: Version, headers: HeaderMap, payload: Option<Payload>) -> HttpRequest
     {
         HttpRequest(
             Rc::new(HttpMessage {
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ impl HttpRequest<()> {
                 extensions: Extensions::new(),
                 info: None,
             }),
-            Rc::new(()),
+            None,
             None,
         )
     }
@@ -118,14 +118,14 @@ impl HttpRequest<()> {
                 extensions: Extensions::new(),
                 info: None,
             }),
-            Rc::new(()),
+            None,
             None,
         )
     }
 
     /// Construct new http request with state.
     pub fn with_state<S>(self, state: Rc<S>, router: Router<S>) -> HttpRequest<S> {
-        HttpRequest(self.0, state, Some(router))
+        HttpRequest(self.0, Some(state), Some(router))
     }
 }
 
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ impl<S> HttpRequest<S> {
 
     /// Construct new http request without state.
     pub fn clone_without_state(&self) -> HttpRequest {
-        HttpRequest(Rc::clone(&self.0), Rc::new(()), None)
+        HttpRequest(Rc::clone(&self.0), None, None)
     }
 
     // get mutable reference for inner message
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ impl<S> HttpRequest<S> {
     /// Shared application state
     #[inline]
     pub fn state(&self) -> &S {
-        &self.1
+        self.1.as_ref().unwrap()
     }
 
     /// Protocol extensions.
@@ -377,20 +377,20 @@ impl<S> HttpRequest<S> {
 
     /// Returns reference to the associated http payload.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn payload(&self) -> &Payload {
-        &self.0.payload
+    pub fn payload(&self) -> Option<&Payload> {
+        self.0.payload.as_ref()
     }
 
     /// Returns mutable reference to the associated http payload.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn payload_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Payload {
-        &mut self.as_mut().payload
+    pub fn payload_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut Payload> {
+        self.as_mut().payload.as_mut()
     }
 
     /// Return payload
     #[inline]
-    pub fn take_payload(&mut self) -> Payload {
-        mem::replace(&mut self.as_mut().payload, Payload::empty())
+    pub fn take_payload(&mut self) -> Option<Payload> {
+        self.as_mut().payload.take()
     }
     
     /// Return stream to process BODY as multipart.
@@ -398,7 +398,11 @@ impl<S> HttpRequest<S> {
     /// Content-type: multipart/form-data;
     pub fn multipart(&mut self) -> Result<Multipart, MultipartError> {
         let boundary = Multipart::boundary(&self.0.headers)?;
-        Ok(Multipart::new(boundary, self.take_payload()))
+        if let Some(payload) = self.take_payload() {
+            Ok(Multipart::new(boundary, payload))
+        } else {
+            Err(MultipartError::NoPayload)
+        }
     }
 
     /// Parse `application/x-www-form-urlencoded` encoded body.
@@ -441,7 +445,11 @@ impl<S> HttpRequest<S> {
         };
 
         if t {
-            Ok(UrlEncoded{pl: self.take_payload(), body: BytesMut::new()})
+            if let Some(payload) = self.take_payload() {
+                Ok(UrlEncoded{pl: payload, body: BytesMut::new()})
+            } else {
+                Err(UrlencodedError::NoPayload)
+            }
         } else {
             Err(UrlencodedError::ContentType)
         }
@@ -452,13 +460,13 @@ impl Default for HttpRequest<()> {
 
     /// Construct default request
     fn default() -> HttpRequest {
-        HttpRequest(Rc::new(HttpMessage::default()), Rc::new(()), None)
+        HttpRequest(Rc::new(HttpMessage::default()), None, None)
     }
 }
 
 impl<S> Clone for HttpRequest<S> {
     fn clone(&self) -> HttpRequest<S> {
-        HttpRequest(Rc::clone(&self.0), Rc::clone(&self.1), None)
+        HttpRequest(Rc::clone(&self.0), self.1.clone(), None)
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/httpresponse.rs b/src/httpresponse.rs
index e877a761a..ba4cb7b23 100644
--- a/src/httpresponse.rs
+++ b/src/httpresponse.rs
@@ -222,20 +222,20 @@ struct Parts {
     chunked: bool,
     encoding: ContentEncoding,
     connection_type: Option<ConnectionType>,
-    cookies: CookieJar,
+    cookies: Option<CookieJar>,
 }
 
 impl Parts {
     fn new(status: StatusCode) -> Self {
         Parts {
             version: None,
-            headers: HeaderMap::new(),
+            headers: HeaderMap::with_capacity(8),
             status: status,
             reason: None,
             chunked: false,
             encoding: ContentEncoding::Auto,
             connection_type: None,
-            cookies: CookieJar::new(),
+            cookies: None,
         }
     }
 }
@@ -359,7 +359,13 @@ impl HttpResponseBuilder {
     /// Set a cookie
     pub fn cookie<'c>(&mut self, cookie: Cookie<'c>) -> &mut Self {
         if let Some(parts) = parts(&mut self.parts, &self.err) {
-            parts.cookies.add(cookie.into_owned());
+            if parts.cookies.is_none() {
+                let mut jar = CookieJar::new();
+                jar.add(cookie.into_owned());
+                parts.cookies = Some(jar)
+            } else {
+                parts.cookies.as_mut().unwrap().add(cookie.into_owned());
+            }
         }
         self
     }
@@ -367,9 +373,13 @@ impl HttpResponseBuilder {
     /// Remote cookie, cookie has to be cookie from `HttpRequest::cookies()` method.
     pub fn del_cookie<'a>(&mut self, cookie: &Cookie<'a>) -> &mut Self {
         if let Some(parts) = parts(&mut self.parts, &self.err) {
+            if parts.cookies.is_none() {
+                parts.cookies = Some(CookieJar::new())
+            }
+            let mut jar = parts.cookies.as_mut().unwrap();
             let cookie = cookie.clone().into_owned();
-            parts.cookies.add_original(cookie.clone());
-            parts.cookies.remove(cookie);
+            jar.add_original(cookie.clone());
+            jar.remove(cookie);
         }
         self
     }
@@ -391,10 +401,12 @@ impl HttpResponseBuilder {
         if let Some(e) = self.err.take() {
             return Err(e)
         }
-        for cookie in parts.cookies.delta() {
-            parts.headers.append(
-                header::SET_COOKIE,
-                HeaderValue::from_str(&cookie.to_string())?);
+        if let Some(jar) = parts.cookies {
+            for cookie in jar.delta() {
+                parts.headers.append(
+                    header::SET_COOKIE,
+                    HeaderValue::from_str(&cookie.to_string())?);
+            }
         }
         Ok(HttpResponse {
             version: parts.version,
diff --git a/src/ws.rs b/src/ws.rs
index 2578cdc0d..cd23526fc 100644
--- a/src/ws.rs
+++ b/src/ws.rs
@@ -96,11 +96,15 @@ pub fn start<A, S>(mut req: HttpRequest<S>, actor: A) -> Result<Reply, Error>
 {
     let resp = handshake(&req)?;
 
-    let stream = WsStream::new(&mut req);
-    let mut ctx = HttpContext::new(req, actor);
-    ctx.start(resp);
-    ctx.add_stream(stream);
-    Ok(ctx.into())
+    if let Some(payload) = req.take_payload() {
+        let stream = WsStream::new(payload);
+        let mut ctx = HttpContext::new(req, actor);
+        ctx.start(resp);
+        ctx.add_stream(stream);
+        Ok(ctx.into())
+    } else {
+        Err(WsHandshakeError::NoPayload.into())
+    }
 }
 
 /// Prepare `WebSocket` handshake response.
@@ -178,8 +182,11 @@ pub struct WsStream {
 }
 
 impl WsStream {
-    pub fn new<S>(req: &mut HttpRequest<S>) -> WsStream {
-        WsStream { rx: req.take_payload(), buf: BytesMut::new(), closed: false, error_sent: false }
+    pub fn new(payload: Payload) -> WsStream {
+        WsStream { rx: payload,
+                   buf: BytesMut::new(),
+                   closed: false,
+                   error_sent: false }
     }
 }