refactor FromRequest trait

MIGRATION.md

@@ -11,6 +11,10 @@
 * `HttpRequest::extensions()` returns read only reference to the request's Extension
   `HttpRequest::extensions_mut()` returns mutable reference.
 
+* `FromRequest::from_request()` accepts mutable reference to a request
+
+* `FromRequest::Result` has to implement `Into<Reply<Self>>`
+
 
 ## Migration from 0.4 to 0.5
 

src/application.rs

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ use handler::{FromRequest, Handler, Reply, Responder, RouteHandler, WrapHandler}
 use header::ContentEncoding;
 use http::Method;
 use httprequest::HttpRequest;
+use httpresponse::HttpResponse;
 use middleware::Middleware;
 use pipeline::{HandlerType, Pipeline, PipelineHandler};
 use resource::ResourceHandler;
@@ -36,7 +37,9 @@ impl<S: 'static> PipelineHandler<S> for Inner<S> {
         self.encoding
     }
 
-    fn handle(&mut self, req: HttpRequest<S>, htype: HandlerType) -> Reply {
+    fn handle(
+        &mut self, req: HttpRequest<S>, htype: HandlerType,
+    ) -> Reply<HttpResponse> {
         match htype {
             HandlerType::Normal(idx) => {
                 self.resources[idx].handle(req, Some(&mut self.default))
@@ -87,7 +90,7 @@ impl<S: 'static> HttpApplication<S> {
     }
 
     #[cfg(test)]
-    pub(crate) fn run(&mut self, mut req: HttpRequest<S>) -> Reply {
+    pub(crate) fn run(&mut self, mut req: HttpRequest<S>) -> Reply<HttpResponse> {
         let tp = self.get_handler(&mut req);
         unsafe { &mut *self.inner.get() }.handle(req, tp)
     }
@@ -669,24 +672,18 @@ mod tests {
 
         let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/test").finish();
         let resp = app.run(req);
-        assert_eq!(resp.as_response().unwrap().status(), StatusCode::OK);
+        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::OK);
 
         let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/blah").finish();
         let resp = app.run(req);
-        assert_eq!(
-            resp.as_response().unwrap().status(),
-            StatusCode::NOT_FOUND
-        );
+        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::NOT_FOUND);
 
         let mut app = App::new()
             .default_resource(|r| r.f(|_| HttpResponse::MethodNotAllowed()))
             .finish();
         let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/blah").finish();
         let resp = app.run(req);
-        assert_eq!(
-            resp.as_response().unwrap().status(),
-            StatusCode::METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED
-        );
+        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -706,7 +703,7 @@ mod tests {
         let req =
             HttpRequest::default().with_state(Rc::clone(&app.state), app.router.clone());
         let resp = app.run(req);
-        assert_eq!(resp.as_response().unwrap().status(), StatusCode::OK);
+        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::OK);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -740,29 +737,23 @@ mod tests {
 
         let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/test").finish();
         let resp = app.run(req);
-        assert_eq!(resp.as_response().unwrap().status(), StatusCode::OK);
+        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::OK);
 
         let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/test/").finish();
         let resp = app.run(req);
-        assert_eq!(resp.as_response().unwrap().status(), StatusCode::OK);
+        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::OK);
 
         let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/test/app").finish();
         let resp = app.run(req);
-        assert_eq!(resp.as_response().unwrap().status(), StatusCode::OK);
+        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::OK);
 
         let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/testapp").finish();
         let resp = app.run(req);
-        assert_eq!(
-            resp.as_response().unwrap().status(),
-            StatusCode::NOT_FOUND
-        );
+        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::NOT_FOUND);
 
         let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/blah").finish();
         let resp = app.run(req);
-        assert_eq!(
-            resp.as_response().unwrap().status(),
-            StatusCode::NOT_FOUND
-        );
+        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::NOT_FOUND);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -773,29 +764,23 @@ mod tests {
 
         let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/test").finish();
         let resp = app.run(req);
-        assert_eq!(resp.as_response().unwrap().status(), StatusCode::OK);
+        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::OK);
 
         let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/test/").finish();
         let resp = app.run(req);
-        assert_eq!(resp.as_response().unwrap().status(), StatusCode::OK);
+        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::OK);
 
         let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/test/app").finish();
         let resp = app.run(req);
-        assert_eq!(resp.as_response().unwrap().status(), StatusCode::OK);
+        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::OK);
 
         let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/testapp").finish();
         let resp = app.run(req);
-        assert_eq!(
-            resp.as_response().unwrap().status(),
-            StatusCode::NOT_FOUND
-        );
+        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::NOT_FOUND);
 
         let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/blah").finish();
         let resp = app.run(req);
-        assert_eq!(
-            resp.as_response().unwrap().status(),
-            StatusCode::NOT_FOUND
-        );
+        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::NOT_FOUND);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -807,29 +792,23 @@ mod tests {
 
         let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/prefix/test").finish();
         let resp = app.run(req);
-        assert_eq!(resp.as_response().unwrap().status(), StatusCode::OK);
+        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::OK);
 
         let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/prefix/test/").finish();
         let resp = app.run(req);
-        assert_eq!(resp.as_response().unwrap().status(), StatusCode::OK);
+        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::OK);
 
         let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/prefix/test/app").finish();
         let resp = app.run(req);
-        assert_eq!(resp.as_response().unwrap().status(), StatusCode::OK);
+        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::OK);
 
         let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/prefix/testapp").finish();
         let resp = app.run(req);
-        assert_eq!(
-            resp.as_response().unwrap().status(),
-            StatusCode::NOT_FOUND
-        );
+        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::NOT_FOUND);
 
         let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/prefix/blah").finish();
         let resp = app.run(req);
-        assert_eq!(
-            resp.as_response().unwrap().status(),
-            StatusCode::NOT_FOUND
-        );
+        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::NOT_FOUND);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -847,25 +826,19 @@ mod tests {
             .method(Method::GET)
             .finish();
         let resp = app.run(req);
-        assert_eq!(resp.as_response().unwrap().status(), StatusCode::OK);
+        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::OK);
 
         let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/test")
             .method(Method::POST)
             .finish();
         let resp = app.run(req);
-        assert_eq!(
-            resp.as_response().unwrap().status(),
-            StatusCode::CREATED
-        );
+        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::CREATED);
 
         let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/test")
             .method(Method::HEAD)
             .finish();
         let resp = app.run(req);
-        assert_eq!(
-            resp.as_response().unwrap().status(),
-            StatusCode::NOT_FOUND
-        );
+        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::NOT_FOUND);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -877,36 +850,27 @@ mod tests {
 
         let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/test").finish();
         let resp = app.run(req);
-        assert_eq!(
-            resp.as_response().unwrap().status(),
-            StatusCode::NOT_FOUND
-        );
+        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::NOT_FOUND);
 
         let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/test").finish();
         let resp = app.run(req.clone());
-        assert_eq!(resp.as_response().unwrap().status(), StatusCode::OK);
+        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::OK);
         assert_eq!(req.prefix_len(), 9);
 
         let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/test/").finish();
         let resp = app.run(req);
-        assert_eq!(resp.as_response().unwrap().status(), StatusCode::OK);
+        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::OK);
 
         let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/test/app").finish();
         let resp = app.run(req);
-        assert_eq!(resp.as_response().unwrap().status(), StatusCode::OK);
+        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::OK);
 
         let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/testapp").finish();
         let resp = app.run(req);
-        assert_eq!(
-            resp.as_response().unwrap().status(),
-            StatusCode::NOT_FOUND
-        );
+        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::NOT_FOUND);
 
         let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/blah").finish();
         let resp = app.run(req);
-        assert_eq!(
-            resp.as_response().unwrap().status(),
-            StatusCode::NOT_FOUND
-        );
+        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::NOT_FOUND);
     }
 }

src/extractor.rs

@@ -4,14 +4,14 @@ use std::str;
 use bytes::Bytes;
 use encoding::all::UTF_8;
 use encoding::types::{DecoderTrap, Encoding};
-use futures::future::{result, Future, FutureResult};
+use futures::future::Future;
 use mime::Mime;
 use serde::de::{self, DeserializeOwned};
 use serde_urlencoded;
 
 use de::PathDeserializer;
 use error::{Error, ErrorBadRequest};
-use handler::{Either, FromRequest};
+use handler::FromRequest;
 use httpmessage::{HttpMessage, MessageBody, UrlEncoded};
 use httprequest::HttpRequest;
 
@@ -102,16 +102,14 @@ where
     S: 'static,
 {
     type Config = ();
-    type Result = FutureResult<Self, Error>;
+    type Result = Result<Self, Error>;
 
     #[inline]
-    fn from_request(req: &HttpRequest<S>, _: &Self::Config) -> Self::Result {
+    fn from_request(req: &mut HttpRequest<S>, _: &Self::Config) -> Self::Result {
         let req = req.clone();
-        result(
         de::Deserialize::deserialize(PathDeserializer::new(&req))
             .map_err(|e| e.into())
-                .map(|inner| Path { inner }),
-        )
+            .map(|inner| Path { inner })
     }
 }
 
@@ -172,16 +170,14 @@ where
     S: 'static,
 {
     type Config = ();
-    type Result = FutureResult<Self, Error>;
+    type Result = Result<Self, Error>;
 
     #[inline]
-    fn from_request(req: &HttpRequest<S>, _: &Self::Config) -> Self::Result {
+    fn from_request(req: &mut HttpRequest<S>, _: &Self::Config) -> Self::Result {
         let req = req.clone();
-        result(
         serde_urlencoded::from_str::<T>(req.query_string())
             .map_err(|e| e.into())
-                .map(Query),
-        )
+            .map(Query)
     }
 }
 
@@ -245,7 +241,7 @@ where
     type Result = Box<Future<Item = Self, Error = Error>>;
 
     #[inline]
-    fn from_request(req: &HttpRequest<S>, cfg: &Self::Config) -> Self::Result {
+    fn from_request(req: &mut HttpRequest<S>, cfg: &Self::Config) -> Self::Result {
         Box::new(
             UrlEncoded::new(req.clone())
                 .limit(cfg.limit)
@@ -327,17 +323,14 @@ impl Default for FormConfig {
 /// ```
 impl<S: 'static> FromRequest<S> for Bytes {
     type Config = PayloadConfig;
-    type Result =
-        Either<FutureResult<Self, Error>, Box<Future<Item = Self, Error = Error>>>;
+    type Result = Result<Box<Future<Item = Self, Error = Error>>, Error>;
 
     #[inline]
-    fn from_request(req: &HttpRequest<S>, cfg: &Self::Config) -> Self::Result {
+    fn from_request(req: &mut HttpRequest<S>, cfg: &Self::Config) -> Self::Result {
         // check content-type
-        if let Err(e) = cfg.check_mimetype(req) {
-            return Either::A(result(Err(e)));
-        }
+        cfg.check_mimetype(req)?;
 
-        Either::B(Box::new(
+        Ok(Box::new(
             MessageBody::new(req.clone())
                 .limit(cfg.limit)
                 .from_err(),
@@ -374,27 +367,17 @@ impl<S: 'static> FromRequest<S> for Bytes {
 /// ```
 impl<S: 'static> FromRequest<S> for String {
     type Config = PayloadConfig;
-    type Result =
-        Either<FutureResult<String, Error>, Box<Future<Item = String, Error = Error>>>;
+    type Result = Result<Box<Future<Item = String, Error = Error>>, Error>;
 
     #[inline]
-    fn from_request(req: &HttpRequest<S>, cfg: &Self::Config) -> Self::Result {
+    fn from_request(req: &mut HttpRequest<S>, cfg: &Self::Config) -> Self::Result {
         // check content-type
-        if let Err(e) = cfg.check_mimetype(req) {
-            return Either::A(result(Err(e)));
-        }
+        cfg.check_mimetype(req)?;
 
         // check charset
-        let encoding = match req.encoding() {
-            Err(_) => {
-                return Either::A(result(Err(ErrorBadRequest(
-                    "Unknown request charset",
-                ))))
-            }
-            Ok(encoding) => encoding,
-        };
+        let encoding = req.encoding()?;
 
-        Either::B(Box::new(
+        Ok(Box::new(
             MessageBody::new(req.clone())
                 .limit(cfg.limit)
                 .from_err()
@@ -488,7 +471,11 @@ mod tests {
         req.payload_mut()
             .unread_data(Bytes::from_static(b"hello=world"));
 
-        match Bytes::from_request(&req, &cfg).poll().unwrap() {
+        match Bytes::from_request(&mut req, &cfg)
+            .unwrap()
+            .poll()
+            .unwrap()
+        {
             Async::Ready(s) => {
                 assert_eq!(s, Bytes::from_static(b"hello=world"));
             }
@@ -503,7 +490,11 @@ mod tests {
         req.payload_mut()
             .unread_data(Bytes::from_static(b"hello=world"));
 
-        match String::from_request(&req, &cfg).poll().unwrap() {
+        match String::from_request(&mut req, &cfg)
+            .unwrap()
+            .poll()
+            .unwrap()
+        {
             Async::Ready(s) => {
                 assert_eq!(s, "hello=world");
             }
@@ -523,7 +514,10 @@ mod tests {
 
         let mut cfg = FormConfig::default();
         cfg.limit(4096);
-        match Form::<Info>::from_request(&req, &cfg).poll().unwrap() {
+        match Form::<Info>::from_request(&mut req, &cfg)
+            .poll()
+            .unwrap()
+        {
             Async::Ready(s) => {
                 assert_eq!(s.hello, "world");
             }
@@ -580,69 +574,31 @@ mod tests {
         let (router, _) = Router::new("", ServerSettings::default(), routes);
         assert!(router.recognize(&mut req).is_some());
 
-        match Path::<MyStruct>::from_request(&req, &())
-            .poll()
-            .unwrap()
-        {
-            Async::Ready(s) => {
+        let s = Path::<MyStruct>::from_request(&mut req, &()).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(s.key, "name");
         assert_eq!(s.value, "user1");
-            }
-            _ => unreachable!(),
-        }
 
-        match Path::<(String, String)>::from_request(&req, &())
-            .poll()
-            .unwrap()
-        {
-            Async::Ready(s) => {
+        let s = Path::<(String, String)>::from_request(&mut req, &()).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(s.0, "name");
         assert_eq!(s.1, "user1");
-            }
-            _ => unreachable!(),
-        }
 
-        match Query::<Id>::from_request(&req, &()).poll().unwrap() {
-            Async::Ready(s) => {
+        let s = Query::<Id>::from_request(&mut req, &()).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(s.id, "test");
-            }
-            _ => unreachable!(),
-        }
 
         let mut req = TestRequest::with_uri("/name/32/").finish();
         assert!(router.recognize(&mut req).is_some());
 
-        match Path::<Test2>::from_request(&req, &()).poll().unwrap() {
-            Async::Ready(s) => {
+        let s = Path::<Test2>::from_request(&mut req, &()).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(s.as_ref().key, "name");
         assert_eq!(s.value, 32);
-            }
-            _ => unreachable!(),
-        }
 
-        match Path::<(String, u8)>::from_request(&req, &())
-            .poll()
-            .unwrap()
-        {
-            Async::Ready(s) => {
+        let s = Path::<(String, u8)>::from_request(&mut req, &()).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(s.0, "name");
         assert_eq!(s.1, 32);
-            }
-            _ => unreachable!(),
-        }
 
-        match Path::<Vec<String>>::from_request(&req, &())
-            .poll()
-            .unwrap()
-        {
-            Async::Ready(s) => {
-                assert_eq!(
-                    s.into_inner(),
-                    vec!["name".to_owned(), "32".to_owned()]
-                );
-            }
-            _ => unreachable!(),
-        }
+        let res = Path::<Vec<String>>::from_request(&mut req, &()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(res[0], "name".to_owned());
+        assert_eq!(res[1], "32".to_owned());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -656,11 +612,6 @@ mod tests {
         let mut req = TestRequest::with_uri("/32/").finish();
         assert!(router.recognize(&mut req).is_some());
 
-        match Path::<i8>::from_request(&req, &()).poll().unwrap() {
-            Async::Ready(s) => {
-                assert_eq!(s.into_inner(), 32);
-            }
-            _ => unreachable!(),
-        }
+        assert_eq!(*Path::<i8>::from_request(&mut req, &()).unwrap(), 32);
     }
 }

src/fs.rs

@@ -565,7 +565,7 @@ impl<S: 'static> StaticFiles<S> {
 }
 
 impl<S: 'static> Handler<S> for StaticFiles<S> {
-    type Result = Result<Reply, Error>;
+    type Result = Result<Reply<HttpResponse>, Error>;
 
     fn handle(&mut self, req: HttpRequest<S>) -> Self::Result {
         if !self.accessible {
@@ -755,7 +755,7 @@ mod tests {
         let resp = st.handle(HttpRequest::default())
             .respond_to(HttpRequest::default())
             .unwrap();
-        let resp = resp.as_response().expect("HTTP Response");
+        let resp = resp.as_msg();
         assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::NOT_FOUND);
 
         st.accessible = true;
@@ -763,7 +763,7 @@ mod tests {
         let resp = st.handle(HttpRequest::default())
             .respond_to(HttpRequest::default())
             .unwrap();
-        let resp = resp.as_response().expect("HTTP Response");
+        let resp = resp.as_msg();
         assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::NOT_FOUND);
 
         let mut req = HttpRequest::default();
@@ -773,7 +773,7 @@ mod tests {
         let resp = st.handle(req)
             .respond_to(HttpRequest::default())
             .unwrap();
-        let resp = resp.as_response().expect("HTTP Response");
+        let resp = resp.as_msg();
         assert_eq!(
             resp.headers().get(header::CONTENT_TYPE).unwrap(),
             "text/html; charset=utf-8"
@@ -791,7 +791,7 @@ mod tests {
         let resp = st.handle(req)
             .respond_to(HttpRequest::default())
             .unwrap();
-        let resp = resp.as_response().expect("HTTP Response");
+        let resp = resp.as_msg();
         assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::FOUND);
         assert_eq!(
             resp.headers().get(header::LOCATION).unwrap(),
@@ -804,7 +804,7 @@ mod tests {
         let resp = st.handle(req)
             .respond_to(HttpRequest::default())
             .unwrap();
-        let resp = resp.as_response().expect("HTTP Response");
+        let resp = resp.as_msg();
         assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::FOUND);
         assert_eq!(
             resp.headers().get(header::LOCATION).unwrap(),
@@ -821,7 +821,7 @@ mod tests {
         let resp = st.handle(req)
             .respond_to(HttpRequest::default())
             .unwrap();
-        let resp = resp.as_response().expect("HTTP Response");
+        let resp = resp.as_msg();
         assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::FOUND);
         assert_eq!(
             resp.headers().get(header::LOCATION).unwrap(),

src/handler.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use futures::future::{err, ok, Future, FutureResult};
+use futures::future::{err, ok, Future};
 use futures::Poll;
 use std::marker::PhantomData;
 use std::ops::Deref;
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ pub trait Handler<S>: 'static {
 /// Types that implement this trait can be used as the return type of a handler.
 pub trait Responder {
     /// The associated item which can be returned.
-    type Item: Into<Reply>;
+    type Item: Into<Reply<HttpResponse>>;
 
     /// The associated error which can be returned.
     type Error: Into<Error>;
@@ -42,10 +42,10 @@ where
     type Config: Default;
 
     /// Future that resolves to a Self
-    type Result: Future<Item = Self, Error = Error>;
+    type Result: Into<Reply<Self>>;
 
     /// Convert request to a Self
-    fn from_request(req: &HttpRequest<S>, cfg: &Self::Config) -> Self::Result;
+    fn from_request(req: &mut HttpRequest<S>, cfg: &Self::Config) -> Self::Result;
 }
 
 /// Combines two different responder types into a single type
@@ -88,10 +88,10 @@ where
     A: Responder,
     B: Responder,
 {
-    type Item = Reply;
+    type Item = Reply<HttpResponse>;
     type Error = Error;
 
-    fn respond_to(self, req: HttpRequest) -> Result<Reply, Error> {
+    fn respond_to(self, req: HttpRequest) -> Result<Reply<HttpResponse>, Error> {
         match self {
             Either::A(a) => match a.respond_to(req) {
                 Ok(val) => Ok(val.into()),
@@ -177,66 +177,86 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-/// Represents response process.
-pub struct Reply(ReplyItem);
+/// Represents reply process.
+///
+/// Reply could be in tree different forms.
+/// * Message(T) - ready item
+/// * Error(Error) - error happen during reply process
+/// * Future<T, Error> - reply process completes in the future
+pub struct Reply<T>(ReplyItem<T>);
 
-pub(crate) enum ReplyItem {
-    Message(HttpResponse),
-    Future(Box<Future<Item = HttpResponse, Error = Error>>),
+pub(crate) enum ReplyItem<T> {
+    Error(Error),
+    Message(T),
+    Future(Box<Future<Item = T, Error = Error>>),
 }
 
-impl Reply {
+impl<T> Reply<T> {
     /// Create async response
     #[inline]
-    pub fn async<F>(fut: F) -> Reply
+    pub fn async<F>(fut: F) -> Reply<T>
     where
-        F: Future<Item = HttpResponse, Error = Error> + 'static,
+        F: Future<Item = T, Error = Error> + 'static,
     {
         Reply(ReplyItem::Future(Box::new(fut)))
     }
 
     /// Send response
     #[inline]
-    pub fn response<R: Into<HttpResponse>>(response: R) -> Reply {
+    pub fn response<R: Into<T>>(response: R) -> Reply<T> {
         Reply(ReplyItem::Message(response.into()))
     }
 
+    /// Send error
     #[inline]
-    pub(crate) fn into(self) -> ReplyItem {
+    pub fn error<R: Into<Error>>(err: R) -> Reply<T> {
+        Reply(ReplyItem::Error(err.into()))
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub(crate) fn into(self) -> ReplyItem<T> {
         self.0
     }
 
     #[cfg(test)]
-    pub(crate) fn as_response(&self) -> Option<&HttpResponse> {
+    pub(crate) fn as_msg(&self) -> &T {
         match self.0 {
-            ReplyItem::Message(ref resp) => Some(resp),
+            ReplyItem::Message(ref resp) => resp,
+            _ => panic!(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(test)]
+    pub(crate) fn as_err(&self) -> Option<&Error> {
+        match self.0 {
+            ReplyItem::Error(ref err) => Some(err),
             _ => None,
         }
     }
 }
 
-impl Responder for Reply {
-    type Item = Reply;
+impl Responder for Reply<HttpResponse> {
+    type Item = Reply<HttpResponse>;
     type Error = Error;
 
-    fn respond_to(self, _: HttpRequest) -> Result<Reply, Error> {
+    fn respond_to(self, _: HttpRequest) -> Result<Reply<HttpResponse>, Error> {
         Ok(self)
     }
 }
 
 impl Responder for HttpResponse {
-    type Item = Reply;
+    type Item = Reply<HttpResponse>;
     type Error = Error;
 
     #[inline]
-    fn respond_to(self, _: HttpRequest) -> Result<Reply, Error> {
+    fn respond_to(self, _: HttpRequest) -> Result<Reply<HttpResponse>, Error> {
         Ok(Reply(ReplyItem::Message(self)))
     }
 }
 
-impl From<HttpResponse> for Reply {
+impl<T> From<T> for Reply<T> {
     #[inline]
-    fn from(resp: HttpResponse) -> Reply {
+    fn from(resp: T) -> Reply<T> {
         Reply(ReplyItem::Message(resp))
     }
 }
@@ -256,29 +276,41 @@ impl<T: Responder, E: Into<Error>> Responder for Result<T, E> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<E: Into<Error>> From<Result<Reply, E>> for Reply {
+impl<T, E: Into<Error>> From<Result<Reply<T>, E>> for Reply<T> {
     #[inline]
-    fn from(res: Result<Reply, E>) -> Self {
+    fn from(res: Result<Reply<T>, E>) -> Self {
         match res {
             Ok(val) => val,
-            Err(err) => Reply(ReplyItem::Message(err.into().into())),
+            Err(err) => Reply(ReplyItem::Error(err.into())),
         }
     }
 }
 
-impl<E: Into<Error>> From<Result<HttpResponse, E>> for Reply {
+impl<T, E: Into<Error>> From<Result<T, E>> for Reply<T> {
     #[inline]
-    fn from(res: Result<HttpResponse, E>) -> Self {
+    fn from(res: Result<T, E>) -> Self {
         match res {
             Ok(val) => Reply(ReplyItem::Message(val)),
-            Err(err) => Reply(ReplyItem::Message(err.into().into())),
+            Err(err) => Reply(ReplyItem::Error(err.into())),
         }
     }
 }
 
-impl From<Box<Future<Item = HttpResponse, Error = Error>>> for Reply {
+impl<T, E: Into<Error>> From<Result<Box<Future<Item = T, Error = Error>>, E>>
+    for Reply<T>
+{
     #[inline]
-    fn from(fut: Box<Future<Item = HttpResponse, Error = Error>>) -> Reply {
+    fn from(res: Result<Box<Future<Item = T, Error = Error>>, E>) -> Self {
+        match res {
+            Ok(fut) => Reply(ReplyItem::Future(fut)),
+            Err(err) => Reply(ReplyItem::Error(err.into())),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> From<Box<Future<Item = T, Error = Error>>> for Reply<T> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn from(fut: Box<Future<Item = T, Error = Error>>) -> Reply<T> {
         Reply(ReplyItem::Future(fut))
     }
 }
@@ -291,11 +323,11 @@ where
     I: Responder + 'static,
     E: Into<Error> + 'static,
 {
-    type Item = Reply;
+    type Item = Reply<HttpResponse>;
     type Error = Error;
 
     #[inline]
-    fn respond_to(self, req: HttpRequest) -> Result<Reply, Error> {
+    fn respond_to(self, req: HttpRequest) -> Result<Reply<HttpResponse>, Error> {
         let fut = self.map_err(|e| e.into())
             .then(move |r| match r.respond_to(req) {
                 Ok(reply) => match reply.into().0 {
@@ -310,7 +342,7 @@ where
 
 /// Trait defines object that could be registered as resource route
 pub(crate) trait RouteHandler<S>: 'static {
-    fn handle(&mut self, req: HttpRequest<S>) -> Reply;
+    fn handle(&mut self, req: HttpRequest<S>) -> Reply<HttpResponse>;
 }
 
 /// Route handler wrapper for Handler
@@ -344,7 +376,7 @@ where
     R: Responder + 'static,
     S: 'static,
 {
-    fn handle(&mut self, req: HttpRequest<S>) -> Reply {
+    fn handle(&mut self, req: HttpRequest<S>) -> Reply<HttpResponse> {
         let req2 = req.drop_state();
         match self.h.handle(req).respond_to(req2) {
             Ok(reply) => reply.into(),
@@ -390,7 +422,7 @@ where
     E: Into<Error> + 'static,
     S: 'static,
 {
-    fn handle(&mut self, req: HttpRequest<S>) -> Reply {
+    fn handle(&mut self, req: HttpRequest<S>) -> Reply<HttpResponse> {
         let req2 = req.drop_state();
         let fut = (self.h)(req).map_err(|e| e.into()).then(move |r| {
             match r.respond_to(req2) {
@@ -449,10 +481,10 @@ impl<S> Deref for State<S> {
 
 impl<S: 'static> FromRequest<S> for State<S> {
     type Config = ();
-    type Result = FutureResult<Self, Error>;
+    type Result = State<S>;
 
     #[inline]
-    fn from_request(req: &HttpRequest<S>, _: &Self::Config) -> Self::Result {
-        ok(State(req.clone()))
+    fn from_request(req: &mut HttpRequest<S>, _: &Self::Config) -> Self::Result {
+        State(req.clone()).into()
     }
 }

src/helpers.rs

@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ mod tests {
         for (path, target, code) in params {
             let req = app.prepare_request(TestRequest::with_uri(path).finish());
             let resp = app.run(req);
-            let r = resp.as_response().unwrap();
+            let r = resp.as_msg();
             assert_eq!(r.status(), code);
             if !target.is_empty() {
                 assert_eq!(
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ mod tests {
         for (path, code) in params {
             let req = app.prepare_request(TestRequest::with_uri(path).finish());
             let resp = app.run(req);
-            let r = resp.as_response().unwrap();
+            let r = resp.as_msg();
             assert_eq!(r.status(), code);
         }
     }
@@ -351,7 +351,7 @@ mod tests {
         for (path, target, code) in params {
             let req = app.prepare_request(TestRequest::with_uri(path).finish());
             let resp = app.run(req);
-            let r = resp.as_response().unwrap();
+            let r = resp.as_msg();
             assert_eq!(r.status(), code);
             if !target.is_empty() {
                 assert_eq!(
@@ -535,7 +535,7 @@ mod tests {
         for (path, target, code) in params {
             let req = app.prepare_request(TestRequest::with_uri(path).finish());
             let resp = app.run(req);
-            let r = resp.as_response().unwrap();
+            let r = resp.as_msg();
             assert_eq!(r.status(), code);
             if !target.is_empty() {
                 assert_eq!(

src/httprequest.rs

@@ -1,20 +1,20 @@
 //! HTTP Request message related code.
 #![cfg_attr(feature = "cargo-clippy", allow(transmute_ptr_to_ptr))]
-use bytes::Bytes;
-use cookie::Cookie;
-use failure;
-use futures::future::{result, FutureResult};
-use futures::{Async, Poll, Stream};
-use futures_cpupool::CpuPool;
-use http::{header, Extensions, HeaderMap, Method, StatusCode, Uri, Version};
 use std::net::SocketAddr;
 use std::rc::Rc;
 use std::{cmp, fmt, io, mem, str};
+
+use bytes::Bytes;
+use cookie::Cookie;
+use failure;
+use futures::{Async, Poll, Stream};
+use futures_cpupool::CpuPool;
+use http::{header, Extensions, HeaderMap, Method, StatusCode, Uri, Version};
 use tokio_io::AsyncRead;
 use url::{form_urlencoded, Url};
 
 use body::Body;
-use error::{CookieParseError, Error, PayloadError, UrlGenerationError};
+use error::{CookieParseError, PayloadError, UrlGenerationError};
 use handler::FromRequest;
 use httpmessage::HttpMessage;
 use httpresponse::{HttpResponse, HttpResponseBuilder};
@@ -502,11 +502,11 @@ impl<S> Clone for HttpRequest<S> {
 
 impl<S: 'static> FromRequest<S> for HttpRequest<S> {
     type Config = ();
-    type Result = FutureResult<Self, Error>;
+    type Result = Self;
 
     #[inline]
-    fn from_request(req: &HttpRequest<S>, _: &Self::Config) -> Self::Result {
-        result(Ok(req.clone()))
+    fn from_request(req: &mut HttpRequest<S>, _: &Self::Config) -> Self::Result {
+        req.clone()
     }
 }
 

src/json.rs

@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ where
     type Result = Box<Future<Item = Self, Error = Error>>;
 
     #[inline]
-    fn from_request(req: &HttpRequest<S>, cfg: &Self::Config) -> Self::Result {
+    fn from_request(req: &mut HttpRequest<S>, cfg: &Self::Config) -> Self::Result {
         let req = req.clone();
         let err = Rc::clone(&cfg.ehandler);
         Box::new(
@@ -417,13 +417,7 @@ mod tests {
         let mut handler = With::new(|data: Json<MyObject>| data, cfg);
 
         let req = HttpRequest::default();
-        let err = handler
-            .handle(req)
-            .as_response()
-            .unwrap()
-            .error()
-            .is_some();
-        assert!(err);
+        assert!(handler.handle(req).as_err().is_some());
 
         let mut req = HttpRequest::default();
         req.headers_mut().insert(
@@ -436,12 +430,6 @@ mod tests {
         );
         req.payload_mut()
             .unread_data(Bytes::from_static(b"{\"name\": \"test\"}"));
-        let ok = handler
-            .handle(req)
-            .as_response()
-            .unwrap()
-            .error()
-            .is_none();
-        assert!(ok)
+        assert!(handler.handle(req).as_err().is_none())
     }
 }

src/pipeline.rs

@@ -28,7 +28,8 @@ pub(crate) enum HandlerType {
 pub(crate) trait PipelineHandler<S> {
     fn encoding(&self) -> ContentEncoding;
 
-    fn handle(&mut self, req: HttpRequest<S>, htype: HandlerType) -> Reply;
+    fn handle(&mut self, req: HttpRequest<S>, htype: HandlerType)
+        -> Reply<HttpResponse>;
 }
 
 pub(crate) struct Pipeline<S, H>(PipelineInfo<S>, PipelineState<S, H>);
@@ -319,8 +320,11 @@ struct WaitingResponse<S, H> {
 
 impl<S: 'static, H> WaitingResponse<S, H> {
     #[inline]
-    fn init(info: &mut PipelineInfo<S>, reply: Reply) -> PipelineState<S, H> {
+    fn init(
+        info: &mut PipelineInfo<S>, reply: Reply<HttpResponse>,
+    ) -> PipelineState<S, H> {
         match reply.into() {
+            ReplyItem::Error(err) => RunMiddlewares::init(info, err.into()),
             ReplyItem::Message(resp) => RunMiddlewares::init(info, resp),
             ReplyItem::Future(fut) => PipelineState::Handler(WaitingResponse {
                 fut,

src/resource.rs

@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ impl<S: 'static> ResourceHandler<S> {
 
     pub(crate) fn handle(
         &mut self, mut req: HttpRequest<S>, default: Option<&mut ResourceHandler<S>>,
-    ) -> Reply {
+    ) -> Reply<HttpResponse> {
         for route in &mut self.routes {
             if route.check(&mut req) {
                 return if self.middlewares.is_empty() {

src/route.rs

@@ -45,14 +45,14 @@ impl<S: 'static> Route<S> {
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    pub(crate) fn handle(&mut self, req: HttpRequest<S>) -> Reply {
+    pub(crate) fn handle(&mut self, req: HttpRequest<S>) -> Reply<HttpResponse> {
         self.handler.handle(req)
     }
 
     #[inline]
     pub(crate) fn compose(
         &mut self, req: HttpRequest<S>, mws: Rc<Vec<Box<Middleware<S>>>>,
-    ) -> Reply {
+    ) -> Reply<HttpResponse> {
         Reply::async(Compose::new(req, mws, self.handler.clone()))
     }
 
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ impl<S: 'static> InnerHandler<S> {
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    pub fn handle(&self, req: HttpRequest<S>) -> Reply {
+    pub fn handle(&self, req: HttpRequest<S>) -> Reply<HttpResponse> {
         // reason: handler is unique per thread, handler get called from async code only
         let h = unsafe { &mut *self.0.as_ref().get() };
         h.handle(req)
@@ -415,8 +415,9 @@ struct WaitingResponse<S> {
 
 impl<S: 'static> WaitingResponse<S> {
     #[inline]
-    fn init(info: &mut ComposeInfo<S>, reply: Reply) -> ComposeState<S> {
+    fn init(info: &mut ComposeInfo<S>, reply: Reply<HttpResponse>) -> ComposeState<S> {
         match reply.into() {
+            ReplyItem::Error(err) => RunMiddlewares::init(info, err.into()),
             ReplyItem::Message(resp) => RunMiddlewares::init(info, resp),
             ReplyItem::Future(fut) => ComposeState::Handler(WaitingResponse {
                 fut,

src/scope.rs

@@ -274,7 +274,7 @@ impl<S: 'static> Scope<S> {
 }
 
 impl<S: 'static> RouteHandler<S> for Scope<S> {
-    fn handle(&mut self, mut req: HttpRequest<S>) -> Reply {
+    fn handle(&mut self, mut req: HttpRequest<S>) -> Reply<HttpResponse> {
         let path = unsafe { &*(&req.match_info()["tail"] as *const _) };
         let path = if path == "" { "/" } else { path };
 
@@ -346,7 +346,7 @@ struct Wrapper<S: 'static> {
 }
 
 impl<S: 'static, S2: 'static> RouteHandler<S2> for Wrapper<S> {
-    fn handle(&mut self, req: HttpRequest<S2>) -> Reply {
+    fn handle(&mut self, req: HttpRequest<S2>) -> Reply<HttpResponse> {
         self.scope
             .handle(req.change_state(Rc::clone(&self.state)))
     }
@@ -521,9 +521,10 @@ struct WaitingResponse<S> {
 
 impl<S: 'static> WaitingResponse<S> {
     #[inline]
-    fn init(info: &mut ComposeInfo<S>, reply: Reply) -> ComposeState<S> {
+    fn init(info: &mut ComposeInfo<S>, reply: Reply<HttpResponse>) -> ComposeState<S> {
         match reply.into() {
             ReplyItem::Message(resp) => RunMiddlewares::init(info, resp),
+            ReplyItem::Error(err) => RunMiddlewares::init(info, err.into()),
             ReplyItem::Future(fut) => ComposeState::Handler(WaitingResponse {
                 fut,
                 _s: PhantomData,
@@ -707,7 +708,7 @@ mod tests {
 
         let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/path1").finish();
         let resp = app.run(req);
-        assert_eq!(resp.as_response().unwrap().status(), StatusCode::OK);
+        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::OK);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -724,10 +725,7 @@ mod tests {
 
         let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/t1/path1").finish();
         let resp = app.run(req);
-        assert_eq!(
-            resp.as_response().unwrap().status(),
-            StatusCode::CREATED
-        );
+        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::CREATED);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -742,10 +740,7 @@ mod tests {
 
         let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/t1/path1").finish();
         let resp = app.run(req);
-        assert_eq!(
-            resp.as_response().unwrap().status(),
-            StatusCode::CREATED
-        );
+        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::CREATED);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -760,16 +755,10 @@ mod tests {
 
         let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/path2").finish();
         let resp = app.run(req);
-        assert_eq!(
-            resp.as_response().unwrap().status(),
-            StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST
-        );
+        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST);
 
         let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/path2").finish();
         let resp = app.run(req);
-        assert_eq!(
-            resp.as_response().unwrap().status(),
-            StatusCode::NOT_FOUND
-        );
+        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::NOT_FOUND);
     }
 }

src/test.rs

@@ -602,6 +602,7 @@ impl<S> TestRequest<S> {
         match resp.respond_to(req.drop_state()) {
             Ok(resp) => match resp.into().into() {
                 ReplyItem::Message(resp) => Ok(resp),
+                ReplyItem::Error(err) => Ok(err.into()),
                 ReplyItem::Future(_) => panic!("Async handler is not supported."),
             },
             Err(err) => Err(err),

src/with.rs

@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ where
     T: FromRequest<S> + 'static,
     S: 'static,
 {
-    type Result = Reply;
+    type Result = Reply<HttpResponse>;
 
     fn handle(&mut self, req: HttpRequest<S>) -> Self::Result {
         let mut fut = WithHandlerFut {
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ where
         match fut.poll() {
             Ok(Async::Ready(resp)) => Reply::response(resp),
             Ok(Async::NotReady) => Reply::async(fut),
-            Err(e) => Reply::response(e),
+            Err(e) => Reply::error::<Error>(e),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -134,14 +134,14 @@ where
 
         let item = if !self.started {
             self.started = true;
-            let mut fut = T::from_request(&self.req, self.cfg.as_ref());
-            match fut.poll() {
-                Ok(Async::Ready(item)) => item,
-                Ok(Async::NotReady) => {
-                    self.fut1 = Some(Box::new(fut));
-                    return Ok(Async::NotReady);
+            let reply = T::from_request(&mut self.req, self.cfg.as_ref()).into();
+            match reply.into() {
+                ReplyItem::Error(err) => return Err(err),
+                ReplyItem::Message(msg) => msg,
+                ReplyItem::Future(fut) => {
+                    self.fut1 = Some(fut);
+                    return self.poll();
                 }
-                Err(e) => return Err(e),
             }
         } else {
             match self.fut1.as_mut().unwrap().poll()? {
@@ -157,6 +157,7 @@ where
         };
 
         match item.into() {
+            ReplyItem::Error(err) => Err(err),
             ReplyItem::Message(resp) => Ok(Async::Ready(resp)),
             ReplyItem::Future(fut) => {
                 self.fut2 = Some(fut);
@@ -206,7 +207,7 @@ where
     T2: FromRequest<S> + 'static,
     S: 'static,
 {
-    type Result = Reply;
+    type Result = Reply<HttpResponse>;
 
     fn handle(&mut self, req: HttpRequest<S>) -> Self::Result {
         let mut fut = WithHandlerFut2 {
@@ -265,19 +266,32 @@ where
 
         if !self.started {
             self.started = true;
-            let mut fut = T1::from_request(&self.req, self.cfg1.as_ref());
-            match fut.poll() {
-                Ok(Async::Ready(item1)) => {
-                    let mut fut = T2::from_request(&self.req, self.cfg2.as_ref());
-                    match fut.poll() {
-                        Ok(Async::Ready(item2)) => {
-                            let hnd: &mut F = unsafe { &mut *self.hnd.get() };
-                            match (*hnd)(item1, item2).respond_to(self.req.drop_state())
-                            {
-                                Ok(item) => match item.into().into() {
-                                    ReplyItem::Message(resp) => {
-                                        return Ok(Async::Ready(resp))
+            let reply = T1::from_request(&mut self.req, self.cfg1.as_ref()).into();
+            let item1 = match reply.into() {
+                ReplyItem::Error(err) => return Err(err),
+                ReplyItem::Message(msg) => msg,
+                ReplyItem::Future(fut) => {
+                    self.fut1 = Some(fut);
+                    return self.poll();
                 }
+            };
+
+            let reply = T2::from_request(&mut self.req, self.cfg2.as_ref()).into();
+            let item2 = match reply.into() {
+                ReplyItem::Error(err) => return Err(err),
+                ReplyItem::Message(msg) => msg,
+                ReplyItem::Future(fut) => {
+                    self.item = Some(item1);
+                    self.fut2 = Some(fut);
+                    return self.poll();
+                }
+            };
+
+            let hnd: &mut F = unsafe { &mut *self.hnd.get() };
+            match (*hnd)(item1, item2).respond_to(self.req.drop_state()) {
+                Ok(item) => match item.into().into() {
+                    ReplyItem::Error(err) => return Err(err),
+                    ReplyItem::Message(resp) => return Ok(Async::Ready(resp)),
                     ReplyItem::Future(fut) => {
                         self.fut3 = Some(fut);
                         return self.poll();
@@ -286,31 +300,34 @@ where
                 Err(e) => return Err(e.into()),
             }
         }
-                        Ok(Async::NotReady) => {
-                            self.item = Some(item1);
-                            self.fut2 = Some(Box::new(fut));
-                            return Ok(Async::NotReady);
-                        }
-                        Err(e) => return Err(e),
-                    }
-                }
-                Ok(Async::NotReady) => {
-                    self.fut1 = Some(Box::new(fut));
-                    return Ok(Async::NotReady);
-                }
-                Err(e) => return Err(e),
-            }
-        }
 
         if self.fut1.is_some() {
             match self.fut1.as_mut().unwrap().poll()? {
                 Async::Ready(item) => {
+                    let reply =
+                        T2::from_request(&mut self.req, self.cfg2.as_ref()).into();
+                    let item2 = match reply.into() {
+                        ReplyItem::Error(err) => return Err(err),
+                        ReplyItem::Message(msg) => msg,
+                        ReplyItem::Future(fut) => {
                             self.item = Some(item);
-                    self.fut1.take();
-                    self.fut2 = Some(Box::new(T2::from_request(
-                        &self.req,
-                        self.cfg2.as_ref(),
-                    )));
+                            self.fut2 = Some(fut);
+                            return self.poll();
+                        }
+                    };
+
+                    let hnd: &mut F = unsafe { &mut *self.hnd.get() };
+                    match (*hnd)(item, item2).respond_to(self.req.drop_state()) {
+                        Ok(item) => match item.into().into() {
+                            ReplyItem::Error(err) => return Err(err),
+                            ReplyItem::Message(resp) => return Ok(Async::Ready(resp)),
+                            ReplyItem::Future(fut) => {
+                                self.fut3 = Some(fut);
+                                return self.poll();
+                            }
+                        },
+                        Err(e) => return Err(e.into()),
+                    }
                 }
                 Async::NotReady => return Ok(Async::NotReady),
             }
@@ -330,6 +347,7 @@ where
         };
 
         match item.into() {
+            ReplyItem::Error(err) => return Err(err),
             ReplyItem::Message(resp) => return Ok(Async::Ready(resp)),
             ReplyItem::Future(fut) => self.fut3 = Some(fut),
         }
@@ -387,7 +405,7 @@ where
     T3: 'static,
     S: 'static,
 {
-    type Result = Reply;
+    type Result = Reply<HttpResponse>;
 
     fn handle(&mut self, req: HttpRequest<S>) -> Self::Result {
         let mut fut = WithHandlerFut3 {
@@ -454,24 +472,44 @@ where
 
         if !self.started {
             self.started = true;
-            let mut fut = T1::from_request(&self.req, self.cfg1.as_ref());
-            match fut.poll() {
-                Ok(Async::Ready(item1)) => {
-                    let mut fut = T2::from_request(&self.req, self.cfg2.as_ref());
-                    match fut.poll() {
-                        Ok(Async::Ready(item2)) => {
-                            let mut fut =
-                                T3::from_request(&self.req, self.cfg3.as_ref());
-                            match fut.poll() {
-                                Ok(Async::Ready(item3)) => {
-                                    let hnd: &mut F = unsafe { &mut *self.hnd.get() };
-                                    match (*hnd)(item1, item2, item3)
-                                        .respond_to(self.req.drop_state())
-                                    {
-                                        Ok(item) => match item.into().into() {
-                                            ReplyItem::Message(resp) => {
-                                                return Ok(Async::Ready(resp))
+            let reply = T1::from_request(&mut self.req, self.cfg1.as_ref()).into();
+            let item1 = match reply.into() {
+                ReplyItem::Error(err) => return Err(err),
+                ReplyItem::Message(msg) => msg,
+                ReplyItem::Future(fut) => {
+                    self.fut1 = Some(fut);
+                    return self.poll();
                 }
+            };
+
+            let reply = T2::from_request(&mut self.req, self.cfg2.as_ref()).into();
+            let item2 = match reply.into() {
+                ReplyItem::Error(err) => return Err(err),
+                ReplyItem::Message(msg) => msg,
+                ReplyItem::Future(fut) => {
+                    self.item1 = Some(item1);
+                    self.fut2 = Some(fut);
+                    return self.poll();
+                }
+            };
+
+            let reply = T3::from_request(&mut self.req, self.cfg3.as_ref()).into();
+            let item3 = match reply.into() {
+                ReplyItem::Error(err) => return Err(err),
+                ReplyItem::Message(msg) => msg,
+                ReplyItem::Future(fut) => {
+                    self.item1 = Some(item1);
+                    self.item2 = Some(item2);
+                    self.fut3 = Some(fut);
+                    return self.poll();
+                }
+            };
+
+            let hnd: &mut F = unsafe { &mut *self.hnd.get() };
+            match (*hnd)(item1, item2, item3).respond_to(self.req.drop_state()) {
+                Ok(item) => match item.into().into() {
+                    ReplyItem::Error(err) => return Err(err),
+                    ReplyItem::Message(resp) => return Ok(Async::Ready(resp)),
                     ReplyItem::Future(fut) => {
                         self.fut4 = Some(fut);
                         return self.poll();
@@ -480,40 +518,48 @@ where
                 Err(e) => return Err(e.into()),
             }
         }
-                                Ok(Async::NotReady) => {
-                                    self.item1 = Some(item1);
-                                    self.item2 = Some(item2);
-                                    self.fut3 = Some(Box::new(fut));
-                                    return Ok(Async::NotReady);
-                                }
-                                Err(e) => return Err(e),
-                            }
-                        }
-                        Ok(Async::NotReady) => {
-                            self.item1 = Some(item1);
-                            self.fut2 = Some(Box::new(fut));
-                            return Ok(Async::NotReady);
-                        }
-                        Err(e) => return Err(e),
-                    }
-                }
-                Ok(Async::NotReady) => {
-                    self.fut1 = Some(Box::new(fut));
-                    return Ok(Async::NotReady);
-                }
-                Err(e) => return Err(e),
-            }
-        }
 
         if self.fut1.is_some() {
             match self.fut1.as_mut().unwrap().poll()? {
                 Async::Ready(item) => {
                     self.item1 = Some(item);
                     self.fut1.take();
-                    self.fut2 = Some(Box::new(T2::from_request(
-                        &self.req,
-                        self.cfg2.as_ref(),
-                    )));
+                    let reply =
+                        T2::from_request(&mut self.req, self.cfg2.as_ref()).into();
+                    let item2 = match reply.into() {
+                        ReplyItem::Error(err) => return Err(err),
+                        ReplyItem::Message(msg) => msg,
+                        ReplyItem::Future(fut) => {
+                            self.fut2 = Some(fut);
+                            return self.poll();
+                        }
+                    };
+
+                    let reply =
+                        T3::from_request(&mut self.req, self.cfg3.as_ref()).into();
+                    let item3 = match reply.into() {
+                        ReplyItem::Error(err) => return Err(err),
+                        ReplyItem::Message(msg) => msg,
+                        ReplyItem::Future(fut) => {
+                            self.item2 = Some(item2);
+                            self.fut3 = Some(fut);
+                            return self.poll();
+                        }
+                    };
+                    let hnd: &mut F = unsafe { &mut *self.hnd.get() };
+                    match (*hnd)(self.item1.take().unwrap(), item2, item3)
+                        .respond_to(self.req.drop_state())
+                    {
+                        Ok(item) => match item.into().into() {
+                            ReplyItem::Error(err) => return Err(err),
+                            ReplyItem::Message(resp) => return Ok(Async::Ready(resp)),
+                            ReplyItem::Future(fut) => {
+                                self.fut4 = Some(fut);
+                                return self.poll();
+                            }
+                        },
+                        Err(e) => return Err(e.into()),
+                    }
                 }
                 Async::NotReady => return Ok(Async::NotReady),
             }
@@ -522,12 +568,32 @@ where
         if self.fut2.is_some() {
             match self.fut2.as_mut().unwrap().poll()? {
                 Async::Ready(item) => {
-                    self.item2 = Some(item);
                     self.fut2.take();
-                    self.fut3 = Some(Box::new(T3::from_request(
-                        &self.req,
-                        self.cfg3.as_ref(),
-                    )));
+                    let reply =
+                        T3::from_request(&mut self.req, self.cfg3.as_ref()).into();
+                    let item3 = match reply.into() {
+                        ReplyItem::Error(err) => return Err(err),
+                        ReplyItem::Message(msg) => msg,
+                        ReplyItem::Future(fut) => {
+                            self.item2 = Some(item);
+                            self.fut3 = Some(fut);
+                            return self.poll();
+                        }
+                    };
+                    let hnd: &mut F = unsafe { &mut *self.hnd.get() };
+                    match (*hnd)(self.item1.take().unwrap(), item, item3)
+                        .respond_to(self.req.drop_state())
+                    {
+                        Ok(item) => match item.into().into() {
+                            ReplyItem::Error(err) => return Err(err),
+                            ReplyItem::Message(resp) => return Ok(Async::Ready(resp)),
+                            ReplyItem::Future(fut) => {
+                                self.fut4 = Some(fut);
+                                return self.poll();
+                            }
+                        },
+                        Err(e) => return Err(e.into()),
+                    }
                 }
                 Async::NotReady => return Ok(Async::NotReady),
             }
@@ -550,6 +616,7 @@ where
         };
 
         match item.into() {
+            ReplyItem::Error(err) => return Ok(Async::Ready(err.into())),
             ReplyItem::Message(resp) => return Ok(Async::Ready(resp)),
             ReplyItem::Future(fut) => self.fut4 = Some(fut),
         }