diff --git a/actix-service/src/and_then.rs b/actix-service/src/and_then.rs
index c52f4da1..ee0f5e18 100644
--- a/actix-service/src/and_then.rs
+++ b/actix-service/src/and_then.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+use std::marker::PhantomData;
+
 use futures::{try_ready, Async, Future, Poll};
 
 use super::{IntoNewService, NewService, Service};
@@ -14,10 +16,10 @@ pub struct AndThen<A, B> {
 
 impl<A, B> AndThen<A, B> {
     /// Create new `AndThen` combinator
-    pub fn new<R>(a: A, b: B) -> Self
+    pub fn new(a: A, b: B) -> Self
     where
-        A: Service<R>,
-        B: Service<A::Response, Error = A::Error>,
+        A: Service,
+        B: Service<Request = A::Response, Error = A::Error>,
     {
         Self { a, b: Cell::new(b) }
     }
@@ -35,39 +37,40 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<A, B, R> Service<R> for AndThen<A, B>
+impl<A, B> Service for AndThen<A, B>
 where
-    A: Service<R>,
-    B: Service<A::Response, Error = A::Error>,
+    A: Service,
+    B: Service<Request = A::Response, Error = A::Error>,
 {
+    type Request = A::Request;
     type Response = B::Response;
     type Error = A::Error;
-    type Future = AndThenFuture<A, B, R>;
+    type Future = AndThenFuture<A, B>;
 
     fn poll_ready(&mut self) -> Poll<(), Self::Error> {
         try_ready!(self.a.poll_ready());
         self.b.get_mut().poll_ready()
     }
 
-    fn call(&mut self, req: R) -> Self::Future {
+    fn call(&mut self, req: A::Request) -> Self::Future {
         AndThenFuture::new(self.a.call(req), self.b.clone())
     }
 }
 
-pub struct AndThenFuture<A, B, R>
+pub struct AndThenFuture<A, B>
 where
-    A: Service<R>,
-    B: Service<A::Response, Error = A::Error>,
+    A: Service,
+    B: Service<Request = A::Response, Error = A::Error>,
 {
     b: Cell<B>,
     fut_b: Option<B::Future>,
     fut_a: Option<A::Future>,
 }
 
-impl<A, B, R> AndThenFuture<A, B, R>
+impl<A, B> AndThenFuture<A, B>
 where
-    A: Service<R>,
-    B: Service<A::Response, Error = A::Error>,
+    A: Service,
+    B: Service<Request = A::Response, Error = A::Error>,
 {
     fn new(a: A::Future, b: Cell<B>) -> Self {
         AndThenFuture {
@@ -78,10 +81,10 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<A, B, R> Future for AndThenFuture<A, B, R>
+impl<A, B> Future for AndThenFuture<A, B>
 where
-    A: Service<R>,
-    B: Service<A::Response, Error = A::Error>,
+    A: Service,
+    B: Service<Request = A::Response, Error = A::Error>,
 {
     type Item = B::Response;
     type Error = A::Error;
@@ -104,43 +107,46 @@ where
 }
 
 /// `AndThenNewService` new service combinator
-pub struct AndThenNewService<A, B> {
+pub struct AndThenNewService<A, B, C> {
     a: A,
     b: B,
+    _t: PhantomData<C>,
 }
 
-impl<A, B> AndThenNewService<A, B> {
+impl<A, B, C> AndThenNewService<A, B, C> {
     /// Create new `AndThen` combinator
-    pub fn new<R, C, F: IntoNewService<B, A::Response, C>>(a: A, f: F) -> Self
+    pub fn new<F: IntoNewService<B, C>>(a: A, f: F) -> Self
     where
-        A: NewService<R, C>,
-        B: NewService<A::Response, C, Error = A::Error, InitError = A::InitError>,
+        A: NewService<C>,
+        B: NewService<C, Request = A::Response, Error = A::Error, InitError = A::InitError>,
     {
         Self {
             a,
             b: f.into_new_service(),
+            _t: PhantomData,
         }
     }
 }
 
-impl<A, B, R, C> NewService<R, C> for AndThenNewService<A, B>
+impl<A, B, C> NewService<C> for AndThenNewService<A, B, C>
 where
-    A: NewService<R, C>,
-    B: NewService<A::Response, C, Error = A::Error, InitError = A::InitError>,
+    A: NewService<C>,
+    B: NewService<C, Request = A::Response, Error = A::Error, InitError = A::InitError>,
 {
+    type Request = A::Request;
     type Response = B::Response;
     type Error = A::Error;
     type Service = AndThen<A::Service, B::Service>;
 
     type InitError = A::InitError;
-    type Future = AndThenNewServiceFuture<A, B, R, C>;
+    type Future = AndThenNewServiceFuture<A, B, C>;
 
     fn new_service(&self, cfg: &C) -> Self::Future {
         AndThenNewServiceFuture::new(self.a.new_service(cfg), self.b.new_service(cfg))
     }
 }
 
-impl<A, B> Clone for AndThenNewService<A, B>
+impl<A, B, C> Clone for AndThenNewService<A, B, C>
 where
     A: Clone,
     B: Clone,
@@ -149,14 +155,15 @@ where
         Self {
             a: self.a.clone(),
             b: self.b.clone(),
+            _t: PhantomData,
         }
     }
 }
 
-pub struct AndThenNewServiceFuture<A, B, R, C>
+pub struct AndThenNewServiceFuture<A, B, C>
 where
-    A: NewService<R, C>,
-    B: NewService<A::Response, C>,
+    A: NewService<C>,
+    B: NewService<C, Request = A::Response>,
 {
     fut_b: B::Future,
     fut_a: A::Future,
@@ -164,10 +171,10 @@ where
     b: Option<B::Service>,
 }
 
-impl<A, B, R, C> AndThenNewServiceFuture<A, B, R, C>
+impl<A, B, C> AndThenNewServiceFuture<A, B, C>
 where
-    A: NewService<R, C>,
-    B: NewService<A::Response, C, Error = A::Error, InitError = A::InitError>,
+    A: NewService<C>,
+    B: NewService<C, Request = A::Response>,
 {
     fn new(fut_a: A::Future, fut_b: B::Future) -> Self {
         AndThenNewServiceFuture {
@@ -179,10 +186,10 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<A, B, R, C> Future for AndThenNewServiceFuture<A, B, R, C>
+impl<A, B, C> Future for AndThenNewServiceFuture<A, B, C>
 where
-    A: NewService<R, C>,
-    B: NewService<A::Response, C, Error = A::Error, InitError = A::InitError>,
+    A: NewService<C>,
+    B: NewService<C, Request = A::Response, Error = A::Error, InitError = A::InitError>,
 {
     type Item = AndThen<A::Service, B::Service>;
     type Error = A::InitError;
@@ -222,7 +229,8 @@ mod tests {
     use crate::{NewService, Service, ServiceExt};
 
     struct Srv1(Rc<Cell<usize>>);
-    impl Service<&'static str> for Srv1 {
+    impl Service for Srv1 {
+        type Request = &'static str;
         type Response = &'static str;
         type Error = ();
         type Future = FutureResult<Self::Response, ()>;
@@ -240,7 +248,8 @@ mod tests {
     #[derive(Clone)]
     struct Srv2(Rc<Cell<usize>>);
 
-    impl Service<&'static str> for Srv2 {
+    impl Service for Srv2 {
+        type Request = &'static str;
         type Response = (&'static str, &'static str);
         type Error = ();
         type Future = FutureResult<Self::Response, ()>;
diff --git a/actix-service/src/and_then_apply.rs b/actix-service/src/and_then_apply.rs
index 452f86d1..7ea0dab3 100644
--- a/actix-service/src/and_then_apply.rs
+++ b/actix-service/src/and_then_apply.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-use std::marker::PhantomData;
 use std::rc::Rc;
 
 use futures::{Async, Future, Poll};
@@ -8,22 +7,22 @@ use crate::from_err::FromErr;
 use crate::{NewService, Transform};
 
 /// `Apply` new service combinator
-pub struct AndThenTransform<T, A, B, BR> {
+pub struct AndThenTransform<T, A, B, C> {
     a: A,
     b: B,
     t: Rc<T>,
-    _t: PhantomData<BR>,
+    _t: std::marker::PhantomData<C>,
 }
 
-impl<T, A, B, BR> AndThenTransform<T, A, B, BR> {
+impl<T, A, B, C> AndThenTransform<T, A, B, C>
+where
+    A: NewService<C>,
+    B: NewService<C, InitError = A::InitError>,
+    T: Transform<B::Service, Request = A::Response, InitError = A::InitError>,
+    T::Error: From<A::Error>,
+{
     /// Create new `ApplyNewService` new service instance
-    pub fn new<AR, C>(t: T, a: A, b: B) -> Self
-    where
-        A: NewService<AR, C>,
-        B: NewService<BR, C, InitError = A::InitError>,
-        T: Transform<B::Service, A::Response, InitError = A::InitError>,
-        T::Error: From<A::Error>,
-    {
+    pub fn new(t: T, a: A, b: B) -> Self {
         Self {
             a,
             b,
@@ -33,7 +32,7 @@ impl<T, A, B, BR> AndThenTransform<T, A, B, BR> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<T, A, B, BR> Clone for AndThenTransform<T, A, B, BR>
+impl<T, A, B, C> Clone for AndThenTransform<T, A, B, C>
 where
     A: Clone,
     B: Clone,
@@ -48,19 +47,20 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<T, A, B, AR, BR, C> NewService<AR, C> for AndThenTransform<T, A, B, BR>
+impl<T, A, B, C> NewService<C> for AndThenTransform<T, A, B, C>
 where
-    A: NewService<AR, C>,
-    B: NewService<BR, C, InitError = A::InitError>,
-    T: Transform<B::Service, A::Response, InitError = A::InitError>,
+    A: NewService<C>,
+    B: NewService<C, InitError = A::InitError>,
+    T: Transform<B::Service, Request = A::Response, InitError = A::InitError>,
     T::Error: From<A::Error>,
 {
+    type Request = A::Request;
     type Response = T::Response;
     type Error = T::Error;
 
     type InitError = T::InitError;
     type Service = AndThen<FromErr<A::Service, T::Error>, T::Transform>;
-    type Future = AndThenTransformFuture<T, A, B, AR, BR, C>;
+    type Future = AndThenTransformFuture<T, A, B, C>;
 
     fn new_service(&self, cfg: &C) -> Self::Future {
         AndThenTransformFuture {
@@ -74,11 +74,11 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-pub struct AndThenTransformFuture<T, A, B, AR, BR, C>
+pub struct AndThenTransformFuture<T, A, B, C>
 where
-    A: NewService<AR, C>,
-    B: NewService<BR, C, InitError = A::InitError>,
-    T: Transform<B::Service, A::Response, InitError = A::InitError>,
+    A: NewService<C>,
+    B: NewService<C, InitError = A::InitError>,
+    T: Transform<B::Service, Request = A::Response, InitError = A::InitError>,
     T::Error: From<A::Error>,
 {
     fut_a: A::Future,
@@ -89,11 +89,11 @@ where
     t_cell: Rc<T>,
 }
 
-impl<T, A, B, AR, BR, C> Future for AndThenTransformFuture<T, A, B, AR, BR, C>
+impl<T, A, B, C> Future for AndThenTransformFuture<T, A, B, C>
 where
-    A: NewService<AR, C>,
-    B: NewService<BR, C, InitError = A::InitError>,
-    T: Transform<B::Service, A::Response, InitError = A::InitError>,
+    A: NewService<C>,
+    B: NewService<C, InitError = A::InitError>,
+    T: Transform<B::Service, Request = A::Response, InitError = A::InitError>,
     T::Error: From<A::Error>,
 {
     type Item = AndThen<FromErr<A::Service, T::Error>, T::Transform>;
@@ -138,7 +138,8 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[derive(Clone)]
     struct Srv;
-    impl Service<()> for Srv {
+    impl Service for Srv {
+        type Request = ();
         type Response = ();
         type Error = ();
         type Future = FutureResult<(), ()>;
diff --git a/actix-service/src/and_then_apply_fn.rs b/actix-service/src/and_then_apply_fn.rs
index 8eafb738..41b536dc 100644
--- a/actix-service/src/and_then_apply_fn.rs
+++ b/actix-service/src/and_then_apply_fn.rs
@@ -6,23 +6,30 @@ use super::{IntoNewService, IntoService, NewService, Service};
 use crate::cell::Cell;
 
 /// `Apply` service combinator
-pub struct AndThenApply<A, B, F, Out, AReq, BReq> {
+pub struct AndThenApply<A, B, F, Out>
+where
+    A: Service,
+    B: Service<Error = A::Error>,
+    F: FnMut(A::Response, &mut B) -> Out,
+    Out: IntoFuture,
+    Out::Error: Into<A::Error>,
+{
     a: A,
     b: Cell<B>,
     f: Cell<F>,
-    r: PhantomData<(Out, AReq, BReq)>,
+    r: PhantomData<(Out,)>,
 }
 
-impl<A, B, F, Out, AReq, BReq> AndThenApply<A, B, F, Out, AReq, BReq>
+impl<A, B, F, Out> AndThenApply<A, B, F, Out>
 where
-    A: Service<AReq>,
-    B: Service<BReq, Error = A::Error>,
+    A: Service,
+    B: Service<Error = A::Error>,
     F: FnMut(A::Response, &mut B) -> Out,
     Out: IntoFuture,
     Out::Error: Into<A::Error>,
 {
     /// Create new `Apply` combinator
-    pub fn new<A1: IntoService<A, AReq>, B1: IntoService<B, BReq>>(a: A1, b: B1, f: F) -> Self {
+    pub fn new<A1: IntoService<A>, B1: IntoService<B>>(a: A1, b: B1, f: F) -> Self {
         Self {
             f: Cell::new(f),
             a: a.into_service(),
@@ -32,9 +39,13 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<A, B, F, Out, AReq, BReq> Clone for AndThenApply<A, B, F, Out, AReq, BReq>
+impl<A, B, F, Out> Clone for AndThenApply<A, B, F, Out>
 where
-    A: Clone,
+    A: Service + Clone,
+    B: Service<Error = A::Error>,
+    F: FnMut(A::Response, &mut B) -> Out,
+    Out: IntoFuture,
+    Out::Error: Into<A::Error>,
 {
     fn clone(&self) -> Self {
         AndThenApply {
@@ -46,38 +57,38 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<A, B, F, Out, AReq, BReq> Service<AReq> for AndThenApply<A, B, F, Out, AReq, BReq>
+impl<A, B, F, Out> Service for AndThenApply<A, B, F, Out>
 where
-    A: Service<AReq>,
-    B: Service<BReq, Error = A::Error>,
+    A: Service,
+    B: Service<Error = A::Error>,
     F: FnMut(A::Response, &mut B) -> Out,
     Out: IntoFuture,
     Out::Error: Into<A::Error>,
 {
+    type Request = A::Request;
     type Response = Out::Item;
     type Error = A::Error;
-    type Future = AndThenApplyFuture<A, B, F, Out, AReq, BReq>;
+    type Future = AndThenApplyFuture<A, B, F, Out>;
 
     fn poll_ready(&mut self) -> Poll<(), Self::Error> {
         try_ready!(self.a.poll_ready());
         self.b.get_mut().poll_ready()
     }
 
-    fn call(&mut self, req: AReq) -> Self::Future {
+    fn call(&mut self, req: A::Request) -> Self::Future {
         AndThenApplyFuture {
             b: self.b.clone(),
             f: self.f.clone(),
             fut_b: None,
             fut_a: Some(self.a.call(req)),
-            _t: PhantomData,
         }
     }
 }
 
-pub struct AndThenApplyFuture<A, B, F, Out, AReq, BReq>
+pub struct AndThenApplyFuture<A, B, F, Out>
 where
-    A: Service<AReq>,
-    B: Service<BReq, Error = A::Error>,
+    A: Service,
+    B: Service<Error = A::Error>,
     F: FnMut(A::Response, &mut B) -> Out,
     Out: IntoFuture,
     Out::Error: Into<A::Error>,
@@ -86,13 +97,12 @@ where
     f: Cell<F>,
     fut_a: Option<A::Future>,
     fut_b: Option<Out::Future>,
-    _t: PhantomData<(AReq, BReq)>,
 }
 
-impl<A, B, F, Out, AReq, BReq> Future for AndThenApplyFuture<A, B, F, Out, AReq, BReq>
+impl<A, B, F, Out> Future for AndThenApplyFuture<A, B, F, Out>
 where
-    A: Service<AReq>,
-    B: Service<BReq, Error = A::Error>,
+    A: Service,
+    B: Service<Error = A::Error>,
     F: FnMut(A::Response, &mut B) -> Out,
     Out: IntoFuture,
     Out::Error: Into<A::Error>,
@@ -119,23 +129,23 @@ where
 }
 
 /// `ApplyNewService` new service combinator
-pub struct AndThenApplyNewService<A, B, F, Out, AReq, BReq, Cfg> {
+pub struct AndThenApplyNewService<A, B, F, Out, Cfg> {
     a: A,
     b: B,
     f: Cell<F>,
-    r: PhantomData<(Out, AReq, BReq, Cfg)>,
+    r: PhantomData<(Out, Cfg)>,
 }
 
-impl<A, B, F, Out, AReq, BReq, Cfg> AndThenApplyNewService<A, B, F, Out, AReq, BReq, Cfg>
+impl<A, B, F, Out, Cfg> AndThenApplyNewService<A, B, F, Out, Cfg>
 where
-    A: NewService<AReq, Cfg>,
-    B: NewService<BReq, Cfg, Error = A::Error, InitError = A::InitError>,
+    A: NewService<Cfg>,
+    B: NewService<Cfg, Error = A::Error, InitError = A::InitError>,
     F: FnMut(A::Response, &mut B::Service) -> Out,
     Out: IntoFuture,
     Out::Error: Into<A::Error>,
 {
     /// Create new `ApplyNewService` new service instance
-    pub fn new<A1: IntoNewService<A, AReq, Cfg>, B1: IntoNewService<B, BReq, Cfg>>(
+    pub fn new<A1: IntoNewService<A, Cfg>, B1: IntoNewService<B, Cfg>>(
         a: A1,
         b: B1,
         f: F,
@@ -149,8 +159,7 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<A, B, F, Out, AReq, BReq, Cfg> Clone
-    for AndThenApplyNewService<A, B, F, Out, AReq, BReq, Cfg>
+impl<A, B, F, Out, Cfg> Clone for AndThenApplyNewService<A, B, F, Out, Cfg>
 where
     A: Clone,
     B: Clone,
@@ -165,21 +174,21 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<A, B, F, Out, AReq, BReq, Cfg> NewService<AReq, Cfg>
-    for AndThenApplyNewService<A, B, F, Out, AReq, BReq, Cfg>
+impl<A, B, F, Out, Cfg> NewService<Cfg> for AndThenApplyNewService<A, B, F, Out, Cfg>
 where
-    A: NewService<AReq, Cfg>,
-    B: NewService<BReq, Cfg, Error = A::Error, InitError = A::InitError>,
+    A: NewService<Cfg>,
+    B: NewService<Cfg, Error = A::Error, InitError = A::InitError>,
     F: FnMut(A::Response, &mut B::Service) -> Out,
     Out: IntoFuture,
     Out::Error: Into<A::Error>,
 {
+    type Request = A::Request;
     type Response = Out::Item;
     type Error = A::Error;
-    type Service = AndThenApply<A::Service, B::Service, F, Out, AReq, BReq>;
+    type Service = AndThenApply<A::Service, B::Service, F, Out>;
 
     type InitError = A::InitError;
-    type Future = AndThenApplyNewServiceFuture<A, B, F, Out, AReq, BReq, Cfg>;
+    type Future = AndThenApplyNewServiceFuture<A, B, F, Out, Cfg>;
 
     fn new_service(&self, cfg: &Cfg) -> Self::Future {
         AndThenApplyNewServiceFuture {
@@ -192,10 +201,10 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-pub struct AndThenApplyNewServiceFuture<A, B, F, Out, AReq, BReq, Cfg>
+pub struct AndThenApplyNewServiceFuture<A, B, F, Out, Cfg>
 where
-    A: NewService<AReq, Cfg>,
-    B: NewService<BReq, Cfg, Error = A::Error, InitError = A::InitError>,
+    A: NewService<Cfg>,
+    B: NewService<Cfg, Error = A::Error, InitError = A::InitError>,
     F: FnMut(A::Response, &mut B::Service) -> Out,
     Out: IntoFuture,
     Out::Error: Into<A::Error>,
@@ -207,16 +216,15 @@ where
     b: Option<B::Service>,
 }
 
-impl<A, B, F, Out, AReq, BReq, Cfg> Future
-    for AndThenApplyNewServiceFuture<A, B, F, Out, AReq, BReq, Cfg>
+impl<A, B, F, Out, Cfg> Future for AndThenApplyNewServiceFuture<A, B, F, Out, Cfg>
 where
-    A: NewService<AReq, Cfg>,
-    B: NewService<BReq, Cfg, Error = A::Error, InitError = A::InitError>,
+    A: NewService<Cfg>,
+    B: NewService<Cfg, Error = A::Error, InitError = A::InitError>,
     F: FnMut(A::Response, &mut B::Service) -> Out,
     Out: IntoFuture,
     Out::Error: Into<A::Error>,
 {
-    type Item = AndThenApply<A::Service, B::Service, F, Out, AReq, BReq>;
+    type Item = AndThenApply<A::Service, B::Service, F, Out>;
     type Error = A::InitError;
 
     fn poll(&mut self) -> Poll<Self::Item, Self::Error> {
@@ -255,7 +263,8 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[derive(Clone)]
     struct Srv;
-    impl Service<()> for Srv {
+    impl Service for Srv {
+        type Request = ();
         type Response = ();
         type Error = ();
         type Future = FutureResult<(), ()>;
diff --git a/actix-service/src/apply.rs b/actix-service/src/apply.rs
index bf794039..d5dda2d4 100644
--- a/actix-service/src/apply.rs
+++ b/actix-service/src/apply.rs
@@ -5,23 +5,24 @@ use futures::{Async, Future, IntoFuture, Poll};
 use super::{IntoNewService, IntoService, NewService, Service};
 
 /// `Apply` service combinator
-pub struct Apply<T, R, F, In, Out> {
+pub struct Apply<T, F, In, Out>
+where
+    T: Service,
+{
     service: T,
     f: F,
-    r: PhantomData<(R, In, Out)>,
+    r: PhantomData<(In, Out)>,
 }
 
-impl<T, R, F, In, Out> Apply<T, R, F, In, Out>
+impl<T, F, In, Out> Apply<T, F, In, Out>
 where
+    T: Service,
     F: FnMut(In, &mut T) -> Out,
+    Out: IntoFuture,
+    Out::Error: From<T::Error>,
 {
     /// Create new `Apply` combinator
-    pub fn new<I: IntoService<T, R>>(service: I, f: F) -> Self
-    where
-        T: Service<R>,
-        Out: IntoFuture,
-        Out::Error: From<T::Error>,
-    {
+    pub fn new<I: IntoService<T>>(service: I, f: F) -> Self {
         Self {
             service: service.into_service(),
             f,
@@ -30,9 +31,9 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<T, R, F, In, Out> Clone for Apply<T, R, F, In, Out>
+impl<T, F, In, Out> Clone for Apply<T, F, In, Out>
 where
-    T: Clone,
+    T: Service + Clone,
     F: Clone,
 {
     fn clone(&self) -> Self {
@@ -44,13 +45,14 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<T, R, F, In, Out> Service<In> for Apply<T, R, F, In, Out>
+impl<T, F, In, Out> Service for Apply<T, F, In, Out>
 where
-    T: Service<R>,
+    T: Service,
     F: FnMut(In, &mut T) -> Out,
     Out: IntoFuture,
     Out::Error: From<T::Error>,
 {
+    type Request = In;
     type Response = Out::Item;
     type Error = Out::Error;
     type Future = Out::Future;
@@ -65,21 +67,24 @@ where
 }
 
 /// `ApplyNewService` new service combinator
-pub struct ApplyNewService<T, F, In, Out, Req> {
+pub struct ApplyNewService<T, F, In, Out, Cfg>
+where
+    T: NewService<Cfg>,
+{
     service: T,
     f: F,
-    r: PhantomData<(In, Out, Req)>,
+    r: PhantomData<(In, Out, Cfg)>,
 }
 
-impl<T, F, In, Out, Req> ApplyNewService<T, F, In, Out, Req> {
+impl<T, F, In, Out, Cfg> ApplyNewService<T, F, In, Out, Cfg>
+where
+    T: NewService<Cfg>,
+    F: FnMut(In, &mut T::Service) -> Out + Clone,
+    Out: IntoFuture,
+    Out::Error: From<T::Error>,
+{
     /// Create new `ApplyNewService` new service instance
-    pub fn new<Cfg, F1: IntoNewService<T, Req, Cfg>>(service: F1, f: F) -> Self
-    where
-        T: NewService<Req, Cfg>,
-        F: FnMut(In, &mut T::Service) -> Out + Clone,
-        Out: IntoFuture,
-        Out::Error: From<T::Error>,
-    {
+    pub fn new<F1: IntoNewService<T, Cfg>>(service: F1, f: F) -> Self {
         Self {
             f,
             service: service.into_new_service(),
@@ -88,10 +93,11 @@ impl<T, F, In, Out, Req> ApplyNewService<T, F, In, Out, Req> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<T, F, In, Out, Req> Clone for ApplyNewService<T, F, In, Out, Req>
+impl<T, F, In, Out, Cfg> Clone for ApplyNewService<T, F, In, Out, Cfg>
 where
-    T: Clone,
-    F: Clone,
+    T: NewService<Cfg> + Clone,
+    F: FnMut(In, &mut T::Service) -> Out + Clone,
+    Out: IntoFuture,
 {
     fn clone(&self) -> Self {
         Self {
@@ -102,28 +108,29 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<T, F, In, Out, Req, Cfg> NewService<In, Cfg> for ApplyNewService<T, F, In, Out, Req>
+impl<T, F, In, Out, Cfg> NewService<Cfg> for ApplyNewService<T, F, In, Out, Cfg>
 where
-    T: NewService<Req, Cfg>,
+    T: NewService<Cfg>,
     F: FnMut(In, &mut T::Service) -> Out + Clone,
     Out: IntoFuture,
     Out::Error: From<T::Error>,
 {
+    type Request = In;
     type Response = Out::Item;
     type Error = Out::Error;
-    type Service = Apply<T::Service, Req, F, In, Out>;
+    type Service = Apply<T::Service, F, In, Out>;
 
     type InitError = T::InitError;
-    type Future = ApplyNewServiceFuture<T, F, In, Out, Req, Cfg>;
+    type Future = ApplyNewServiceFuture<T, F, In, Out, Cfg>;
 
     fn new_service(&self, cfg: &Cfg) -> Self::Future {
         ApplyNewServiceFuture::new(self.service.new_service(cfg), self.f.clone())
     }
 }
 
-pub struct ApplyNewServiceFuture<T, F, In, Out, Req, Cfg>
+pub struct ApplyNewServiceFuture<T, F, In, Out, Cfg>
 where
-    T: NewService<Req, Cfg>,
+    T: NewService<Cfg>,
     F: FnMut(In, &mut T::Service) -> Out + Clone,
     Out: IntoFuture,
 {
@@ -132,9 +139,9 @@ where
     r: PhantomData<(In, Out)>,
 }
 
-impl<T, F, In, Out, Req, Cfg> ApplyNewServiceFuture<T, F, In, Out, Req, Cfg>
+impl<T, F, In, Out, Cfg> ApplyNewServiceFuture<T, F, In, Out, Cfg>
 where
-    T: NewService<Req, Cfg>,
+    T: NewService<Cfg>,
     F: FnMut(In, &mut T::Service) -> Out + Clone,
     Out: IntoFuture,
 {
@@ -147,14 +154,14 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<T, F, In, Out, Req, Cfg> Future for ApplyNewServiceFuture<T, F, In, Out, Req, Cfg>
+impl<T, F, In, Out, Cfg> Future for ApplyNewServiceFuture<T, F, In, Out, Cfg>
 where
-    T: NewService<Req, Cfg>,
+    T: NewService<Cfg>,
     F: FnMut(In, &mut T::Service) -> Out + Clone,
     Out: IntoFuture,
     Out::Error: From<T::Error>,
 {
-    type Item = Apply<T::Service, Req, F, In, Out>;
+    type Item = Apply<T::Service, F, In, Out>;
     type Error = T::InitError;
 
     fn poll(&mut self) -> Poll<Self::Item, Self::Error> {
@@ -176,7 +183,8 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[derive(Clone)]
     struct Srv;
-    impl Service<()> for Srv {
+    impl Service for Srv {
+        type Request = ();
         type Response = ();
         type Error = ();
         type Future = FutureResult<(), ()>;
diff --git a/actix-service/src/blank.rs b/actix-service/src/blank.rs
index 76701202..ea10b424 100644
--- a/actix-service/src/blank.rs
+++ b/actix-service/src/blank.rs
@@ -30,7 +30,8 @@ impl<R, E> Default for Blank<R, E> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<R, E> Service<R> for Blank<R, E> {
+impl<R, E> Service for Blank<R, E> {
+    type Request = R;
     type Response = R;
     type Error = E;
     type Future = FutureResult<R, E>;
@@ -67,7 +68,8 @@ impl<R, E1, E2> Default for BlankNewService<R, E1, E2> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<R, E1, E2> NewService<R, ()> for BlankNewService<R, E1, E2> {
+impl<R, E1, E2> NewService<()> for BlankNewService<R, E1, E2> {
+    type Request = R;
     type Response = R;
     type Error = E1;
     type Service = Blank<R, E1>;
diff --git a/actix-service/src/boxed.rs b/actix-service/src/boxed.rs
index 63bad979..91c7bbb2 100644
--- a/actix-service/src/boxed.rs
+++ b/actix-service/src/boxed.rs
@@ -1,49 +1,48 @@
-use std::marker::PhantomData;
-
 use crate::{NewService, Service};
 use futures::{Future, IntoFuture, Poll};
 
 pub type BoxedService<Req, Res, Err> = Box<
-    Service<Req, Response = Res, Error = Err, Future = Box<Future<Item = Res, Error = Err>>>,
+    Service<
+        Request = Req,
+        Response = Res,
+        Error = Err,
+        Future = Box<Future<Item = Res, Error = Err>>,
+    >,
 >;
 
 /// Create boxed new service
-pub fn new_service<T, R, C>(
+pub fn new_service<T, C>(
     service: T,
-) -> BoxedNewService<C, R, T::Response, T::Error, T::InitError>
+) -> BoxedNewService<C, T::Request, T::Response, T::Error, T::InitError>
 where
     C: 'static,
-    T: NewService<R, C> + 'static,
+    T: NewService<C> + 'static,
+    T::Request: 'static,
     T::Response: 'static,
     T::Service: 'static,
     T::Future: 'static,
     T::Error: 'static,
     T::InitError: 'static,
-    R: 'static,
 {
     BoxedNewService(Box::new(NewServiceWrapper {
         service,
-        _t: PhantomData,
+        _t: std::marker::PhantomData,
     }))
 }
 
 /// Create boxed service
-pub fn service<T, R>(service: T) -> BoxedService<R, T::Response, T::Error>
+pub fn service<T>(service: T) -> BoxedService<T::Request, T::Response, T::Error>
 where
-    T: Service<R> + 'static,
+    T: Service + 'static,
     T::Future: 'static,
-    R: 'static,
 {
-    Box::new(ServiceWrapper {
-        service,
-        _t: PhantomData,
-    })
+    Box::new(ServiceWrapper(service))
 }
 
 type Inner<C, Req, Res, Err, InitErr> = Box<
     NewService<
-        Req,
         C,
+        Request = Req,
         Response = Res,
         Error = Err,
         InitError = InitErr,
@@ -54,14 +53,14 @@ type Inner<C, Req, Res, Err, InitErr> = Box<
 
 pub struct BoxedNewService<C, Req, Res, Err, InitErr>(Inner<C, Req, Res, Err, InitErr>);
 
-impl<C, Req, Res, Err, InitErr> NewService<Req, C>
-    for BoxedNewService<C, Req, Res, Err, InitErr>
+impl<C, Req, Res, Err, InitErr> NewService<C> for BoxedNewService<C, Req, Res, Err, InitErr>
 where
     Req: 'static,
     Res: 'static,
     Err: 'static,
     InitErr: 'static,
 {
+    type Request = Req;
     type Response = Res;
     type Error = Err;
     type InitError = InitErr;
@@ -73,22 +72,23 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-struct NewServiceWrapper<T: NewService<R, C>, R, C> {
+struct NewServiceWrapper<C, T: NewService<C>> {
     service: T,
-    _t: std::marker::PhantomData<(R, C)>,
+    _t: std::marker::PhantomData<C>,
 }
 
-impl<C, T, Req, Res, Err, InitErr> NewService<Req, C> for NewServiceWrapper<T, Req, C>
+impl<C, T, Req, Res, Err, InitErr> NewService<C> for NewServiceWrapper<C, T>
 where
     Req: 'static,
     Res: 'static,
     Err: 'static,
     InitErr: 'static,
-    T: NewService<Req, C, Response = Res, Error = Err, InitError = InitErr>,
+    T: NewService<C, Request = Req, Response = Res, Error = Err, InitError = InitErr>,
     T::Future: 'static,
     T::Service: 'static,
-    <T::Service as Service<Req>>::Future: 'static,
+    <T::Service as Service>::Future: 'static,
 {
+    type Request = Req;
     type Response = Res;
     type Error = Err;
     type InitError = InitErr;
@@ -105,40 +105,33 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-struct ServiceWrapper<T: Service<R>, R> {
-    service: T,
-    _t: PhantomData<R>,
-}
+struct ServiceWrapper<T: Service>(T);
 
-impl<T, R> ServiceWrapper<T, R>
+impl<T> ServiceWrapper<T>
 where
-    T: Service<R> + 'static,
+    T: Service + 'static,
     T::Future: 'static,
-    R: 'static,
 {
-    fn boxed(service: T) -> BoxedService<R, T::Response, T::Error> {
-        Box::new(ServiceWrapper {
-            service,
-            _t: PhantomData,
-        })
+    fn boxed(service: T) -> BoxedService<T::Request, T::Response, T::Error> {
+        Box::new(ServiceWrapper(service))
     }
 }
 
-impl<T, Req, Res, Err> Service<Req> for ServiceWrapper<T, Req>
+impl<T, Req, Res, Err> Service for ServiceWrapper<T>
 where
-    T: Service<Req, Response = Res, Error = Err>,
+    T: Service<Request = Req, Response = Res, Error = Err>,
     T::Future: 'static,
-    Req: 'static,
 {
+    type Request = Req;
     type Response = Res;
     type Error = Err;
     type Future = Box<Future<Item = Self::Response, Error = Self::Error>>;
 
     fn poll_ready(&mut self) -> Poll<(), Self::Error> {
-        self.service.poll_ready()
+        self.0.poll_ready()
     }
 
-    fn call(&mut self, req: Req) -> Self::Future {
-        Box::new(self.service.call(req))
+    fn call(&mut self, req: Self::Request) -> Self::Future {
+        Box::new(self.0.call(req))
     }
 }
diff --git a/actix-service/src/fn_service.rs b/actix-service/src/fn_service.rs
index 9ec7849a..c665b71f 100644
--- a/actix-service/src/fn_service.rs
+++ b/actix-service/src/fn_service.rs
@@ -15,22 +15,22 @@ where
 }
 
 /// Create `NewService` for function that can produce services
-pub fn fn_factory<F, R, S, E, Req>(f: F) -> FnNewServiceNoConfig<F, R, S, E, Req>
+pub fn fn_factory<F, R, S, E>(f: F) -> FnNewServiceNoConfig<F, R, S, E>
 where
     F: Fn() -> R,
     R: IntoFuture<Item = S, Error = E>,
-    S: Service<Req>,
+    S: Service,
 {
     FnNewServiceNoConfig::new(f)
 }
 
 /// Create `NewService` for function that can produce services with configuration
-pub fn fn_cfg_factory<F, C, R, S, E, Req>(f: F) -> FnNewServiceConfig<F, C, R, S, E, Req>
+pub fn fn_cfg_factory<F, C, R, S, E>(f: F) -> FnNewServiceConfig<F, C, R, S, E>
 where
     F: Fn(&C) -> R,
     R: IntoFuture<Error = E>,
-    R::Item: IntoService<S, Req>,
-    S: Service<Req>,
+    R::Item: IntoService<S>,
+    S: Service,
 {
     FnNewServiceConfig::new(f)
 }
@@ -67,11 +67,12 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<F, Req, Out> Service<Req> for FnService<F, Req, Out>
+impl<F, Req, Out> Service for FnService<F, Req, Out>
 where
     F: FnMut(Req) -> Out,
     Out: IntoFuture,
 {
+    type Request = Req;
     type Response = Out::Item;
     type Error = Out::Error;
     type Future = Out::Future;
@@ -85,7 +86,7 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<F, Req, Out> IntoService<FnService<F, Req, Out>, Req> for F
+impl<F, Req, Out> IntoService<FnService<F, Req, Out>> for F
 where
     F: FnMut(Req) -> Out + 'static,
     Out: IntoFuture,
@@ -114,11 +115,12 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<F, Req, Out, Cfg> NewService<Req, Cfg> for FnNewService<F, Req, Out, Cfg>
+impl<F, Req, Out, Cfg> NewService<Cfg> for FnNewService<F, Req, Out, Cfg>
 where
     F: FnMut(Req) -> Out + Clone,
     Out: IntoFuture,
 {
+    type Request = Req;
     type Response = Out::Item;
     type Error = Out::Error;
     type Service = FnService<F, Req, Out>;
@@ -141,7 +143,7 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<F, Req, Out, Cfg> IntoNewService<FnNewService<F, Req, Out, Cfg>, Req, Cfg> for F
+impl<F, Req, Out, Cfg> IntoNewService<FnNewService<F, Req, Out, Cfg>, Cfg> for F
 where
     F: Fn(Req) -> Out + Clone,
     Out: IntoFuture,
@@ -152,33 +154,33 @@ where
 }
 
 /// Converter for `Fn() -> Future<Service>` fn
-pub struct FnNewServiceNoConfig<F, R, S, E, Req>
+pub struct FnNewServiceNoConfig<F, R, S, E>
 where
     F: Fn() -> R,
     R: IntoFuture<Item = S, Error = E>,
-    S: Service<Req>,
+    S: Service,
 {
     f: F,
-    _t: PhantomData<Req>,
 }
 
-impl<F, R, S, E, Req> FnNewServiceNoConfig<F, R, S, E, Req>
+impl<F, R, S, E> FnNewServiceNoConfig<F, R, S, E>
 where
     F: Fn() -> R,
     R: IntoFuture<Item = S, Error = E>,
-    S: Service<Req>,
+    S: Service,
 {
     pub fn new(f: F) -> Self {
-        FnNewServiceNoConfig { f, _t: PhantomData }
+        FnNewServiceNoConfig { f }
     }
 }
 
-impl<F, R, S, E, Req> NewService<Req, ()> for FnNewServiceNoConfig<F, R, S, E, Req>
+impl<F, R, S, E> NewService<()> for FnNewServiceNoConfig<F, R, S, E>
 where
     F: Fn() -> R,
     R: IntoFuture<Item = S, Error = E>,
-    S: Service<Req>,
+    S: Service,
 {
+    type Request = S::Request;
     type Response = S::Response;
     type Error = S::Error;
     type Service = S;
@@ -191,65 +193,66 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<F, R, S, E, Req> Clone for FnNewServiceNoConfig<F, R, S, E, Req>
+impl<F, R, S, E> Clone for FnNewServiceNoConfig<F, R, S, E>
 where
     F: Fn() -> R + Clone,
     R: IntoFuture<Item = S, Error = E>,
-    S: Service<Req>,
+    S: Service,
 {
     fn clone(&self) -> Self {
         Self::new(self.f.clone())
     }
 }
 
-impl<F, R, S, E, Req> IntoNewService<FnNewServiceNoConfig<F, R, S, E, Req>, Req, ()> for F
+impl<F, R, S, E> IntoNewService<FnNewServiceNoConfig<F, R, S, E>, ()> for F
 where
     F: Fn() -> R,
     R: IntoFuture<Item = S, Error = E>,
-    S: Service<Req>,
+    S: Service,
 {
-    fn into_new_service(self) -> FnNewServiceNoConfig<F, R, S, E, Req> {
+    fn into_new_service(self) -> FnNewServiceNoConfig<F, R, S, E> {
         FnNewServiceNoConfig::new(self)
     }
 }
 
 /// Convert `Fn(&Config) -> Future<Service>` fn to NewService
-pub struct FnNewServiceConfig<F, C, R, S, E, Req>
+pub struct FnNewServiceConfig<F, C, R, S, E>
 where
     F: Fn(&C) -> R,
     R: IntoFuture<Error = E>,
-    R::Item: IntoService<S, Req>,
-    S: Service<Req>,
+    R::Item: IntoService<S>,
+    S: Service,
 {
     f: F,
-    _t: PhantomData<(C, R, S, E, Req)>,
+    _t: PhantomData<(C, R, S, E)>,
 }
 
-impl<F, C, R, S, E, Req> FnNewServiceConfig<F, C, R, S, E, Req>
+impl<F, C, R, S, E> FnNewServiceConfig<F, C, R, S, E>
 where
     F: Fn(&C) -> R,
     R: IntoFuture<Error = E>,
-    R::Item: IntoService<S, Req>,
-    S: Service<Req>,
+    R::Item: IntoService<S>,
+    S: Service,
 {
     pub fn new(f: F) -> Self {
         FnNewServiceConfig { f, _t: PhantomData }
     }
 }
 
-impl<F, C, R, S, E, Req> NewService<Req, C> for FnNewServiceConfig<F, C, R, S, E, Req>
+impl<F, C, R, S, E> NewService<C> for FnNewServiceConfig<F, C, R, S, E>
 where
     F: Fn(&C) -> R,
     R: IntoFuture<Error = E>,
-    R::Item: IntoService<S, Req>,
-    S: Service<Req>,
+    R::Item: IntoService<S>,
+    S: Service,
 {
+    type Request = S::Request;
     type Response = S::Response;
     type Error = S::Error;
     type Service = S;
 
     type InitError = E;
-    type Future = FnNewServiceConfigFut<R, S, E, Req>;
+    type Future = FnNewServiceConfigFut<R, S, E>;
 
     fn new_service(&self, cfg: &C) -> Self::Future {
         FnNewServiceConfigFut {
@@ -259,21 +262,21 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-pub struct FnNewServiceConfigFut<R, S, E, Req>
+pub struct FnNewServiceConfigFut<R, S, E>
 where
     R: IntoFuture<Error = E>,
-    R::Item: IntoService<S, Req>,
-    S: Service<Req>,
+    R::Item: IntoService<S>,
+    S: Service,
 {
     fut: R::Future,
-    _t: PhantomData<(S, Req)>,
+    _t: PhantomData<(S,)>,
 }
 
-impl<R, S, E, Req> Future for FnNewServiceConfigFut<R, S, E, Req>
+impl<R, S, E> Future for FnNewServiceConfigFut<R, S, E>
 where
     R: IntoFuture<Error = E>,
-    R::Item: IntoService<S, Req>,
-    S: Service<Req>,
+    R::Item: IntoService<S>,
+    S: Service,
 {
     type Item = S;
     type Error = R::Error;
@@ -283,44 +286,26 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<F, C, R, S, E, Req> Clone for FnNewServiceConfig<F, C, R, S, E, Req>
+impl<F, C, R, S, E> Clone for FnNewServiceConfig<F, C, R, S, E>
 where
     F: Fn(&C) -> R + Clone,
     R: IntoFuture<Error = E>,
-    R::Item: IntoService<S, Req>,
-    S: Service<Req>,
+    R::Item: IntoService<S>,
+    S: Service,
 {
     fn clone(&self) -> Self {
         Self::new(self.f.clone())
     }
 }
 
-impl<F, C, R, S, E, Req>
-    IntoConfigurableNewService<FnNewServiceConfig<F, C, R, S, E, Req>, Req, C> for F
+impl<F, C, R, S, E> IntoConfigurableNewService<FnNewServiceConfig<F, C, R, S, E>, C> for F
 where
     F: Fn(&C) -> R,
     R: IntoFuture<Error = E>,
-    R::Item: IntoService<S, Req>,
-    S: Service<Req>,
+    R::Item: IntoService<S>,
+    S: Service,
 {
-    fn into_new_service(self) -> FnNewServiceConfig<F, C, R, S, E, Req> {
+    fn into_new_service(self) -> FnNewServiceConfig<F, C, R, S, E> {
         FnNewServiceConfig::new(self)
     }
 }
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use crate::{IntoService, Service, ServiceExt};
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_fn_service() {
-        let mut rt = actix_rt::Runtime::new().unwrap();
-
-        let srv = (|_t: &str| -> Result<usize, ()> { Ok(1) }).into_service();
-        let mut srv = srv.and_then(|test: usize| Ok(test));
-
-        let s = "HELLO".to_owned();
-        let res = rt.block_on(srv.call(&s)).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(res, 1);
-    }
-}
diff --git a/actix-service/src/fn_transform.rs b/actix-service/src/fn_transform.rs
index c3737f22..7c3773ba 100644
--- a/actix-service/src/fn_transform.rs
+++ b/actix-service/src/fn_transform.rs
@@ -5,16 +5,16 @@ use futures::IntoFuture;
 
 use crate::{Apply, IntoTransform, Service, Transform};
 
-pub struct FnTransform<F, S, R, In, Out, Err>
+pub struct FnTransform<F, S, In, Out, Err>
 where
     F: FnMut(In, &mut S) -> Out + Clone,
     Out: IntoFuture,
 {
     f: F,
-    _t: PhantomData<(S, R, In, Out, Err)>,
+    _t: PhantomData<(S, In, Out, Err)>,
 }
 
-impl<F, S, R, In, Out, Err> FnTransform<F, S, R, In, Out, Err>
+impl<F, S, In, Out, Err> FnTransform<F, S, In, Out, Err>
 where
     F: FnMut(In, &mut S) -> Out + Clone,
     Out: IntoFuture,
@@ -24,16 +24,17 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<F, S, R, In, Out, Err> Transform<S, In> for FnTransform<F, S, R, In, Out, Err>
+impl<F, S, In, Out, Err> Transform<S> for FnTransform<F, S, In, Out, Err>
 where
-    S: Service<R>,
+    S: Service,
     F: FnMut(In, &mut S) -> Out + Clone,
     Out: IntoFuture,
     Out::Error: From<S::Error>,
 {
+    type Request = In;
     type Response = Out::Item;
     type Error = Out::Error;
-    type Transform = Apply<S, R, F, In, Out>;
+    type Transform = Apply<S, F, In, Out>;
     type InitError = Err;
     type Future = FutureResult<Self::Transform, Self::InitError>;
 
@@ -42,19 +43,19 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<F, S, R, In, Out, Err> IntoTransform<FnTransform<F, S, R, In, Out, Err>, S, In> for F
+impl<F, S, In, Out, Err> IntoTransform<FnTransform<F, S, In, Out, Err>, S> for F
 where
-    S: Service<R>,
+    S: Service,
     F: FnMut(In, &mut S) -> Out + Clone,
     Out: IntoFuture,
     Out::Error: From<S::Error>,
 {
-    fn into_transform(self) -> FnTransform<F, S, R, In, Out, Err> {
+    fn into_transform(self) -> FnTransform<F, S, In, Out, Err> {
         FnTransform::new(self)
     }
 }
 
-impl<F, S, R, In, Out, Err> Clone for FnTransform<F, S, R, In, Out, Err>
+impl<F, S, In, Out, Err> Clone for FnTransform<F, S, In, Out, Err>
 where
     F: FnMut(In, &mut S) -> Out + Clone,
     Out: IntoFuture,
diff --git a/actix-service/src/from_err.rs b/actix-service/src/from_err.rs
index dade2a3b..31ccb2d9 100644
--- a/actix-service/src/from_err.rs
+++ b/actix-service/src/from_err.rs
@@ -13,9 +13,9 @@ pub struct FromErr<A, E> {
 }
 
 impl<A, E> FromErr<A, E> {
-    pub(crate) fn new<R>(service: A) -> Self
+    pub(crate) fn new(service: A) -> Self
     where
-        A: Service<R>,
+        A: Service,
         E: From<A::Error>,
     {
         FromErr {
@@ -37,20 +37,21 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<A, E, R> Service<R> for FromErr<A, E>
+impl<A, E> Service for FromErr<A, E>
 where
-    A: Service<R>,
+    A: Service,
     E: From<A::Error>,
 {
+    type Request = A::Request;
     type Response = A::Response;
     type Error = E;
-    type Future = FromErrFuture<A, R, E>;
+    type Future = FromErrFuture<A, E>;
 
     fn poll_ready(&mut self) -> Poll<(), E> {
         self.service.poll_ready().map_err(E::from)
     }
 
-    fn call(&mut self, req: R) -> Self::Future {
+    fn call(&mut self, req: A::Request) -> Self::Future {
         FromErrFuture {
             fut: self.service.call(req),
             f: PhantomData,
@@ -58,14 +59,14 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-pub struct FromErrFuture<A: Service<R>, R, E> {
+pub struct FromErrFuture<A: Service, E> {
     fut: A::Future,
     f: PhantomData<E>,
 }
 
-impl<A, R, E> Future for FromErrFuture<A, R, E>
+impl<A, E> Future for FromErrFuture<A, E>
 where
-    A: Service<R>,
+    A: Service,
     E: From<A::Error>,
 {
     type Item = A::Response;
@@ -87,9 +88,9 @@ pub struct FromErrNewService<A, E, C> {
 
 impl<A, E, C> FromErrNewService<A, E, C> {
     /// Create new `FromErr` new service instance
-    pub fn new<R>(a: A) -> Self
+    pub fn new(a: A) -> Self
     where
-        A: NewService<R, C>,
+        A: NewService<C>,
         E: From<A::Error>,
     {
         Self { a, e: PhantomData }
@@ -108,17 +109,18 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<A, E, C, R> NewService<R, C> for FromErrNewService<A, E, C>
+impl<A, E, C> NewService<C> for FromErrNewService<A, E, C>
 where
-    A: NewService<R, C>,
+    A: NewService<C>,
     E: From<A::Error>,
 {
+    type Request = A::Request;
     type Response = A::Response;
     type Error = E;
     type Service = FromErr<A::Service, E>;
 
     type InitError = A::InitError;
-    type Future = FromErrNewServiceFuture<A, E, C, R>;
+    type Future = FromErrNewServiceFuture<A, E, C>;
 
     fn new_service(&self, cfg: &C) -> Self::Future {
         FromErrNewServiceFuture {
@@ -128,18 +130,18 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-pub struct FromErrNewServiceFuture<A, E, C, R>
+pub struct FromErrNewServiceFuture<A, E, C>
 where
-    A: NewService<R, C>,
+    A: NewService<C>,
     E: From<A::Error>,
 {
     fut: A::Future,
     e: PhantomData<E>,
 }
 
-impl<A, E, C, R> Future for FromErrNewServiceFuture<A, E, C, R>
+impl<A, E, C> Future for FromErrNewServiceFuture<A, E, C>
 where
-    A: NewService<R, C>,
+    A: NewService<C>,
     E: From<A::Error>,
 {
     type Item = FromErr<A::Service, E>;
@@ -162,7 +164,8 @@ mod tests {
     use crate::{IntoNewService, NewService, Service, ServiceExt};
 
     struct Srv;
-    impl Service<()> for Srv {
+    impl Service for Srv {
+        type Request = ();
         type Response = ();
         type Error = ();
         type Future = FutureResult<(), ()>;
diff --git a/actix-service/src/lib.rs b/actix-service/src/lib.rs
index 0bff0813..8dfc6b22 100644
--- a/actix-service/src/lib.rs
+++ b/actix-service/src/lib.rs
@@ -36,9 +36,10 @@ pub use self::then::{Then, ThenNewService};
 pub use self::transform::{ApplyTransform, IntoTransform, Transform};
 
 /// An asynchronous function from `Request` to a `Response`.
-///
-/// `Request` - requests handled by the service.
-pub trait Service<Request> {
+pub trait Service {
+    /// Requests handled by the service.
+    type Request;
+
     /// Responses given by the service.
     type Response;
 
@@ -68,26 +69,22 @@ pub trait Service<Request> {
     ///
     /// Calling `call` without calling `poll_ready` is permitted. The
     /// implementation must be resilient to this fact.
-    fn call(&mut self, req: Request) -> Self::Future;
+    fn call(&mut self, req: Self::Request) -> Self::Future;
 }
 
 /// An extension trait for `Service`s that provides a variety of convenient
 /// adapters
-pub trait ServiceExt<Request>: Service<Request> {
+pub trait ServiceExt: Service {
     /// Apply function to specified service and use it as a next service in
     /// chain.
-    fn apply_fn<F, B, B1, Out, Req>(
-        self,
-        service: B1,
-        f: F,
-    ) -> AndThenApply<Self, B, F, Out, Request, Req>
+    fn apply_fn<F, B, B1, Out>(self, service: B1, f: F) -> AndThenApply<Self, B, F, Out>
     where
         Self: Sized,
         F: FnMut(Self::Response, &mut B) -> Out,
         Out: IntoFuture,
         Out::Error: Into<Self::Error>,
-        B: Service<Req, Error = Self::Error>,
-        B1: IntoService<B, Req>,
+        B: Service<Error = Self::Error>,
+        B1: IntoService<B>,
     {
         AndThenApply::new(self, service, f)
     }
@@ -104,8 +101,8 @@ pub trait ServiceExt<Request>: Service<Request> {
     fn and_then<F, B>(self, service: F) -> AndThen<Self, B>
     where
         Self: Sized,
-        F: IntoService<B, Self::Response>,
-        B: Service<Self::Response, Error = Self::Error>,
+        F: IntoService<B>,
+        B: Service<Request = Self::Response, Error = Self::Error>,
     {
         AndThen::new(self, service.into_service())
     }
@@ -131,7 +128,7 @@ pub trait ServiceExt<Request>: Service<Request> {
     fn then<B>(self, service: B) -> Then<Self, B>
     where
         Self: Sized,
-        B: Service<Result<Self::Response, Self::Error>, Error = Self::Error>,
+        B: Service<Request = Result<Self::Response, Self::Error>, Error = Self::Error>,
     {
         Then::new(self, service)
     }
@@ -170,7 +167,7 @@ pub trait ServiceExt<Request>: Service<Request> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<T: ?Sized, R> ServiceExt<R> for T where T: Service<R> {}
+impl<T: ?Sized> ServiceExt for T where T: Service {}
 
 /// Creates new `Service` values.
 ///
@@ -180,9 +177,11 @@ impl<T: ?Sized, R> ServiceExt<R> for T where T: Service<R> {}
 /// `NewService` trait, and uses that new `Service` value to process inbound
 /// requests on that new TCP stream.
 ///
-/// * `Request` - requests handled by the service.
-/// * `Config` - is a service factory configuration type.
-pub trait NewService<Request, Config = ()> {
+/// `Config` is a service factory configuration type.
+pub trait NewService<Config = ()> {
+    /// Requests handled by the service.
+    type Request;
+
     /// Responses given by the service
     type Response;
 
@@ -190,7 +189,11 @@ pub trait NewService<Request, Config = ()> {
     type Error;
 
     /// The `Service` value created by this factory
-    type Service: Service<Request, Response = Self::Response, Error = Self::Error>;
+    type Service: Service<
+        Request = Self::Request,
+        Response = Self::Response,
+        Error = Self::Error,
+    >;
 
     /// Errors produced while building a service.
     type InitError;
@@ -203,33 +206,33 @@ pub trait NewService<Request, Config = ()> {
 
     /// Apply function to specified service and use it as a next service in
     /// chain.
-    fn apply<T, T1, B, B1, Req>(
+    fn apply<T, T1, B, B1>(
         self,
         transform: T1,
         service: B1,
-    ) -> AndThenTransform<T, Self, B, Req>
+    ) -> AndThenTransform<T, Self, B, Config>
     where
         Self: Sized,
-        T: Transform<B::Service, Self::Response, InitError = Self::InitError>,
+        T: Transform<B::Service, Request = Self::Response, InitError = Self::InitError>,
         T::Error: From<Self::Error>,
-        T1: IntoTransform<T, B::Service, Self::Response>,
-        B: NewService<Req, Config, InitError = Self::InitError>,
-        B1: IntoNewService<B, Req, Config>,
+        T1: IntoTransform<T, B::Service>,
+        B: NewService<Config, InitError = Self::InitError>,
+        B1: IntoNewService<B, Config>,
     {
         AndThenTransform::new(transform.into_transform(), self, service.into_new_service())
     }
 
     /// Apply function to specified service and use it as a next service in
     /// chain.
-    fn apply_fn<B, I, F, Out, Req>(
+    fn apply_fn<B, I, F, Out>(
         self,
         service: I,
         f: F,
-    ) -> AndThenApplyNewService<Self, B, F, Out, Request, Req, Config>
+    ) -> AndThenApplyNewService<Self, B, F, Out, Config>
     where
         Self: Sized,
-        B: NewService<Req, Config, Error = Self::Error, InitError = Self::InitError>,
-        I: IntoNewService<B, Req, Config>,
+        B: NewService<Config, Error = Self::Error, InitError = Self::InitError>,
+        I: IntoNewService<B, Config>,
         F: FnMut(Self::Response, &mut B::Service) -> Out,
         Out: IntoFuture,
         Out::Error: Into<Self::Error>,
@@ -238,11 +241,16 @@ pub trait NewService<Request, Config = ()> {
     }
 
     /// Call another service after call to this one has resolved successfully.
-    fn and_then<F, B>(self, new_service: F) -> AndThenNewService<Self, B>
+    fn and_then<F, B>(self, new_service: F) -> AndThenNewService<Self, B, Config>
     where
         Self: Sized,
-        F: IntoNewService<B, Self::Response, Config>,
-        B: NewService<Self::Response, Config, Error = Self::Error, InitError = Self::InitError>,
+        F: IntoNewService<B, Config>,
+        B: NewService<
+            Config,
+            Request = Self::Response,
+            Error = Self::Error,
+            InitError = Self::InitError,
+        >,
     {
         AndThenNewService::new(self, new_service)
     }
@@ -270,15 +278,15 @@ pub trait NewService<Request, Config = ()> {
     fn then<F, B>(self, new_service: F) -> ThenNewService<Self, B, Config>
     where
         Self: Sized,
-        F: IntoNewService<B, Result<Self::Response, Self::Error>, Config>,
+        F: IntoNewService<B, Config>,
         B: NewService<
-            Result<Self::Response, Self::Error>,
             Config,
+            Request = Result<Self::Response, Self::Error>,
             Error = Self::Error,
             InitError = Self::InitError,
         >,
     {
-        ThenNewService::new(self, new_service.into_new_service())
+        ThenNewService::new(self, new_service)
     }
 
     /// Map this service's output to a different type, returning a new service
@@ -310,10 +318,11 @@ pub trait NewService<Request, Config = ()> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a, S, R> Service<R> for &'a mut S
+impl<'a, S> Service for &'a mut S
 where
-    S: Service<R> + 'a,
+    S: Service + 'a,
 {
+    type Request = S::Request;
     type Response = S::Response;
     type Error = S::Error;
     type Future = S::Future;
@@ -322,15 +331,16 @@ where
         (**self).poll_ready()
     }
 
-    fn call(&mut self, request: R) -> S::Future {
+    fn call(&mut self, request: Self::Request) -> S::Future {
         (**self).call(request)
     }
 }
 
-impl<S, R> Service<R> for Box<S>
+impl<S> Service for Box<S>
 where
-    S: Service<R> + ?Sized,
+    S: Service + ?Sized,
 {
+    type Request = S::Request;
     type Response = S::Response;
     type Error = S::Error;
     type Future = S::Future;
@@ -339,15 +349,16 @@ where
         (**self).poll_ready()
     }
 
-    fn call(&mut self, request: R) -> S::Future {
+    fn call(&mut self, request: Self::Request) -> S::Future {
         (**self).call(request)
     }
 }
 
-impl<S, R, C> NewService<R, C> for Rc<S>
+impl<S, C> NewService<C> for Rc<S>
 where
-    S: NewService<R, C>,
+    S: NewService<C>,
 {
+    type Request = S::Request;
     type Response = S::Response;
     type Error = S::Error;
     type Service = S::Service;
@@ -359,10 +370,11 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<S, R, C> NewService<R, C> for Arc<S>
+impl<S, C> NewService<C> for Arc<S>
 where
-    S: NewService<R, C>,
+    S: NewService<C>,
 {
+    type Request = S::Request;
     type Response = S::Response;
     type Error = S::Error;
     type Service = S::Service;
@@ -375,35 +387,35 @@ where
 }
 
 /// Trait for types that can be converted to a `Service`
-pub trait IntoService<T, R>
+pub trait IntoService<T>
 where
-    T: Service<R>,
+    T: Service,
 {
     /// Convert to a `Service`
     fn into_service(self) -> T;
 }
 
 /// Trait for types that can be converted to a `NewService`
-pub trait IntoNewService<T, R, C = ()>
+pub trait IntoNewService<T, C = ()>
 where
-    T: NewService<R, C>,
+    T: NewService<C>,
 {
     /// Convert to an `NewService`
     fn into_new_service(self) -> T;
 }
 
-impl<T, R> IntoService<T, R> for T
+impl<T> IntoService<T> for T
 where
-    T: Service<R>,
+    T: Service,
 {
     fn into_service(self) -> T {
         self
     }
 }
 
-impl<T, R, C> IntoNewService<T, R, C> for T
+impl<T, C> IntoNewService<T, C> for T
 where
-    T: NewService<R, C>,
+    T: NewService<C>,
 {
     fn into_new_service(self) -> T {
         self
@@ -411,17 +423,17 @@ where
 }
 
 /// Trait for types that can be converted to a configurable `NewService`
-pub trait IntoConfigurableNewService<T, R, C>
+pub trait IntoConfigurableNewService<T, C>
 where
-    T: NewService<R, C>,
+    T: NewService<C>,
 {
     /// Convert to an `NewService`
     fn into_new_service(self) -> T;
 }
 
-impl<T, R, C> IntoConfigurableNewService<T, R, C> for T
+impl<T, C> IntoConfigurableNewService<T, C> for T
 where
-    T: NewService<R, C>,
+    T: NewService<C>,
 {
     fn into_new_service(self) -> T {
         self
diff --git a/actix-service/src/map.rs b/actix-service/src/map.rs
index e7ad15c5..a98d14f5 100644
--- a/actix-service/src/map.rs
+++ b/actix-service/src/map.rs
@@ -15,9 +15,9 @@ pub struct Map<A, F, Response> {
 
 impl<A, F, Response> Map<A, F, Response> {
     /// Create new `Map` combinator
-    pub fn new<R>(service: A, f: F) -> Self
+    pub fn new(service: A, f: F) -> Self
     where
-        A: Service<R>,
+        A: Service,
         F: FnMut(A::Response) -> Response,
     {
         Self {
@@ -42,36 +42,37 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<A, F, R, Response> Service<R> for Map<A, F, Response>
+impl<A, F, Response> Service for Map<A, F, Response>
 where
-    A: Service<R>,
+    A: Service,
     F: FnMut(A::Response) -> Response + Clone,
 {
+    type Request = A::Request;
     type Response = Response;
     type Error = A::Error;
-    type Future = MapFuture<A, F, R, Response>;
+    type Future = MapFuture<A, F, Response>;
 
     fn poll_ready(&mut self) -> Poll<(), Self::Error> {
         self.service.poll_ready()
     }
 
-    fn call(&mut self, req: R) -> Self::Future {
+    fn call(&mut self, req: A::Request) -> Self::Future {
         MapFuture::new(self.service.call(req), self.f.clone())
     }
 }
 
-pub struct MapFuture<A, F, R, Response>
+pub struct MapFuture<A, F, Response>
 where
-    A: Service<R>,
+    A: Service,
     F: FnMut(A::Response) -> Response,
 {
     f: F,
     fut: A::Future,
 }
 
-impl<A, F, R, Response> MapFuture<A, F, R, Response>
+impl<A, F, Response> MapFuture<A, F, Response>
 where
-    A: Service<R>,
+    A: Service,
     F: FnMut(A::Response) -> Response,
 {
     fn new(fut: A::Future, f: F) -> Self {
@@ -79,9 +80,9 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<A, F, R, Response> Future for MapFuture<A, F, R, Response>
+impl<A, F, Response> Future for MapFuture<A, F, Response>
 where
-    A: Service<R>,
+    A: Service,
     F: FnMut(A::Response) -> Response,
 {
     type Item = Response;
@@ -104,9 +105,9 @@ pub struct MapNewService<A, F, Res, Cfg> {
 
 impl<A, F, Res, Cfg> MapNewService<A, F, Res, Cfg> {
     /// Create new `Map` new service instance
-    pub fn new<Req>(a: A, f: F) -> Self
+    pub fn new(a: A, f: F) -> Self
     where
-        A: NewService<Req, Cfg>,
+        A: NewService<Cfg>,
         F: FnMut(A::Response) -> Res,
     {
         Self {
@@ -131,35 +132,36 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<A, F, Req, Res, Cfg> NewService<Req, Cfg> for MapNewService<A, F, Res, Cfg>
+impl<A, F, Res, Cfg> NewService<Cfg> for MapNewService<A, F, Res, Cfg>
 where
-    A: NewService<Req, Cfg>,
+    A: NewService<Cfg>,
     F: FnMut(A::Response) -> Res + Clone,
 {
+    type Request = A::Request;
     type Response = Res;
     type Error = A::Error;
     type Service = Map<A::Service, F, Res>;
 
     type InitError = A::InitError;
-    type Future = MapNewServiceFuture<A, F, Req, Res, Cfg>;
+    type Future = MapNewServiceFuture<A, F, Res, Cfg>;
 
     fn new_service(&self, cfg: &Cfg) -> Self::Future {
         MapNewServiceFuture::new(self.a.new_service(cfg), self.f.clone())
     }
 }
 
-pub struct MapNewServiceFuture<A, F, Req, Res, Cfg>
+pub struct MapNewServiceFuture<A, F, Res, Cfg>
 where
-    A: NewService<Req, Cfg>,
+    A: NewService<Cfg>,
     F: FnMut(A::Response) -> Res,
 {
     fut: A::Future,
     f: Option<F>,
 }
 
-impl<A, F, Req, Res, Cfg> MapNewServiceFuture<A, F, Req, Res, Cfg>
+impl<A, F, Res, Cfg> MapNewServiceFuture<A, F, Res, Cfg>
 where
-    A: NewService<Req, Cfg>,
+    A: NewService<Cfg>,
     F: FnMut(A::Response) -> Res,
 {
     fn new(fut: A::Future, f: F) -> Self {
@@ -167,9 +169,9 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<A, F, Req, Res, Cfg> Future for MapNewServiceFuture<A, F, Req, Res, Cfg>
+impl<A, F, Res, Cfg> Future for MapNewServiceFuture<A, F, Res, Cfg>
 where
-    A: NewService<Req, Cfg>,
+    A: NewService<Cfg>,
     F: FnMut(A::Response) -> Res,
 {
     type Item = Map<A::Service, F, Res>;
@@ -192,7 +194,8 @@ mod tests {
     use crate::{IntoNewService, Service, ServiceExt};
 
     struct Srv;
-    impl Service<()> for Srv {
+    impl Service for Srv {
+        type Request = ();
         type Response = ();
         type Error = ();
         type Future = FutureResult<(), ()>;
diff --git a/actix-service/src/map_err.rs b/actix-service/src/map_err.rs
index f3d8c63d..cd15d239 100644
--- a/actix-service/src/map_err.rs
+++ b/actix-service/src/map_err.rs
@@ -16,9 +16,9 @@ pub struct MapErr<A, F, E> {
 
 impl<A, F, E> MapErr<A, F, E> {
     /// Create new `MapErr` combinator
-    pub fn new<R>(service: A, f: F) -> Self
+    pub fn new(service: A, f: F) -> Self
     where
-        A: Service<R>,
+        A: Service,
         F: Fn(A::Error) -> E,
     {
         Self {
@@ -43,39 +43,47 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<A, F, E, R> Service<R> for MapErr<A, F, E>
+impl<A, F, E> Service for MapErr<A, F, E>
 where
-    A: Service<R>,
+    A: Service,
     F: Fn(A::Error) -> E + Clone,
 {
+    type Request = A::Request;
     type Response = A::Response;
     type Error = E;
-    type Future = MapErrFuture<A, F, E, R>;
+    type Future = MapErrFuture<A, F, E>;
 
     fn poll_ready(&mut self) -> Poll<(), Self::Error> {
         self.service.poll_ready().map_err(&self.f)
     }
 
-    fn call(&mut self, req: R) -> Self::Future {
-        MapErrFuture {
-            fut: self.service.call(req),
-            f: self.f.clone(),
-        }
+    fn call(&mut self, req: A::Request) -> Self::Future {
+        MapErrFuture::new(self.service.call(req), self.f.clone())
     }
 }
 
-pub struct MapErrFuture<A, F, E, R>
+pub struct MapErrFuture<A, F, E>
 where
-    A: Service<R>,
+    A: Service,
     F: Fn(A::Error) -> E,
 {
     f: F,
     fut: A::Future,
 }
 
-impl<A, F, E, R> Future for MapErrFuture<A, F, E, R>
+impl<A, F, E> MapErrFuture<A, F, E>
 where
-    A: Service<R>,
+    A: Service,
+    F: Fn(A::Error) -> E,
+{
+    fn new(fut: A::Future, f: F) -> Self {
+        MapErrFuture { f, fut }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<A, F, E> Future for MapErrFuture<A, F, E>
+where
+    A: Service,
     F: Fn(A::Error) -> E,
 {
     type Item = A::Response;
@@ -98,9 +106,9 @@ pub struct MapErrNewService<A, F, E, C> {
 
 impl<A, F, E, C> MapErrNewService<A, F, E, C> {
     /// Create new `MapErr` new service instance
-    pub fn new<R>(a: A, f: F) -> Self
+    pub fn new(a: A, f: F) -> Self
     where
-        A: NewService<R, C>,
+        A: NewService<C>,
         F: Fn(A::Error) -> E,
     {
         Self {
@@ -125,35 +133,36 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<A, F, E, R, C> NewService<R, C> for MapErrNewService<A, F, E, C>
+impl<A, F, E, C> NewService<C> for MapErrNewService<A, F, E, C>
 where
-    A: NewService<R, C>,
+    A: NewService<C>,
     F: Fn(A::Error) -> E + Clone,
 {
+    type Request = A::Request;
     type Response = A::Response;
     type Error = E;
     type Service = MapErr<A::Service, F, E>;
 
     type InitError = A::InitError;
-    type Future = MapErrNewServiceFuture<A, F, E, R, C>;
+    type Future = MapErrNewServiceFuture<A, F, E, C>;
 
     fn new_service(&self, cfg: &C) -> Self::Future {
         MapErrNewServiceFuture::new(self.a.new_service(cfg), self.f.clone())
     }
 }
 
-pub struct MapErrNewServiceFuture<A, F, E, R, C>
+pub struct MapErrNewServiceFuture<A, F, E, C>
 where
-    A: NewService<R, C>,
+    A: NewService<C>,
     F: Fn(A::Error) -> E,
 {
     fut: A::Future,
     f: F,
 }
 
-impl<A, F, E, R, C> MapErrNewServiceFuture<A, F, E, R, C>
+impl<A, F, E, C> MapErrNewServiceFuture<A, F, E, C>
 where
-    A: NewService<R, C>,
+    A: NewService<C>,
     F: Fn(A::Error) -> E,
 {
     fn new(fut: A::Future, f: F) -> Self {
@@ -161,9 +170,9 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<A, F, E, R, C> Future for MapErrNewServiceFuture<A, F, E, R, C>
+impl<A, F, E, C> Future for MapErrNewServiceFuture<A, F, E, C>
 where
-    A: NewService<R, C>,
+    A: NewService<C>,
     F: Fn(A::Error) -> E + Clone,
 {
     type Item = MapErr<A::Service, F, E>;
@@ -187,7 +196,8 @@ mod tests {
 
     struct Srv;
 
-    impl Service<()> for Srv {
+    impl Service for Srv {
+        type Request = ();
         type Response = ();
         type Error = ();
         type Future = FutureResult<(), ()>;
diff --git a/actix-service/src/map_init_err.rs b/actix-service/src/map_init_err.rs
index b3f4f072..094a4dbe 100644
--- a/actix-service/src/map_init_err.rs
+++ b/actix-service/src/map_init_err.rs
@@ -13,9 +13,9 @@ pub struct MapInitErr<A, F, E, C> {
 
 impl<A, F, E, C> MapInitErr<A, F, E, C> {
     /// Create new `MapInitErr` combinator
-    pub fn new<R>(a: A, f: F) -> Self
+    pub fn new(a: A, f: F) -> Self
     where
-        A: NewService<R, C>,
+        A: NewService<C>,
         F: Fn(A::InitError) -> E,
     {
         Self {
@@ -40,38 +40,46 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<A, F, E, R, C> NewService<R, C> for MapInitErr<A, F, E, C>
+impl<A, F, E, C> NewService<C> for MapInitErr<A, F, E, C>
 where
-    A: NewService<R, C>,
+    A: NewService<C>,
     F: Fn(A::InitError) -> E + Clone,
 {
+    type Request = A::Request;
     type Response = A::Response;
     type Error = A::Error;
     type Service = A::Service;
 
     type InitError = E;
-    type Future = MapInitErrFuture<A, F, E, R, C>;
+    type Future = MapInitErrFuture<A, F, E, C>;
 
     fn new_service(&self, cfg: &C) -> Self::Future {
-        MapInitErrFuture {
-            fut: self.a.new_service(cfg),
-            f: self.f.clone(),
-        }
+        MapInitErrFuture::new(self.a.new_service(cfg), self.f.clone())
     }
 }
 
-pub struct MapInitErrFuture<A, F, E, R, C>
+pub struct MapInitErrFuture<A, F, E, C>
 where
-    A: NewService<R, C>,
+    A: NewService<C>,
     F: Fn(A::InitError) -> E,
 {
     f: F,
     fut: A::Future,
 }
 
-impl<A, F, E, R, C> Future for MapInitErrFuture<A, F, E, R, C>
+impl<A, F, E, C> MapInitErrFuture<A, F, E, C>
 where
-    A: NewService<R, C>,
+    A: NewService<C>,
+    F: Fn(A::InitError) -> E,
+{
+    fn new(fut: A::Future, f: F) -> Self {
+        MapInitErrFuture { f, fut }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<A, F, E, C> Future for MapInitErrFuture<A, F, E, C>
+where
+    A: NewService<C>,
     F: Fn(A::InitError) -> E,
 {
     type Item = A::Service;
diff --git a/actix-service/src/then.rs b/actix-service/src/then.rs
index 777201f0..c0a31bfd 100644
--- a/actix-service/src/then.rs
+++ b/actix-service/src/then.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use std::marker::PhantomData;
 
 use futures::{try_ready, Async, Future, Poll};
 
-use super::{NewService, Service};
+use super::{IntoNewService, NewService, Service};
 use crate::cell::Cell;
 
 /// Service for the `then` combinator, chaining a computation onto the end of
@@ -16,10 +16,10 @@ pub struct Then<A, B> {
 
 impl<A, B> Then<A, B> {
     /// Create new `Then` combinator
-    pub fn new<R>(a: A, b: B) -> Then<A, B>
+    pub fn new(a: A, b: B) -> Then<A, B>
     where
-        A: Service<R>,
-        B: Service<Result<A::Response, A::Error>, Error = A::Error>,
+        A: Service,
+        B: Service<Request = Result<A::Response, A::Error>, Error = A::Error>,
     {
         Then { a, b: Cell::new(b) }
     }
@@ -37,39 +37,40 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<A, B, R> Service<R> for Then<A, B>
+impl<A, B> Service for Then<A, B>
 where
-    A: Service<R>,
-    B: Service<Result<A::Response, A::Error>, Error = A::Error>,
+    A: Service,
+    B: Service<Request = Result<A::Response, A::Error>, Error = A::Error>,
 {
+    type Request = A::Request;
     type Response = B::Response;
     type Error = B::Error;
-    type Future = ThenFuture<A, B, R>;
+    type Future = ThenFuture<A, B>;
 
     fn poll_ready(&mut self) -> Poll<(), Self::Error> {
         try_ready!(self.a.poll_ready());
         self.b.get_mut().poll_ready()
     }
 
-    fn call(&mut self, req: R) -> Self::Future {
+    fn call(&mut self, req: A::Request) -> Self::Future {
         ThenFuture::new(self.a.call(req), self.b.clone())
     }
 }
 
-pub struct ThenFuture<A, B, R>
+pub struct ThenFuture<A, B>
 where
-    A: Service<R>,
-    B: Service<Result<A::Response, A::Error>>,
+    A: Service,
+    B: Service<Request = Result<A::Response, A::Error>>,
 {
     b: Cell<B>,
     fut_b: Option<B::Future>,
     fut_a: Option<A::Future>,
 }
 
-impl<A, B, R> ThenFuture<A, B, R>
+impl<A, B> ThenFuture<A, B>
 where
-    A: Service<R>,
-    B: Service<Result<A::Response, A::Error>>,
+    A: Service,
+    B: Service<Request = Result<A::Response, A::Error>>,
 {
     fn new(a: A::Future, b: Cell<B>) -> Self {
         ThenFuture {
@@ -80,10 +81,10 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<A, B, R> Future for ThenFuture<A, B, R>
+impl<A, B> Future for ThenFuture<A, B>
 where
-    A: Service<R>,
-    B: Service<Result<A::Response, A::Error>>,
+    A: Service,
+    B: Service<Request = Result<A::Response, A::Error>>,
 {
     type Item = B::Response;
     type Error = B::Error;
@@ -118,35 +119,42 @@ pub struct ThenNewService<A, B, C> {
 
 impl<A, B, C> ThenNewService<A, B, C> {
     /// Create new `AndThen` combinator
-    pub fn new<R>(a: A, f: B) -> Self
+    pub fn new<F>(a: A, f: F) -> Self
     where
-        A: NewService<R, C>,
+        A: NewService<C>,
         B: NewService<
-            Result<A::Response, A::Error>,
             C,
+            Request = Result<A::Response, A::Error>,
             Error = A::Error,
             InitError = A::InitError,
         >,
+        F: IntoNewService<B, C>,
     {
         Self {
             a,
-            b: f,
+            b: f.into_new_service(),
             _t: PhantomData,
         }
     }
 }
 
-impl<A, B, R, C> NewService<R, C> for ThenNewService<A, B, C>
+impl<A, B, C> NewService<C> for ThenNewService<A, B, C>
 where
-    A: NewService<R, C>,
-    B: NewService<Result<A::Response, A::Error>, C, Error = A::Error, InitError = A::InitError>,
+    A: NewService<C>,
+    B: NewService<
+        C,
+        Request = Result<A::Response, A::Error>,
+        Error = A::Error,
+        InitError = A::InitError,
+    >,
 {
+    type Request = A::Request;
     type Response = B::Response;
     type Error = A::Error;
     type Service = Then<A::Service, B::Service>;
 
     type InitError = A::InitError;
-    type Future = ThenNewServiceFuture<A, B, R, C>;
+    type Future = ThenNewServiceFuture<A, B, C>;
 
     fn new_service(&self, cfg: &C) -> Self::Future {
         ThenNewServiceFuture::new(self.a.new_service(cfg), self.b.new_service(cfg))
@@ -167,10 +175,15 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-pub struct ThenNewServiceFuture<A, B, R, C>
+pub struct ThenNewServiceFuture<A, B, C>
 where
-    A: NewService<R, C>,
-    B: NewService<Result<A::Response, A::Error>, C, Error = A::Error, InitError = A::InitError>,
+    A: NewService<C>,
+    B: NewService<
+        C,
+        Request = Result<A::Response, A::Error>,
+        Error = A::Error,
+        InitError = A::InitError,
+    >,
 {
     fut_b: B::Future,
     fut_a: A::Future,
@@ -178,10 +191,15 @@ where
     b: Option<B::Service>,
 }
 
-impl<A, B, R, C> ThenNewServiceFuture<A, B, R, C>
+impl<A, B, C> ThenNewServiceFuture<A, B, C>
 where
-    A: NewService<R, C>,
-    B: NewService<Result<A::Response, A::Error>, C, Error = A::Error, InitError = A::InitError>,
+    A: NewService<C>,
+    B: NewService<
+        C,
+        Request = Result<A::Response, A::Error>,
+        Error = A::Error,
+        InitError = A::InitError,
+    >,
 {
     fn new(fut_a: A::Future, fut_b: B::Future) -> Self {
         ThenNewServiceFuture {
@@ -193,10 +211,15 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<A, B, R, C> Future for ThenNewServiceFuture<A, B, R, C>
+impl<A, B, C> Future for ThenNewServiceFuture<A, B, C>
 where
-    A: NewService<R, C>,
-    B: NewService<Result<A::Response, A::Error>, C, Error = A::Error, InitError = A::InitError>,
+    A: NewService<C>,
+    B: NewService<
+        C,
+        Request = Result<A::Response, A::Error>,
+        Error = A::Error,
+        InitError = A::InitError,
+    >,
 {
     type Item = Then<A::Service, B::Service>;
     type Error = A::InitError;
@@ -236,7 +259,8 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[derive(Clone)]
     struct Srv1(Rc<Cell<usize>>);
-    impl Service<Result<&'static str, &'static str>> for Srv1 {
+    impl Service for Srv1 {
+        type Request = Result<&'static str, &'static str>;
         type Response = &'static str;
         type Error = ();
         type Future = FutureResult<Self::Response, Self::Error>;
@@ -256,7 +280,8 @@ mod tests {
 
     struct Srv2(Rc<Cell<usize>>);
 
-    impl Service<Result<&'static str, ()>> for Srv2 {
+    impl Service for Srv2 {
+        type Request = Result<&'static str, ()>;
         type Response = (&'static str, &'static str);
         type Error = ();
         type Future = FutureResult<Self::Response, ()>;
diff --git a/actix-service/src/transform.rs b/actix-service/src/transform.rs
index edba905e..3e8a693e 100644
--- a/actix-service/src/transform.rs
+++ b/actix-service/src/transform.rs
@@ -9,10 +9,11 @@ use crate::{NewService, Service};
 /// `Transform` service factory.
 ///
 /// Transform factory creates service that wraps other services.
-///
-/// * `S` is a wrapped service.
-/// * `R` requests handled by this transform service.
-pub trait Transform<S, R> {
+/// `Config` is a service factory configuration type.
+pub trait Transform<S> {
+    /// Requests handled by the service.
+    type Request;
+
     /// Responses given by the service.
     type Response;
 
@@ -20,7 +21,11 @@ pub trait Transform<S, R> {
     type Error;
 
     /// The `TransformService` value created by this factory
-    type Transform: Service<R, Response = Self::Response, Error = Self::Error>;
+    type Transform: Service<
+        Request = Self::Request,
+        Response = Self::Response,
+        Error = Self::Error,
+    >;
 
     /// Errors produced while building a service.
     type InitError;
@@ -42,10 +47,11 @@ pub trait Transform<S, R> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<T, S, R> Transform<S, R> for Rc<T>
+impl<T, S> Transform<S> for Rc<T>
 where
-    T: Transform<S, R>,
+    T: Transform<S>,
 {
+    type Request = T::Request;
     type Response = T::Response;
     type Error = T::Error;
     type InitError = T::InitError;
@@ -57,10 +63,11 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<T, S, R> Transform<S, R> for Arc<T>
+impl<T, S> Transform<S> for Arc<T>
 where
-    T: Transform<S, R>,
+    T: Transform<S>,
 {
+    type Request = T::Request;
     type Response = T::Response;
     type Error = T::Error;
     type InitError = T::InitError;
@@ -73,17 +80,17 @@ where
 }
 
 /// Trait for types that can be converted to a *transform service*
-pub trait IntoTransform<T, S, R>
+pub trait IntoTransform<T, S>
 where
-    T: Transform<S, R>,
+    T: Transform<S>,
 {
     /// Convert to a `TransformService`
     fn into_transform(self) -> T;
 }
 
-impl<T, S, R> IntoTransform<T, S, R> for T
+impl<T, S> IntoTransform<T, S> for T
 where
-    T: Transform<S, R>,
+    T: Transform<S>,
 {
     fn into_transform(self) -> T {
         self
@@ -92,19 +99,19 @@ where
 
 /// `Apply` transform new service
 #[derive(Clone)]
-pub struct ApplyTransform<T, S, R, Req, Cfg> {
-    a: S,
+pub struct ApplyTransform<T, A, C> {
+    a: A,
     t: Rc<T>,
-    _t: std::marker::PhantomData<(R, Req, Cfg)>,
+    _t: std::marker::PhantomData<C>,
 }
 
-impl<T, S, R, Req, Cfg> ApplyTransform<T, S, R, Req, Cfg>
+impl<T, A, C> ApplyTransform<T, A, C>
 where
-    S: NewService<Req, Cfg>,
-    T: Transform<S::Service, R, Error = S::Error, InitError = S::InitError>,
+    A: NewService<C>,
+    T: Transform<A::Service, Error = A::Error, InitError = A::InitError>,
 {
     /// Create new `ApplyNewService` new service instance
-    pub fn new<F: IntoTransform<T, S::Service, R>>(t: F, a: S) -> Self {
+    pub fn new<F: IntoTransform<T, A::Service>>(t: F, a: A) -> Self {
         Self {
             a,
             t: Rc::new(t.into_transform()),
@@ -113,19 +120,20 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<T, S, R, Req, Cfg> NewService<R, Cfg> for ApplyTransform<T, S, R, Req, Cfg>
+impl<T, A, C> NewService<C> for ApplyTransform<T, A, C>
 where
-    S: NewService<Req, Cfg>,
-    T: Transform<S::Service, R, Error = S::Error, InitError = S::InitError>,
+    A: NewService<C>,
+    T: Transform<A::Service, Error = A::Error, InitError = A::InitError>,
 {
+    type Request = T::Request;
     type Response = T::Response;
     type Error = T::Error;
 
     type Service = T::Transform;
     type InitError = T::InitError;
-    type Future = ApplyTransformFuture<T, S, R, Req, Cfg>;
+    type Future = ApplyTransformFuture<T, A, C>;
 
-    fn new_service(&self, cfg: &Cfg) -> Self::Future {
+    fn new_service(&self, cfg: &C) -> Self::Future {
         ApplyTransformFuture {
             t_cell: self.t.clone(),
             fut_a: self.a.new_service(cfg).into_future(),
@@ -134,20 +142,20 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-pub struct ApplyTransformFuture<T, S, R, Req, Cfg>
+pub struct ApplyTransformFuture<T, A, C>
 where
-    S: NewService<Req, Cfg>,
-    T: Transform<S::Service, R, Error = S::Error, InitError = S::InitError>,
+    A: NewService<C>,
+    T: Transform<A::Service, Error = A::Error, InitError = A::InitError>,
 {
-    fut_a: S::Future,
-    fut_t: Option<T::Future>,
+    fut_a: A::Future,
+    fut_t: Option<<T::Future as IntoFuture>::Future>,
     t_cell: Rc<T>,
 }
 
-impl<T, S, R, Req, Cfg> Future for ApplyTransformFuture<T, S, R, Req, Cfg>
+impl<T, A, C> Future for ApplyTransformFuture<T, A, C>
 where
-    S: NewService<Req, Cfg>,
-    T: Transform<S::Service, R, Error = S::Error, InitError = S::InitError>,
+    A: NewService<C>,
+    T: Transform<A::Service, Error = A::Error, InitError = A::InitError>,
 {
     type Item = T::Transform;
     type Error = T::InitError;
diff --git a/actix-service/src/transform_map_init_err.rs b/actix-service/src/transform_map_init_err.rs
index 48589ffc..0b0dd9b9 100644
--- a/actix-service/src/transform_map_init_err.rs
+++ b/actix-service/src/transform_map_init_err.rs
@@ -16,9 +16,9 @@ pub struct TransformMapInitErr<T, S, F, E> {
 
 impl<T, S, F, E> TransformMapInitErr<T, S, F, E> {
     /// Create new `MapInitErr` new transform instance
-    pub fn new<R>(t: T, f: F) -> Self
+    pub fn new(t: T, f: F) -> Self
     where
-        T: Transform<S, R>,
+        T: Transform<S>,
         F: Fn(T::InitError) -> E,
     {
         Self {
@@ -43,35 +43,36 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<T, R, S, F, E> Transform<S, R> for TransformMapInitErr<T, S, F, E>
+impl<T, S, F, E> Transform<S> for TransformMapInitErr<T, S, F, E>
 where
-    T: Transform<S, R>,
+    T: Transform<S>,
     F: Fn(T::InitError) -> E + Clone,
 {
+    type Request = T::Request;
     type Response = T::Response;
     type Error = T::Error;
     type Transform = T::Transform;
 
     type InitError = E;
-    type Future = TransformMapInitErrFuture<T, R, S, F, E>;
+    type Future = TransformMapInitErrFuture<T, S, F, E>;
 
     fn new_transform(&self, service: S) -> Self::Future {
         TransformMapInitErrFuture::new(self.t.new_transform(service), self.f.clone())
     }
 }
 
-pub struct TransformMapInitErrFuture<T, R, S, F, E>
+pub struct TransformMapInitErrFuture<T, S, F, E>
 where
-    T: Transform<S, R>,
+    T: Transform<S>,
     F: Fn(T::InitError) -> E,
 {
     fut: T::Future,
     f: F,
 }
 
-impl<T, R, S, F, E> TransformMapInitErrFuture<T, R, S, F, E>
+impl<T, S, F, E> TransformMapInitErrFuture<T, S, F, E>
 where
-    T: Transform<S, R>,
+    T: Transform<S>,
     F: Fn(T::InitError) -> E,
 {
     fn new(fut: T::Future, f: F) -> Self {
@@ -79,9 +80,9 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<T, R, S, F, E> Future for TransformMapInitErrFuture<T, R, S, F, E>
+impl<T, S, F, E> Future for TransformMapInitErrFuture<T, S, F, E>
 where
-    T: Transform<S, R>,
+    T: Transform<S>,
     F: Fn(T::InitError) -> E + Clone,
 {
     type Item = T::Transform;