actix-web/src/scope.rs

use std::cell::RefCell;
use std::fmt;
use std::future::Future;
use std::rc::Rc;
use std::task::Poll;

use actix_http::Extensions;
use actix_router::{ResourceDef, Router};
use actix_service::boxed::{self, BoxService, BoxServiceFactory};
use actix_service::{
    apply, apply_fn_factory, IntoServiceFactory, Service, ServiceFactory,
    ServiceFactoryExt, Transform,
};
use futures_core::future::LocalBoxFuture;
use futures_util::future::join_all;

use crate::config::ServiceConfig;
use crate::data::Data;
use crate::dev::{AppService, HttpServiceFactory};
use crate::error::Error;
use crate::guard::Guard;
use crate::resource::Resource;
use crate::rmap::ResourceMap;
use crate::route::Route;
use crate::service::{
    AppServiceFactory, ServiceFactoryWrapper, ServiceRequest, ServiceResponse,
};

type Guards = Vec<Box<dyn Guard>>;
type HttpService = BoxService<ServiceRequest, ServiceResponse, Error>;
type HttpNewService = BoxServiceFactory<(), ServiceRequest, ServiceResponse, Error, ()>;

/// Resources scope.
///
/// Scope is a set of resources with common root path.
/// Scopes collect multiple paths under a common path prefix.
/// Scope path can contain variable path segments as resources.
/// Scope prefix is always complete path segment, i.e `/app` would
/// be converted to a `/app/` and it would not match `/app` path.
///
/// You can get variable path segments from `HttpRequest::match_info()`.
/// `Path` extractor also is able to extract scope level variable segments.
///
/// ```rust
/// use actix_web::{web, App, HttpResponse};
///
/// fn main() {
///     let app = App::new().service(
///         web::scope("/{project_id}/")
///             .service(web::resource("/path1").to(|| async { HttpResponse::Ok() }))
///             .service(web::resource("/path2").route(web::get().to(|| HttpResponse::Ok())))
///             .service(web::resource("/path3").route(web::head().to(|| HttpResponse::MethodNotAllowed())))
///     );
/// }
/// ```
///
/// In the above example three routes get registered:
///  * /{project_id}/path1 - responds to all http method
///  * /{project_id}/path2 - `GET` requests
///  * /{project_id}/path3 - `HEAD` requests
pub struct Scope<T = ScopeEndpoint> {
    endpoint: T,
    rdef: String,
    app_data: Option<Extensions>,
    services: Vec<Box<dyn AppServiceFactory>>,
    guards: Vec<Box<dyn Guard>>,
    default: Option<Rc<HttpNewService>>,
    external: Vec<ResourceDef>,
    factory_ref: Rc<RefCell<Option<ScopeFactory>>>,
}

impl Scope {
    /// Create a new scope
    pub fn new(path: &str) -> Scope {
        let fref = Rc::new(RefCell::new(None));
        Scope {
            endpoint: ScopeEndpoint::new(fref.clone()),
            rdef: path.to_string(),
            app_data: None,
            guards: Vec::new(),
            services: Vec::new(),
            default: None,
            external: Vec::new(),
            factory_ref: fref,
        }
    }
}

impl<T> Scope<T>
where
    T: ServiceFactory<
        ServiceRequest,
        Config = (),
        Response = ServiceResponse,
        Error = Error,
        InitError = (),
    >,
{
    /// Add match guard to a scope.
    ///
    /// ```rust
    /// use actix_web::{web, guard, App, HttpRequest, HttpResponse};
    ///
    /// async fn index(data: web::Path<(String, String)>) -> &'static str {
    ///     "Welcome!"
    /// }
    ///
    /// fn main() {
    ///     let app = App::new().service(
    ///         web::scope("/app")
    ///             .guard(guard::Header("content-type", "text/plain"))
    ///             .route("/test1", web::get().to(index))
    ///             .route("/test2", web::post().to(|r: HttpRequest| {
    ///                 HttpResponse::MethodNotAllowed()
    ///             }))
    ///     );
    /// }
    /// ```
    pub fn guard<G: Guard + 'static>(mut self, guard: G) -> Self {
        self.guards.push(Box::new(guard));
        self
    }

    /// Set or override application data. Application data could be accessed
    /// by using `Data<T>` extractor where `T` is data type.
    ///
    /// ```rust
    /// use std::cell::Cell;
    /// use actix_web::{web, App, HttpResponse, Responder};
    ///
    /// struct MyData {
    ///     counter: Cell<usize>,
    /// }
    ///
    /// async fn index(data: web::Data<MyData>) -> impl Responder {
    ///     data.counter.set(data.counter.get() + 1);
    ///     HttpResponse::Ok()
    /// }
    ///
    /// fn main() {
    ///     let app = App::new().service(
    ///         web::scope("/app")
    ///             .data(MyData{ counter: Cell::new(0) })
    ///             .service(
    ///                 web::resource("/index.html").route(
    ///                     web::get().to(index)))
    ///     );
    /// }
    /// ```
    pub fn data<U: 'static>(self, data: U) -> Self {
        self.app_data(Data::new(data))
    }

    /// Add scope data.
    ///
    /// Data of different types from parent contexts will still be accessible.
    pub fn app_data<U: 'static>(mut self, data: U) -> Self {
        self.app_data
            .get_or_insert_with(Extensions::new)
            .insert(data);

        self
    }

    /// Run external configuration as part of the scope building
    /// process
    ///
    /// This function is useful for moving parts of configuration to a
    /// different module or even library. For example,
    /// some of the resource's configuration could be moved to different module.
    ///
    /// ```rust
    /// # extern crate actix_web;
    /// use actix_web::{web, middleware, App, HttpResponse};
    ///
    /// // this function could be located in different module
    /// fn config(cfg: &mut web::ServiceConfig) {
    ///     cfg.service(web::resource("/test")
    ///         .route(web::get().to(|| HttpResponse::Ok()))
    ///         .route(web::head().to(|| HttpResponse::MethodNotAllowed()))
    ///     );
    /// }
    ///
    /// fn main() {
    ///     let app = App::new()
    ///         .wrap(middleware::Logger::default())
    ///         .service(
    ///             web::scope("/api")
    ///                 .configure(config)
    ///         )
    ///         .route("/index.html", web::get().to(|| HttpResponse::Ok()));
    /// }
    /// ```
    pub fn configure<F>(mut self, f: F) -> Self
    where
        F: FnOnce(&mut ServiceConfig),
    {
        let mut cfg = ServiceConfig::new();
        f(&mut cfg);
        self.services.extend(cfg.services);
        self.external.extend(cfg.external);

        self.app_data
            .get_or_insert_with(Extensions::new)
            .extend(cfg.app_data);
        self
    }

    /// Register HTTP service.
    ///
    /// This is similar to `App's` service registration.
    ///
    /// Actix Web provides several services implementations:
    ///
    /// * *Resource* is an entry in resource table which corresponds to requested URL.
    /// * *Scope* is a set of resources with common root path.
    /// * "StaticFiles" is a service for static files support
    ///
    /// ```rust
    /// use actix_web::{web, App, HttpRequest};
    ///
    /// struct AppState;
    ///
    /// async fn index(req: HttpRequest) -> &'static str {
    ///     "Welcome!"
    /// }
    ///
    /// fn main() {
    ///     let app = App::new().service(
    ///         web::scope("/app").service(
    ///             web::scope("/v1")
    ///                 .service(web::resource("/test1").to(index)))
    ///     );
    /// }
    /// ```
    pub fn service<F>(mut self, factory: F) -> Self
    where
        F: HttpServiceFactory + 'static,
    {
        self.services
            .push(Box::new(ServiceFactoryWrapper::new(factory)));
        self
    }

    /// Configure route for a specific path.
    ///
    /// This is a simplified version of the `Scope::service()` method.
    /// This method can be called multiple times, in that case
    /// multiple resources with one route would be registered for same resource path.
    ///
    /// ```rust
    /// use actix_web::{web, App, HttpResponse};
    ///
    /// async fn index(data: web::Path<(String, String)>) -> &'static str {
    ///     "Welcome!"
    /// }
    ///
    /// fn main() {
    ///     let app = App::new().service(
    ///         web::scope("/app")
    ///             .route("/test1", web::get().to(index))
    ///             .route("/test2", web::post().to(|| HttpResponse::MethodNotAllowed()))
    ///     );
    /// }
    /// ```
    pub fn route(self, path: &str, mut route: Route) -> Self {
        self.service(
            Resource::new(path)
                .add_guards(route.take_guards())
                .route(route),
        )
    }

    /// Default service to be used if no matching route could be found.
    ///
    /// If default resource is not registered, app's default resource is being used.
    pub fn default_service<F, U>(mut self, f: F) -> Self
    where
        F: IntoServiceFactory<U, ServiceRequest>,
        U: ServiceFactory<
                ServiceRequest,
                Config = (),
                Response = ServiceResponse,
                Error = Error,
            > + 'static,
        U::InitError: fmt::Debug,
    {
        // create and configure default resource
        self.default = Some(Rc::new(boxed::factory(f.into_factory().map_init_err(
            |e| log::error!("Can not construct default service: {:?}", e),
        ))));

        self
    }

    /// Registers middleware, in the form of a middleware component (type),
    /// that runs during inbound processing in the request
    /// life-cycle (request -> response), modifying request as
    /// necessary, across all requests managed by the *Scope*.  Scope-level
    /// middleware is more limited in what it can modify, relative to Route or
    /// Application level middleware, in that Scope-level middleware can not modify
    /// ServiceResponse.
    ///
    /// Use middleware when you need to read or modify *every* request in some way.
    pub fn wrap<M>(
        self,
        mw: M,
    ) -> Scope<
        impl ServiceFactory<
            ServiceRequest,
            Config = (),
            Response = ServiceResponse,
            Error = Error,
            InitError = (),
        >,
    >
    where
        M: Transform<
            T::Service,
            ServiceRequest,
            Response = ServiceResponse,
            Error = Error,
            InitError = (),
        >,
    {
        Scope {
            endpoint: apply(mw, self.endpoint),
            rdef: self.rdef,
            app_data: self.app_data,
            guards: self.guards,
            services: self.services,
            default: self.default,
            external: self.external,
            factory_ref: self.factory_ref,
        }
    }

    /// Registers middleware, in the form of a closure, that runs during inbound
    /// processing in the request life-cycle (request -> response), modifying
    /// request as necessary, across all requests managed by the *Scope*.
    /// Scope-level middleware is more limited in what it can modify, relative
    /// to Route or Application level middleware, in that Scope-level middleware
    /// can not modify ServiceResponse.
    ///
    /// ```rust
    /// use actix_service::Service;
    /// use actix_web::{web, App};
    /// use actix_web::http::{header::CONTENT_TYPE, HeaderValue};
    ///
    /// async fn index() -> &'static str {
    ///     "Welcome!"
    /// }
    ///
    /// fn main() {
    ///     let app = App::new().service(
    ///         web::scope("/app")
    ///             .wrap_fn(|req, srv| {
    ///                 let fut = srv.call(req);
    ///                 async {
    ///                     let mut res = fut.await?;
    ///                     res.headers_mut().insert(
    ///                        CONTENT_TYPE, HeaderValue::from_static("text/plain"),
    ///                     );
    ///                     Ok(res)
    ///                 }
    ///             })
    ///             .route("/index.html", web::get().to(index)));
    /// }
    /// ```
    pub fn wrap_fn<F, R>(
        self,
        mw: F,
    ) -> Scope<
        impl ServiceFactory<
            ServiceRequest,
            Config = (),
            Response = ServiceResponse,
            Error = Error,
            InitError = (),
        >,
    >
    where
        F: Fn(ServiceRequest, &T::Service) -> R + Clone,
        R: Future<Output = Result<ServiceResponse, Error>>,
    {
        Scope {
            endpoint: apply_fn_factory(self.endpoint, mw),
            rdef: self.rdef,
            app_data: self.app_data,
            guards: self.guards,
            services: self.services,
            default: self.default,
            external: self.external,
            factory_ref: self.factory_ref,
        }
    }
}

impl<T> HttpServiceFactory for Scope<T>
where
    T: ServiceFactory<
            ServiceRequest,
            Config = (),
            Response = ServiceResponse,
            Error = Error,
            InitError = (),
        > + 'static,
{
    fn register(mut self, config: &mut AppService) {
        // update default resource if needed
        let default = self.default.unwrap_or_else(|| config.default_service());

        // register nested services
        let mut cfg = config.clone_config();
        self.services
            .into_iter()
            .for_each(|mut srv| srv.register(&mut cfg));

        let mut rmap = ResourceMap::new(ResourceDef::root_prefix(&self.rdef));

        // external resources
        for mut rdef in std::mem::take(&mut self.external) {
            rmap.add(&mut rdef, None);
        }

        // complete scope pipeline creation
        *self.factory_ref.borrow_mut() = Some(ScopeFactory {
            app_data: self.app_data.take().map(Rc::new),
            default,
            services: cfg
                .into_services()
                .1
                .into_iter()
                .map(|(mut rdef, srv, guards, nested)| {
                    rmap.add(&mut rdef, nested);
                    (rdef, srv, RefCell::new(guards))
                })
                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                .into_boxed_slice()
                .into(),
        });

        // get guards
        let guards = if self.guards.is_empty() {
            None
        } else {
            Some(self.guards)
        };

        // register final service
        config.register_service(
            ResourceDef::root_prefix(&self.rdef),
            guards,
            self.endpoint,
            Some(Rc::new(rmap)),
        )
    }
}

pub struct ScopeFactory {
    app_data: Option<Rc<Extensions>>,
    services: Rc<[(ResourceDef, HttpNewService, RefCell<Option<Guards>>)]>,
    default: Rc<HttpNewService>,
}

impl ServiceFactory<ServiceRequest> for ScopeFactory {
    type Response = ServiceResponse;
    type Error = Error;
    type Config = ();
    type Service = ScopeService;
    type InitError = ();
    type Future = LocalBoxFuture<'static, Result<Self::Service, Self::InitError>>;

    fn new_service(&self, _: ()) -> Self::Future {
        // construct default service factory future
        let default_fut = self.default.new_service(());

        // construct all services factory future with it's resource def and guards.
        let factory_fut =
            join_all(self.services.iter().map(|(path, factory, guards)| {
                let path = path.clone();
                let guards = guards.borrow_mut().take();
                let factory_fut = factory.new_service(());
                async move {
                    let service = factory_fut.await?;
                    Ok((path, guards, service))
                }
            }));

        let app_data = self.app_data.clone();

        Box::pin(async move {
            let default = default_fut.await?;

            // build router from the factory future result.
            let router = factory_fut
                .await
                .into_iter()
                .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?
                .drain(..)
                .fold(Router::build(), |mut router, (path, guards, service)| {
                    router.rdef(path, service).2 = guards;
                    router
                })
                .finish();

            Ok(ScopeService {
                app_data,
                router,
                default,
            })
        })
    }
}

pub struct ScopeService {
    app_data: Option<Rc<Extensions>>,
    router: Router<HttpService, Vec<Box<dyn Guard>>>,
    default: HttpService,
}

impl Service<ServiceRequest> for ScopeService {
    type Response = ServiceResponse;
    type Error = Error;
    type Future = LocalBoxFuture<'static, Result<Self::Response, Self::Error>>;

    actix_service::always_ready!();

    fn call(&self, mut req: ServiceRequest) -> Self::Future {
        let res = self.router.recognize_checked(&mut req, |req, guards| {
            if let Some(ref guards) = guards {
                for f in guards {
                    if !f.check(req.head()) {
                        return false;
                    }
                }
            }
            true
        });

        if let Some(ref app_data) = self.app_data {
            req.add_data_container(app_data.clone());
        }

        if let Some((srv, _info)) = res {
            srv.call(req)
        } else {
            self.default.call(req)
        }
    }
}

#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct ScopeEndpoint {
    factory: Rc<RefCell<Option<ScopeFactory>>>,
}

impl ScopeEndpoint {
    fn new(factory: Rc<RefCell<Option<ScopeFactory>>>) -> Self {
        ScopeEndpoint { factory }
    }
}

impl ServiceFactory<ServiceRequest> for ScopeEndpoint {
    type Response = ServiceResponse;
    type Error = Error;
    type Config = ();
    type Service = ScopeService;
    type InitError = ();
    type Future = LocalBoxFuture<'static, Result<Self::Service, Self::InitError>>;

    fn new_service(&self, _: ()) -> Self::Future {
        self.factory.borrow_mut().as_mut().unwrap().new_service(())
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use actix_service::Service;
    use bytes::Bytes;
    use futures_util::future::ok;

    use crate::dev::{Body, ResponseBody};
    use crate::http::{header, HeaderValue, Method, StatusCode};
    use crate::middleware::DefaultHeaders;
    use crate::service::ServiceRequest;
    use crate::test::{call_service, init_service, read_body, TestRequest};
    use crate::{guard, web, App, HttpRequest, HttpResponse};

    #[actix_rt::test]
    async fn test_scope() {
        let srv = init_service(App::new().service(
            web::scope("/app").service(web::resource("/path1").to(HttpResponse::Ok)),
        ))
        .await;

        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/path1").to_request();
        let resp = srv.call(req).await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::OK);
    }

    #[actix_rt::test]
    async fn test_scope_root() {
        let srv = init_service(
            App::new().service(
                web::scope("/app")
                    .service(web::resource("").to(HttpResponse::Ok))
                    .service(web::resource("/").to(HttpResponse::Created)),
            ),
        )
        .await;

        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app").to_request();
        let resp = srv.call(req).await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::OK);

        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/").to_request();
        let resp = srv.call(req).await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::CREATED);
    }

    #[actix_rt::test]
    async fn test_scope_root2() {
        let srv = init_service(App::new().service(
            web::scope("/app/").service(web::resource("").to(HttpResponse::Ok)),
        ))
        .await;

        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app").to_request();
        let resp = srv.call(req).await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::NOT_FOUND);

        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/").to_request();
        let resp = srv.call(req).await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::OK);
    }

    #[actix_rt::test]
    async fn test_scope_root3() {
        let srv = init_service(App::new().service(
            web::scope("/app/").service(web::resource("/").to(HttpResponse::Ok)),
        ))
        .await;

        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app").to_request();
        let resp = srv.call(req).await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::NOT_FOUND);

        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/").to_request();
        let resp = srv.call(req).await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::NOT_FOUND);
    }

    #[actix_rt::test]
    async fn test_scope_route() {
        let srv = init_service(
            App::new().service(
                web::scope("app")
                    .route("/path1", web::get().to(HttpResponse::Ok))
                    .route("/path1", web::delete().to(HttpResponse::Ok)),
            ),
        )
        .await;

        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/path1").to_request();
        let resp = srv.call(req).await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::OK);

        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/path1")
            .method(Method::DELETE)
            .to_request();
        let resp = srv.call(req).await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::OK);

        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/path1")
            .method(Method::POST)
            .to_request();
        let resp = srv.call(req).await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::NOT_FOUND);
    }

    #[actix_rt::test]
    async fn test_scope_route_without_leading_slash() {
        let srv = init_service(
            App::new().service(
                web::scope("app").service(
                    web::resource("path1")
                        .route(web::get().to(HttpResponse::Ok))
                        .route(web::delete().to(HttpResponse::Ok)),
                ),
            ),
        )
        .await;

        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/path1").to_request();
        let resp = srv.call(req).await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::OK);

        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/path1")
            .method(Method::DELETE)
            .to_request();
        let resp = srv.call(req).await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::OK);

        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/path1")
            .method(Method::POST)
            .to_request();
        let resp = srv.call(req).await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED);
    }

    #[actix_rt::test]
    async fn test_scope_guard() {
        let srv = init_service(
            App::new().service(
                web::scope("/app")
                    .guard(guard::Get())
                    .service(web::resource("/path1").to(HttpResponse::Ok)),
            ),
        )
        .await;

        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/path1")
            .method(Method::POST)
            .to_request();
        let resp = srv.call(req).await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::NOT_FOUND);

        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/path1")
            .method(Method::GET)
            .to_request();
        let resp = srv.call(req).await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::OK);
    }

    #[actix_rt::test]
    async fn test_scope_variable_segment() {
        let srv = init_service(App::new().service(web::scope("/ab-{project}").service(
            web::resource("/path1").to(|r: HttpRequest| {
                HttpResponse::Ok()
                    .body(format!("project: {}", &r.match_info()["project"]))
            }),
        )))
        .await;

        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/ab-project1/path1").to_request();
        let resp = srv.call(req).await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::OK);

        match resp.response().body() {
            ResponseBody::Body(Body::Bytes(ref b)) => {
                let bytes = b.clone();
                assert_eq!(bytes, Bytes::from_static(b"project: project1"));
            }
            _ => panic!(),
        }

        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/aa-project1/path1").to_request();
        let resp = srv.call(req).await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::NOT_FOUND);
    }

    #[actix_rt::test]
    async fn test_nested_scope() {
        let srv = init_service(App::new().service(web::scope("/app").service(
            web::scope("/t1").service(web::resource("/path1").to(HttpResponse::Created)),
        )))
        .await;

        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/t1/path1").to_request();
        let resp = srv.call(req).await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::CREATED);
    }

    #[actix_rt::test]
    async fn test_nested_scope_no_slash() {
        let srv = init_service(App::new().service(web::scope("/app").service(
            web::scope("t1").service(web::resource("/path1").to(HttpResponse::Created)),
        )))
        .await;

        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/t1/path1").to_request();
        let resp = srv.call(req).await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::CREATED);
    }

    #[actix_rt::test]
    async fn test_nested_scope_root() {
        let srv = init_service(
            App::new().service(
                web::scope("/app").service(
                    web::scope("/t1")
                        .service(web::resource("").to(HttpResponse::Ok))
                        .service(web::resource("/").to(HttpResponse::Created)),
                ),
            ),
        )
        .await;

        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/t1").to_request();
        let resp = srv.call(req).await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::OK);

        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/t1/").to_request();
        let resp = srv.call(req).await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::CREATED);
    }

    #[actix_rt::test]
    async fn test_nested_scope_filter() {
        let srv = init_service(
            App::new().service(
                web::scope("/app").service(
                    web::scope("/t1")
                        .guard(guard::Get())
                        .service(web::resource("/path1").to(HttpResponse::Ok)),
                ),
            ),
        )
        .await;

        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/t1/path1")
            .method(Method::POST)
            .to_request();
        let resp = srv.call(req).await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::NOT_FOUND);

        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/t1/path1")
            .method(Method::GET)
            .to_request();
        let resp = srv.call(req).await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::OK);
    }

    #[actix_rt::test]
    async fn test_nested_scope_with_variable_segment() {
        let srv = init_service(App::new().service(web::scope("/app").service(
            web::scope("/{project_id}").service(web::resource("/path1").to(
                |r: HttpRequest| {
                    HttpResponse::Created()
                        .body(format!("project: {}", &r.match_info()["project_id"]))
                },
            )),
        )))
        .await;

        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/project_1/path1").to_request();
        let resp = srv.call(req).await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::CREATED);

        match resp.response().body() {
            ResponseBody::Body(Body::Bytes(ref b)) => {
                let bytes = b.clone();
                assert_eq!(bytes, Bytes::from_static(b"project: project_1"));
            }
            _ => panic!(),
        }
    }

    #[actix_rt::test]
    async fn test_nested2_scope_with_variable_segment() {
        let srv = init_service(App::new().service(web::scope("/app").service(
            web::scope("/{project}").service(web::scope("/{id}").service(
                web::resource("/path1").to(|r: HttpRequest| {
                    HttpResponse::Created().body(format!(
                        "project: {} - {}",
                        &r.match_info()["project"],
                        &r.match_info()["id"],
                    ))
                }),
            )),
        )))
        .await;

        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/test/1/path1").to_request();
        let resp = srv.call(req).await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::CREATED);

        match resp.response().body() {
            ResponseBody::Body(Body::Bytes(ref b)) => {
                let bytes = b.clone();
                assert_eq!(bytes, Bytes::from_static(b"project: test - 1"));
            }
            _ => panic!(),
        }

        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/test/1/path2").to_request();
        let resp = srv.call(req).await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::NOT_FOUND);
    }

    #[actix_rt::test]
    async fn test_default_resource() {
        let srv = init_service(
            App::new().service(
                web::scope("/app")
                    .service(web::resource("/path1").to(HttpResponse::Ok))
                    .default_service(|r: ServiceRequest| {
                        ok(r.into_response(HttpResponse::BadRequest()))
                    }),
            ),
        )
        .await;

        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/path2").to_request();
        let resp = srv.call(req).await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST);

        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/path2").to_request();
        let resp = srv.call(req).await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::NOT_FOUND);
    }

    #[actix_rt::test]
    async fn test_default_resource_propagation() {
        let srv = init_service(
            App::new()
                .service(
                    web::scope("/app1")
                        .default_service(web::resource("").to(HttpResponse::BadRequest)),
                )
                .service(web::scope("/app2"))
                .default_service(|r: ServiceRequest| {
                    ok(r.into_response(HttpResponse::MethodNotAllowed()))
                }),
        )
        .await;

        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/non-exist").to_request();
        let resp = srv.call(req).await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED);

        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app1/non-exist").to_request();
        let resp = srv.call(req).await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST);

        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app2/non-exist").to_request();
        let resp = srv.call(req).await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED);
    }

    #[actix_rt::test]
    async fn test_middleware() {
        let srv = init_service(
            App::new().service(
                web::scope("app")
                    .wrap(
                        DefaultHeaders::new().header(
                            header::CONTENT_TYPE,
                            HeaderValue::from_static("0001"),
                        ),
                    )
                    .service(
                        web::resource("/test").route(web::get().to(HttpResponse::Ok)),
                    ),
            ),
        )
        .await;

        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/test").to_request();
        let resp = call_service(&srv, req).await;
        assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::OK);
        assert_eq!(
            resp.headers().get(header::CONTENT_TYPE).unwrap(),
            HeaderValue::from_static("0001")
        );
    }

    #[actix_rt::test]
    async fn test_middleware_fn() {
        let srv = init_service(
            App::new().service(
                web::scope("app")
                    .wrap_fn(|req, srv| {
                        let fut = srv.call(req);
                        async move {
                            let mut res = fut.await?;
                            res.headers_mut().insert(
                                header::CONTENT_TYPE,
                                HeaderValue::from_static("0001"),
                            );
                            Ok(res)
                        }
                    })
                    .route("/test", web::get().to(HttpResponse::Ok)),
            ),
        )
        .await;

        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/test").to_request();
        let resp = call_service(&srv, req).await;
        assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::OK);
        assert_eq!(
            resp.headers().get(header::CONTENT_TYPE).unwrap(),
            HeaderValue::from_static("0001")
        );
    }

    #[actix_rt::test]
    async fn test_override_data() {
        let srv = init_service(App::new().data(1usize).service(
            web::scope("app").data(10usize).route(
                "/t",
                web::get().to(|data: web::Data<usize>| {
                    assert_eq!(**data, 10);
                    HttpResponse::Ok()
                }),
            ),
        ))
        .await;

        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/t").to_request();
        let resp = call_service(&srv, req).await;
        assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::OK);
    }

    #[actix_rt::test]
    async fn test_override_data_default_service() {
        let srv = init_service(App::new().data(1usize).service(
            web::scope("app").data(10usize).default_service(web::to(
                |data: web::Data<usize>| {
                    assert_eq!(**data, 10);
                    HttpResponse::Ok()
                },
            )),
        ))
        .await;

        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/t").to_request();
        let resp = call_service(&srv, req).await;
        assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::OK);
    }

    #[actix_rt::test]
    async fn test_override_app_data() {
        let srv = init_service(App::new().app_data(web::Data::new(1usize)).service(
            web::scope("app").app_data(web::Data::new(10usize)).route(
                "/t",
                web::get().to(|data: web::Data<usize>| {
                    assert_eq!(**data, 10);
                    HttpResponse::Ok()
                }),
            ),
        ))
        .await;

        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/t").to_request();
        let resp = call_service(&srv, req).await;
        assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::OK);
    }

    #[actix_rt::test]
    async fn test_scope_config() {
        let srv = init_service(App::new().service(web::scope("/app").configure(|s| {
            s.route("/path1", web::get().to(HttpResponse::Ok));
        })))
        .await;

        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/path1").to_request();
        let resp = srv.call(req).await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::OK);
    }

    #[actix_rt::test]
    async fn test_scope_config_2() {
        let srv = init_service(App::new().service(web::scope("/app").configure(|s| {
            s.service(web::scope("/v1").configure(|s| {
                s.route("/", web::get().to(HttpResponse::Ok));
            }));
        })))
        .await;

        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/v1/").to_request();
        let resp = srv.call(req).await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::OK);
    }

    #[actix_rt::test]
    async fn test_url_for_external() {
        let srv = init_service(App::new().service(web::scope("/app").configure(|s| {
            s.service(web::scope("/v1").configure(|s| {
                s.external_resource("youtube", "https://youtube.com/watch/{video_id}");
                s.route(
                    "/",
                    web::get().to(|req: HttpRequest| {
                        HttpResponse::Ok().body(
                            req.url_for("youtube", &["xxxxxx"]).unwrap().to_string(),
                        )
                    }),
                );
            }));
        })))
        .await;

        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/v1/").to_request();
        let resp = srv.call(req).await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::OK);
        let body = read_body(resp).await;
        assert_eq!(body, &b"https://youtube.com/watch/xxxxxx"[..]);
    }

    #[actix_rt::test]
    async fn test_url_for_nested() {
        let srv = init_service(App::new().service(web::scope("/a").service(
            web::scope("/b").service(web::resource("/c/{stuff}").name("c").route(
                web::get().to(|req: HttpRequest| {
                    HttpResponse::Ok()
                        .body(format!("{}", req.url_for("c", &["12345"]).unwrap()))
                }),
            )),
        )))
        .await;

        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/a/b/c/test").to_request();
        let resp = call_service(&srv, req).await;
        assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::OK);
        let body = read_body(resp).await;
        assert_eq!(
            body,
            Bytes::from_static(b"http://localhost:8080/a/b/c/12345")
        );
    }
}