prepare release

SendRequest execution fails with the entered unreachable code #329
Allow to disable masking for websockets client
2025-07-22 17:07:19 +02:00 · 2018-06-21 09:47:46 +06:00 · 2018-06-21 09:47:28 +06:00 · 2018-06-21 09:38:59 +06:00 · 2018-06-13 05:04:59 -07:00 · 2018-06-12 14:47:45 -07:00
97 changed files with 6925 additions and 10021 deletions
--- a/.appveyor.yml
+++ b/.appveyor.yml
@@ -3,13 +3,35 @@ environment:
    PROJECT_NAME: actix
  matrix:
    # Stable channel
+    - TARGET: i686-pc-windows-gnu
+      CHANNEL: 1.24.0
+    - TARGET: i686-pc-windows-msvc
+      CHANNEL: 1.24.0
+    - TARGET: x86_64-pc-windows-gnu
+      CHANNEL: 1.24.0
+    - TARGET: x86_64-pc-windows-msvc
+      CHANNEL: 1.24.0
+    # Stable channel
+    - TARGET: i686-pc-windows-gnu
+      CHANNEL: stable
    - TARGET: i686-pc-windows-msvc
      CHANNEL: stable
    - TARGET: x86_64-pc-windows-gnu
      CHANNEL: stable
    - TARGET: x86_64-pc-windows-msvc
      CHANNEL: stable
+    # Beta channel
+    - TARGET: i686-pc-windows-gnu
+      CHANNEL: beta
+    - TARGET: i686-pc-windows-msvc
+      CHANNEL: beta
+    - TARGET: x86_64-pc-windows-gnu
+      CHANNEL: beta
+    - TARGET: x86_64-pc-windows-msvc
+      CHANNEL: beta
    # Nightly channel
+    - TARGET: i686-pc-windows-gnu
+      CHANNEL: nightly
    - TARGET: i686-pc-windows-msvc
      CHANNEL: nightly
    - TARGET: x86_64-pc-windows-gnu
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ b/.travis.yml
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 language: rust
-sudo: required
+sudo: false
 dist: trusty

 cache:
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ cache:

 matrix:
  include:
+    - rust: 1.24.0
    - rust: stable
    - rust: beta
    - rust: nightly
@@ -22,7 +23,7 @@ env:
 before_install:
  - sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:0k53d-karl-f830m/openssl
  - sudo apt-get update -qq
-  - sudo apt-get install -y openssl libssl-dev libelf-dev libdw-dev cmake gcc binutils-dev libiberty-dev
+  - sudo apt-get install -qq libssl-dev libelf-dev libdw-dev cmake gcc binutils-dev libiberty-dev

 # Add clippy
 before_script:
@@ -30,14 +31,14 @@ before_script:

 script:
  - |
-    if [[ "$TRAVIS_RUST_VERSION" != "stable" ]]; then
+    if [[ "$TRAVIS_RUST_VERSION" != "1.24.0" ]]; then
    cargo clean
    cargo test --features="alpn,tls" -- --nocapture
    fi
  - |
-    if [[ "$TRAVIS_RUST_VERSION" == "stable" ]]; then
-    RUSTFLAGS="--cfg procmacro2_semver_exempt" cargo install -f cargo-tarpaulin
-    cargo tarpaulin --features="alpn,tls" --out Xml --no-count
+    if [[ "$TRAVIS_RUST_VERSION" == "1.24.0" ]]; then
+    bash <(curl https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xd009642/tarpaulin/master/travis-install.sh)
+    USE_SKEPTIC=1 cargo tarpaulin --out Xml --no-count
    bash <(curl -s https://codecov.io/bash)
    echo "Uploaded code coverage"
    fi
@@ -45,7 +46,7 @@ script:
 # Upload docs
 after_success:
  - |
-    if [[ "$TRAVIS_OS_NAME" == "linux" && "$TRAVIS_PULL_REQUEST" = "false" && "$TRAVIS_BRANCH" == "master" && "$TRAVIS_RUST_VERSION" == "beta" ]]; then
+    if [[ "$TRAVIS_OS_NAME" == "linux" && "$TRAVIS_PULL_REQUEST" = "false" && "$TRAVIS_BRANCH" == "master" && "$TRAVIS_RUST_VERSION" == "stable" ]]; then
      cargo doc --features "alpn, tls, session" --no-deps &&
      echo "<meta http-equiv=refresh content=0;url=os_balloon/index.html>" > target/doc/index.html &&
      git clone https://github.com/davisp/ghp-import.git &&
--- a/CHANGES.md
+++ b/CHANGES.md
@@ -1,95 +1,5 @@
 # Changes

-## [0.7.1] - 2018-07-21
-
-### Fixed
-
-* Fixed default_resource 'not yet implemented' panic #410
-
-
-## [0.7.0] - 2018-07-21
-
-### Added
-
-* Add `fs::StaticFileConfig` to provide means of customizing static
-  file services. It allows to map `mime` to `Content-Disposition`,
-  specify whether to use `ETag` and `Last-Modified` and allowed methods.
-
-* Add `.has_prefixed_resource()` method to `router::ResourceInfo`
-  for route matching with prefix awareness
-
-* Add `HttpMessage::readlines()` for reading line by line.
-
-* Add `ClientRequestBuilder::form()` for sending `application/x-www-form-urlencoded` requests.
-
-* Add method to configure custom error handler to `Form` extractor.
-
-* Add methods to `HttpResponse` to retrieve, add, and delete cookies
-
-* Add `.set_content_type()` and `.set_content_disposition()` methods
-  to `fs::NamedFile` to allow overriding the values inferred by default
-
-* Add `fs::file_extension_to_mime()` helper function to get the MIME
-  type for a file extension
-
-* Add `.content_disposition()` method to parse Content-Disposition of
-  multipart fields
-
-* Re-export `actix::prelude::*` as `actix_web::actix` module.
-
-* `HttpRequest::url_for_static()` for a named route with no variables segments
-
-* Propagation of the application's default resource to scopes that haven't set a default resource.
-
-
-### Changed
-
-* Min rustc version is 1.26
-
-* Use tokio instead of tokio-core
-
-* `CookieSessionBackend` sets percent encoded cookies for outgoing HTTP messages.
-
-* Became possible to use enums with query extractor.
-  Issue [#371](https://github.com/actix/actix-web/issues/371).
-  [Example](https://github.com/actix/actix-web/blob/master/tests/test_handlers.rs#L94-L134)
-
-* `HttpResponse::into_builder()` now moves cookies into the builder
-  instead of dropping them
-
-* For safety and performance reasons `Handler::handle()` uses `&self` instead of `&mut self`
-
-* `Handler::handle()` uses `&HttpRequest` instead of `HttpRequest`
-
-* Added header `User-Agent: Actix-web/<current_version>` to default headers when building a request
-
-* port `Extensions` type from http create, we don't need `Send + Sync`
-
-* `HttpRequest::query()` returns `Ref<HashMap<String, String>>`
-
-* `HttpRequest::cookies()` returns `Ref<Vec<Cookie<'static>>>`
-
-* `StaticFiles::new()` returns `Result<StaticFiles<S>, Error>` instead of `StaticFiles<S>`
-
-* `StaticFiles` uses the default handler if the file does not exist
-
-
-### Removed
-
-* Remove `Route::with2()` and `Route::with3()` use tuple of extractors instead.
-
-* Remove `HttpMessage::range()`
-
-
-## [0.6.15] - 2018-07-11
-
-### Fixed
-
-* Fix h2 compatibility #352
-
-* Fix duplicate tail of StaticFiles with index_file. #344
-
-
 ## [0.6.14] - 2018-06-21

 ### Added
@@ -101,12 +11,16 @@
 * SendRequest execution fails with the "internal error: entered unreachable code" #329


-## [0.6.13] - 2018-06-11
+## [0.6.13] - 2018-06-13
+
+### Fixed

 * http/2 end-of-frame is not set if body is empty bytes #307

 * InternalError can trigger memory unsafety #301

+* Fix docs.rs build
+

 ## [0.6.12] - 2018-06-08

@@ -121,8 +35,15 @@
 * Allow to use custom resolver for `ClientConnector`


+### Deprecated
+
+* `Error::cause()` and introduces failure interoperability functions and downcasting.
+
+
 ## [0.6.11] - 2018-06-05

+### Fixed
+
 * Support chunked encoding for UrlEncoded body #262

 * `HttpRequest::url_for()` for a named route with no variables segments #265
@@ -138,7 +59,7 @@

 ### Added

-* Allow to use path without trailing slashes for scope registration #241
+* Allow to use path without traling slashes for scope registration #241

 * Allow to set encoding for exact NamedFile #239

@@ -499,7 +420,7 @@

 * Server multi-threading

-* Graceful shutdown support
+* Gracefull shutdown support


 ## 0.2.1 (2017-11-03)
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 [package]
 name = "actix-web"
-version = "0.7.1"
+version = "0.6.14"
 authors = ["Nikolay Kim <fafhrd91@gmail.com>"]
 description = "Actix web is a simple, pragmatic and extremely fast web framework for Rust."
 readme = "README.md"
 keywords = ["http", "web", "framework", "async", "futures"]
 homepage = "https://actix.rs"
 repository = "https://github.com/actix/actix-web.git"
-documentation = "https://actix.rs/api/actix-web/stable/actix_web/"
+documentation = "https://docs.rs/actix-web/"
 categories = ["network-programming", "asynchronous",
              "web-programming::http-server",
              "web-programming::http-client",
@@ -16,9 +16,6 @@ license = "MIT/Apache-2.0"
 exclude = [".gitignore", ".travis.yml", ".cargo/config", "appveyor.yml"]
 build = "build.rs"

-[package.metadata.docs.rs]
-features = ["tls", "alpn", "session", "brotli", "flate2-c"]
-
 [badges]
 travis-ci = { repository = "actix/actix-web", branch = "master" }
 appveyor = { repository = "fafhrd91/actix-web-hdy9d" }
@@ -49,52 +46,51 @@ flate2-c = ["flate2/miniz-sys"]
 # rust backend for flate2 crate
 flate2-rust = ["flate2/rust_backend"]

+[package.metadata.docs.rs]
+features = ["tls", "alpn", "session", "brotli", "flate2-c"]
+
 [dependencies]
-actix = "0.7.0"
+actix = "^0.5.8"

 base64 = "0.9"
 bitflags = "1.0"
+failure = "0.1.1"
 h2 = "0.1"
-htmlescape = "0.3"
 http = "^0.1.5"
-httparse = "1.3"
+httparse = "1.2"
+http-range = "0.1"
+libc = "0.2"
 log = "0.4"
 mime = "0.3"
 mime_guess = "2.0.0-alpha"
 num_cpus = "1.0"
 percent-encoding = "1.0"
-rand = "0.5"
+rand = "0.4"
 regex = "1.0"
 serde = "1.0"
 serde_json = "1.0"
+serde_urlencoded = "0.5"
 sha1 = "0.6"
 smallvec = "0.6"
 time = "0.1"
 encoding = "0.2"
 language-tags = "0.2"
 lazy_static = "1.0"
-lazycell = "1.0.0"
-parking_lot = "0.6"
 url = { version="1.7", features=["query_encoding"] }
 cookie = { version="0.10", features=["percent-encode"] }
 brotli2 = { version="^0.3.2", optional = true }
 flate2 = { version="1.0", optional = true, default-features = false }

-failure = "=0.1.1"
-
 # io
 mio = "^0.6.13"
 net2 = "0.2"
 bytes = "0.4"
-byteorder = "1.2"
+byteorder = "1"
 futures = "0.1"
 futures-cpupool = "0.1"
 slab = "0.4"
-tokio = "0.1"
 tokio-io = "0.1"
-tokio-tcp = "0.1"
-tokio-timer = "0.2"
-tokio-reactor = "0.1"
+tokio-core = "0.1"

 # native-tls
 native-tls = { version="0.1", optional = true }
@@ -104,10 +100,6 @@ tokio-tls = { version="0.1", optional = true }
 openssl = { version="0.10", optional = true }
 tokio-openssl = { version="0.2", optional = true }

-# forked url_encoded
-itoa = "0.4"
-dtoa = "0.4"
-
 [dev-dependencies]
 env_logger = "0.5"
 serde_derive = "1.0"
@@ -123,4 +115,5 @@ codegen-units = 1
 [workspace]
 members = [
  "./",
+  "tools/wsload/",
 ]
--- a/MIGRATION.md
+++ b/MIGRATION.md
@@ -1,92 +1,4 @@
-## 0.7
-
-* `HttpRequest` does not implement `Stream` anymore. If you need to read request payload
-  use `HttpMessage::payload()` method.
-  
-  instead of
-  
-    ```rust
-    fn index(req: HttpRequest) -> impl Responder {
-         req
-            .from_err()
-            .fold(...)
-            ....
-    }
-    ```
-
-  use `.payload()`
-
-    ```rust
-    fn index(req: HttpRequest) -> impl Responder {
-         req
-            .payload()  // <- get request payload stream
-            .from_err()
-            .fold(...)
-            ....
-    }
-    ```
-
-* [Middleware](https://actix.rs/actix-web/actix_web/middleware/trait.Middleware.html)
-  trait uses `&HttpRequest` instead of `&mut HttpRequest`.
-
-* Removed `Route::with2()` and `Route::with3()` use tuple of extractors instead.
-    
-    instead of 
-
-    ```rust
-    fn index(query: Query<..>, info: Json<MyStruct) -> impl Responder {}
-    ```
-
-    use tuple of extractors and use `.with()` for registration:
-
-    ```rust
-    fn index((query, json): (Query<..>, Json<MyStruct)) -> impl Responder {}
-    ```
-
-* `Handler::handle()` uses `&self` instead of `&mut self`
-
-* `Handler::handle()` accepts reference to `HttpRequest<_>` instead of value
-
-* Removed deprecated `HttpServer::threads()`, use 
-  [HttpServer::workers()](https://actix.rs/actix-web/actix_web/server/struct.HttpServer.html#method.workers) instead.
-
-* Renamed `client::ClientConnectorError::Connector` to
-  `client::ClientConnectorError::Resolver`
-
-* `Route::with()` does not return `ExtractorConfig`, to configure
-  extractor use `Route::with_config()`
-
-    instead of 
-
-    ```rust
-    fn main() {
-         let app = App::new().resource("/index.html", |r| {
-             r.method(http::Method::GET)
-                    .with(index)
-                    .limit(4096);  // <- limit size of the payload
-         });
-    }
-    ```
-    
-    use 
-    
-    ```rust
-  
-    fn main() {
-         let app = App::new().resource("/index.html", |r| {
-             r.method(http::Method::GET)
-                    .with_config(index, |cfg| { // <- register handler
-                       cfg.limit(4096);  // <- limit size of the payload
-                     })
-         });
-    }
-    ```
-
-* `Route::with_async()` does not return `ExtractorConfig`, to configure
-  extractor use `Route::with_async_config()`
-
-
-## 0.6
+## Migration from 0.5 to 0.6

 * `Path<T>` extractor return `ErrorNotFound` on failure instead of `ErrorBadRequest`

@@ -138,7 +50,7 @@
  you need to use `use actix_web::ws::WsWriter`


-## 0.5
+## Migration from 0.4 to 0.5

 * `HttpResponseBuilder::body()`, `.finish()`, `.json()`
   methods return `HttpResponse` instead of `Result<HttpResponse>`
--- a/2
+++ b/2
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 .PHONY: default build test doc book clean

-CARGO_FLAGS := --features "$(FEATURES) alpn tls"
+CARGO_FLAGS := --features "$(FEATURES) alpn"

 default: test

--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -25,10 +25,10 @@ Actix web is a simple, pragmatic and extremely fast web framework for Rust.

 * [User Guide](https://actix.rs/docs/)
 * [API Documentation (Development)](https://actix.rs/actix-web/actix_web/)
-* [API Documentation (Releases)](https://actix.rs/api/actix-web/stable/actix_web/)
+* [API Documentation (Releases)](https://docs.rs/actix-web/)
 * [Chat on gitter](https://gitter.im/actix/actix)
 * Cargo package: [actix-web](https://crates.io/crates/actix-web)
-* Minimum supported Rust version: 1.26 or later
+* Minimum supported Rust version: 1.24 or later

 ## Example

@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ You may consider checking out

 ## Benchmarks

-* [TechEmpower Framework Benchmark](https://www.techempower.com/benchmarks/#section=data-r16&hw=ph&test=plaintext)
+* [TechEmpower Framework Benchmark](https://www.techempower.com/benchmarks/#section=data-r15&hw=ph&test=plaintext)

 * Some basic benchmarks could be found in this [repository](https://github.com/fafhrd91/benchmarks).

--- a/rustfmt.toml
+++ b/rustfmt.toml
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 max_width = 89
 reorder_imports = true
-#wrap_comments = true
+wrap_comments = true
 fn_args_density = "Compressed"
 #use_small_heuristics = false
--- a/src/application.rs
+++ b/src/application.rs
@@ -1,91 +1,170 @@
+use std::cell::UnsafeCell;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::rc::Rc;

-use handler::{AsyncResult, FromRequest, Handler, Responder, WrapHandler};
+use handler::{AsyncResult, FromRequest, Handler, Responder, RouteHandler, WrapHandler};
 use header::ContentEncoding;
 use http::Method;
 use httprequest::HttpRequest;
 use httpresponse::HttpResponse;
 use middleware::Middleware;
-use pipeline::{Pipeline, PipelineHandler};
+use pipeline::{HandlerType, Pipeline, PipelineHandler};
 use pred::Predicate;
-use resource::Resource;
-use router::{ResourceDef, Router};
+use resource::ResourceHandler;
+use router::{Resource, Router};
 use scope::Scope;
-use server::{HttpHandler, HttpHandlerTask, IntoHttpHandler, Request};
+use server::{HttpHandler, HttpHandlerTask, IntoHttpHandler, ServerSettings};

 /// Application
 pub struct HttpApplication<S = ()> {
    state: Rc<S>,
    prefix: String,
    prefix_len: usize,
-    inner: Rc<Inner<S>>,
+    router: Router,
+    inner: Rc<UnsafeCell<Inner<S>>>,
    filters: Option<Vec<Box<Predicate<S>>>>,
    middlewares: Rc<Vec<Box<Middleware<S>>>>,
 }

-#[doc(hidden)]
-pub struct Inner<S> {
-    router: Router<S>,
+pub(crate) struct Inner<S> {
+    prefix: usize,
+    default: ResourceHandler<S>,
    encoding: ContentEncoding,
+    resources: Vec<ResourceHandler<S>>,
+    handlers: Vec<PrefixHandlerType<S>>,
+}
+
+enum PrefixHandlerType<S> {
+    Handler(String, Box<RouteHandler<S>>),
+    Scope(Resource, Box<RouteHandler<S>>, Vec<Box<Predicate<S>>>),
 }

 impl<S: 'static> PipelineHandler<S> for Inner<S> {
-    #[inline]
    fn encoding(&self) -> ContentEncoding {
        self.encoding
    }

-    fn handle(&self, req: &HttpRequest<S>) -> AsyncResult<HttpResponse> {
-        self.router.handle(req)
+    fn handle(
+        &mut self, req: HttpRequest<S>, htype: HandlerType,
+    ) -> AsyncResult<HttpResponse> {
+        match htype {
+            HandlerType::Normal(idx) => {
+                self.resources[idx].handle(req, Some(&mut self.default))
+            }
+            HandlerType::Handler(idx) => match self.handlers[idx] {
+                PrefixHandlerType::Handler(_, ref mut hnd) => hnd.handle(req),
+                PrefixHandlerType::Scope(_, ref mut hnd, _) => hnd.handle(req),
+            },
+            HandlerType::Default => self.default.handle(req, None),
+        }
    }
 }

 impl<S: 'static> HttpApplication<S> {
-    #[cfg(test)]
-    pub(crate) fn run(&self, req: Request) -> AsyncResult<HttpResponse> {
-        let info = self
-            .inner
-            .router
-            .recognize(&req, &self.state, self.prefix_len);
-        let req = HttpRequest::new(req, Rc::clone(&self.state), info);
+    #[inline]
+    fn as_ref(&self) -> &Inner<S> {
+        unsafe { &*self.inner.get() }
+    }

-        self.inner.handle(&req)
+    #[inline]
+    fn get_handler(&self, req: &mut HttpRequest<S>) -> HandlerType {
+        if let Some(idx) = self.router.recognize(req) {
+            HandlerType::Normal(idx)
+        } else {
+            let inner = self.as_ref();
+            let path: &'static str =
+                unsafe { &*(&req.path()[inner.prefix..] as *const _) };
+            let path_len = path.len();
+            'outer: for idx in 0..inner.handlers.len() {
+                match inner.handlers[idx] {
+                    PrefixHandlerType::Handler(ref prefix, _) => {
+                        let m = {
+                            path.starts_with(prefix)
+                                && (path_len == prefix.len()
+                                    || path.split_at(prefix.len()).1.starts_with('/'))
+                        };
+
+                        if m {
+                            let prefix_len = inner.prefix + prefix.len();
+                            let path: &'static str =
+                                unsafe { &*(&req.path()[prefix_len..] as *const _) };
+
+                            req.set_prefix_len(prefix_len as u16);
+                            if path.is_empty() {
+                                req.match_info_mut().add("tail", "/");
+                            } else {
+                                req.match_info_mut().add("tail", path);
+                            }
+                            return HandlerType::Handler(idx);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    PrefixHandlerType::Scope(ref pattern, _, ref filters) => {
+                        if let Some(prefix_len) =
+                            pattern.match_prefix_with_params(path, req.match_info_mut())
+                        {
+                            for filter in filters {
+                                if !filter.check(req) {
+                                    continue 'outer;
+                                }
+                            }
+
+                            let prefix_len = inner.prefix + prefix_len;
+                            let path: &'static str =
+                                unsafe { &*(&req.path()[prefix_len..] as *const _) };
+
+                            req.set_prefix_len(prefix_len as u16);
+                            req.match_info_mut().set("tail", path);
+                            return HandlerType::Handler(idx);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            HandlerType::Default
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(test)]
+    pub(crate) fn run(&mut self, mut req: HttpRequest<S>) -> AsyncResult<HttpResponse> {
+        let tp = self.get_handler(&mut req);
+        unsafe { &mut *self.inner.get() }.handle(req, tp)
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(test)]
+    pub(crate) fn prepare_request(&self, req: HttpRequest) -> HttpRequest<S> {
+        req.with_state(Rc::clone(&self.state), self.router.clone())
    }
 }

 impl<S: 'static> HttpHandler for HttpApplication<S> {
-    type Task = Pipeline<S, Inner<S>>;
-
-    fn handle(&self, msg: Request) -> Result<Pipeline<S, Inner<S>>, Request> {
+    fn handle(&mut self, req: HttpRequest) -> Result<Box<HttpHandlerTask>, HttpRequest> {
        let m = {
-            if self.prefix_len == 0 {
-                true
-            } else {
-                let path = msg.path();
-                path.starts_with(&self.prefix)
-                    && (path.len() == self.prefix_len
-                        || path.split_at(self.prefix_len).1.starts_with('/'))
-            }
+            let path = req.path();
+            path.starts_with(&self.prefix)
+                && (path.len() == self.prefix_len
+                    || path.split_at(self.prefix_len).1.starts_with('/'))
        };
        if m {
+            let mut req2 =
+                req.clone_with_state(Rc::clone(&self.state), self.router.clone());
+
            if let Some(ref filters) = self.filters {
                for filter in filters {
-                    if !filter.check(&msg, &self.state) {
-                        return Err(msg);
+                    if !filter.check(&mut req2) {
+                        return Err(req);
                    }
                }
            }

-            let info = self
-                .inner
-                .router
-                .recognize(&msg, &self.state, self.prefix_len);
-
+            let tp = self.get_handler(&mut req2);
            let inner = Rc::clone(&self.inner);
-            let req = HttpRequest::new(msg, Rc::clone(&self.state), info);
-            Ok(Pipeline::new(req, Rc::clone(&self.middlewares), inner))
+            Ok(Box::new(Pipeline::new(
+                req2,
+                Rc::clone(&self.middlewares),
+                inner,
+                tp,
+            )))
        } else {
-            Err(msg)
+            Err(req)
        }
    }
 }
@@ -93,7 +172,11 @@ impl<S: 'static> HttpHandler for HttpApplication<S> {
 struct ApplicationParts<S> {
    state: S,
    prefix: String,
-    router: Router<S>,
+    settings: ServerSettings,
+    default: ResourceHandler<S>,
+    resources: Vec<(Resource, Option<ResourceHandler<S>>)>,
+    handlers: Vec<PrefixHandlerType<S>>,
+    external: HashMap<String, Resource>,
    encoding: ContentEncoding,
    middlewares: Vec<Box<Middleware<S>>>,
    filters: Vec<Box<Predicate<S>>>,
@@ -109,7 +192,20 @@ impl App<()> {
    /// Create application with empty state. Application can
    /// be configured with a builder-like pattern.
    pub fn new() -> App<()> {
-        App::with_state(())
+        App {
+            parts: Some(ApplicationParts {
+                state: (),
+                prefix: "/".to_owned(),
+                settings: ServerSettings::default(),
+                default: ResourceHandler::default_not_found(),
+                resources: Vec::new(),
+                handlers: Vec::new(),
+                external: HashMap::new(),
+                encoding: ContentEncoding::Auto,
+                filters: Vec::new(),
+                middlewares: Vec::new(),
+            }),
+        }
    }
 }

@@ -139,8 +235,12 @@ where
        App {
            parts: Some(ApplicationParts {
                state,
-                prefix: "".to_owned(),
-                router: Router::new(),
+                prefix: "/".to_owned(),
+                settings: ServerSettings::default(),
+                default: ResourceHandler::default_not_found(),
+                resources: Vec::new(),
+                handlers: Vec::new(),
+                external: HashMap::new(),
                middlewares: Vec::new(),
                filters: Vec::new(),
                encoding: ContentEncoding::Auto,
@@ -248,12 +348,26 @@ where
        R: Responder + 'static,
        T: FromRequest<S> + 'static,
    {
-        self.parts
-            .as_mut()
-            .expect("Use after finish")
-            .router
-            .register_route(path, method, f);
+        {
+            let parts: &mut ApplicationParts<S> = unsafe {
+                &mut *(self.parts.as_mut().expect("Use after finish") as *mut _)
+            };

+            // get resource handler
+            for &mut (ref pattern, ref mut handler) in &mut parts.resources {
+                if let Some(ref mut handler) = *handler {
+                    if pattern.pattern() == path {
+                        handler.method(method).with(f);
+                        return self;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            let mut handler = ResourceHandler::default();
+            handler.method(method).with(f);
+            let pattern = Resource::new(handler.get_name(), path);
+            parts.resources.push((pattern, Some(handler)));
+        }
        self
    }

@@ -285,12 +399,17 @@ where
    where
        F: FnOnce(Scope<S>) -> Scope<S>,
    {
-        let scope = f(Scope::new(path));
-        self.parts
-            .as_mut()
-            .expect("Use after finish")
-            .router
-            .register_scope(scope);
+        {
+            let mut scope = Box::new(f(Scope::new()));
+            let parts = self.parts.as_mut().expect("Use after finish");
+
+            let filters = scope.take_filters();
+            parts.handlers.push(PrefixHandlerType::Scope(
+                Resource::prefix("", &path),
+                scope,
+                filters,
+            ));
+        }
        self
    }

@@ -327,47 +446,41 @@ where
    /// ```
    pub fn resource<F, R>(mut self, path: &str, f: F) -> App<S>
    where
-        F: FnOnce(&mut Resource<S>) -> R + 'static,
+        F: FnOnce(&mut ResourceHandler<S>) -> R + 'static,
    {
        {
            let parts = self.parts.as_mut().expect("Use after finish");

-            // create resource
-            let mut resource = Resource::new(ResourceDef::new(path));
+            // add resource handler
+            let mut handler = ResourceHandler::default();
+            f(&mut handler);

-            // configure
-            f(&mut resource);
-
-            parts.router.register_resource(resource);
+            let pattern = Resource::new(handler.get_name(), path);
+            parts.resources.push((pattern, Some(handler)));
        }
        self
    }

    /// Configure resource for a specific path.
    #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub fn register_resource(&mut self, resource: Resource<S>) {
+    pub fn register_resource(&mut self, path: &str, resource: ResourceHandler<S>) {
+        let pattern = Resource::new(resource.get_name(), path);
        self.parts
            .as_mut()
            .expect("Use after finish")
-            .router
-            .register_resource(resource);
+            .resources
+            .push((pattern, Some(resource)));
    }

    /// Default resource to be used if no matching route could be found.
    pub fn default_resource<F, R>(mut self, f: F) -> App<S>
    where
-        F: FnOnce(&mut Resource<S>) -> R + 'static,
+        F: FnOnce(&mut ResourceHandler<S>) -> R + 'static,
    {
-        // create and configure default resource
-        let mut resource = Resource::new(ResourceDef::new(""));
-        f(&mut resource);
-
-        self.parts
-            .as_mut()
-            .expect("Use after finish")
-            .router
-            .register_default_resource(resource.into());
-
+        {
+            let parts = self.parts.as_mut().expect("Use after finish");
+            f(&mut parts.default);
+        }
        self
    }

@@ -390,7 +503,7 @@ where
    /// # extern crate actix_web;
    /// use actix_web::{App, HttpRequest, HttpResponse, Result};
    ///
-    /// fn index(req: &HttpRequest) -> Result<HttpResponse> {
+    /// fn index(mut req: HttpRequest) -> Result<HttpResponse> {
    ///     let url = req.url_for("youtube", &["oHg5SJYRHA0"])?;
    ///     assert_eq!(url.as_str(), "https://youtube.com/watch/oHg5SJYRHA0");
    ///     Ok(HttpResponse::Ok().into())
@@ -408,11 +521,17 @@ where
        T: AsRef<str>,
        U: AsRef<str>,
    {
-        self.parts
-            .as_mut()
-            .expect("Use after finish")
-            .router
-            .register_external(name.as_ref(), ResourceDef::external(url.as_ref()));
+        {
+            let parts = self.parts.as_mut().expect("Use after finish");
+
+            if parts.external.contains_key(name.as_ref()) {
+                panic!("External resource {:?} is registered.", name.as_ref());
+            }
+            parts.external.insert(
+                String::from(name.as_ref()),
+                Resource::external(name.as_ref(), url.as_ref()),
+            );
+        }
        self
    }

@@ -430,7 +549,7 @@ where
    /// use actix_web::{http, App, HttpRequest, HttpResponse};
    ///
    /// fn main() {
-    ///     let app = App::new().handler("/app", |req: &HttpRequest| match *req.method() {
+    ///     let app = App::new().handler("/app", |req: HttpRequest| match *req.method() {
    ///         http::Method::GET => HttpResponse::Ok(),
    ///         http::Method::POST => HttpResponse::MethodNotAllowed(),
    ///         _ => HttpResponse::NotFound(),
@@ -446,11 +565,12 @@ where
            if path.len() > 1 && path.ends_with('/') {
                path.pop();
            }
-            self.parts
-                .as_mut()
-                .expect("Use after finish")
-                .router
-                .register_handler(&path, Box::new(WrapHandler::new(handler)), None);
+            let parts = self.parts.as_mut().expect("Use after finish");
+
+            parts.handlers.push(PrefixHandlerType::Handler(
+                path,
+                Box::new(WrapHandler::new(handler)),
+            ));
        }
        self
    }
@@ -488,7 +608,7 @@ where
    ///     let app = App::new()
    ///         .middleware(middleware::Logger::default())
    ///         .configure(config)  // <- register resources
-    ///         .handler("/static", fs::StaticFiles::new(".").unwrap());
+    ///         .handler("/static", fs::StaticFiles::new("."));
    /// }
    /// ```
    pub fn configure<F>(self, cfg: F) -> App<S>
@@ -500,14 +620,28 @@ where

    /// Finish application configuration and create `HttpHandler` object.
    pub fn finish(&mut self) -> HttpApplication<S> {
-        let mut parts = self.parts.take().expect("Use after finish");
+        let parts = self.parts.take().expect("Use after finish");
        let prefix = parts.prefix.trim().trim_right_matches('/');
-        parts.router.finish();
+        let (prefix, prefix_len) = if prefix.is_empty() {
+            ("/".to_owned(), 0)
+        } else {
+            (prefix.to_owned(), prefix.len())
+        };

-        let inner = Rc::new(Inner {
-            router: parts.router,
+        let mut resources = parts.resources;
+        for (_, pattern) in parts.external {
+            resources.push((pattern, None));
+        }
+
+        let (router, resources) = Router::new(&prefix, parts.settings, resources);
+
+        let inner = Rc::new(UnsafeCell::new(Inner {
+            prefix: prefix_len,
+            default: parts.default,
            encoding: parts.encoding,
-        });
+            handlers: parts.handlers,
+            resources,
+        }));
        let filters = if parts.filters.is_empty() {
            None
        } else {
@@ -515,12 +649,13 @@ where
        };

        HttpApplication {
+            state: Rc::new(parts.state),
+            router: router.clone(),
+            middlewares: Rc::new(parts.middlewares),
+            prefix,
+            prefix_len,
            inner,
            filters,
-            state: Rc::new(parts.state),
-            middlewares: Rc::new(parts.middlewares),
-            prefix: prefix.to_owned(),
-            prefix_len: prefix.len(),
        }
    }

@@ -539,7 +674,7 @@ where
    /// struct State2;
    ///
    /// fn main() {
-    /// # thread::spawn(|| {
+    ///     # thread::spawn(|| {
    ///     server::new(|| {
    ///         vec![
    ///             App::with_state(State1)
@@ -554,33 +689,22 @@ where
    ///     }).bind("127.0.0.1:8080")
    ///         .unwrap()
    ///         .run()
-    /// # });
+    ///     # });
    /// }
    /// ```
-    pub fn boxed(mut self) -> Box<HttpHandler<Task = Box<HttpHandlerTask>>> {
-        Box::new(BoxedApplication { app: self.finish() })
-    }
-}
-
-struct BoxedApplication<S> {
-    app: HttpApplication<S>,
-}
-
-impl<S: 'static> HttpHandler for BoxedApplication<S> {
-    type Task = Box<HttpHandlerTask>;
-
-    fn handle(&self, req: Request) -> Result<Self::Task, Request> {
-        self.app.handle(req).map(|t| {
-            let task: Self::Task = Box::new(t);
-            task
-        })
+    pub fn boxed(mut self) -> Box<HttpHandler> {
+        Box::new(self.finish())
    }
 }

 impl<S: 'static> IntoHttpHandler for App<S> {
    type Handler = HttpApplication<S>;

-    fn into_handler(mut self) -> HttpApplication<S> {
+    fn into_handler(mut self, settings: ServerSettings) -> HttpApplication<S> {
+        {
+            let parts = self.parts.as_mut().expect("Use after finish");
+            parts.settings = settings;
+        }
        self.finish()
    }
 }
@@ -588,7 +712,11 @@ impl<S: 'static> IntoHttpHandler for App<S> {
 impl<'a, S: 'static> IntoHttpHandler for &'a mut App<S> {
    type Handler = HttpApplication<S>;

-    fn into_handler(self) -> HttpApplication<S> {
+    fn into_handler(self, settings: ServerSettings) -> HttpApplication<S> {
+        {
+            let parts = self.parts.as_mut().expect("Use after finish");
+            parts.settings = settings;
+        }
        self.finish()
    }
 }
@@ -609,8 +737,6 @@ impl<S: 'static> Iterator for App<S> {
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
    use super::*;
-    use body::{Binary, Body};
-    use fs;
    use http::StatusCode;
    use httprequest::HttpRequest;
    use httpresponse::HttpResponse;
@@ -619,206 +745,198 @@ mod tests {

    #[test]
    fn test_default_resource() {
-        let app = App::new()
+        let mut app = App::new()
            .resource("/test", |r| r.f(|_| HttpResponse::Ok()))
            .finish();

-        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/test").request();
+        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/test").finish();
        let resp = app.run(req);
        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::OK);

-        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/blah").request();
+        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/blah").finish();
        let resp = app.run(req);
        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::NOT_FOUND);

-        let app = App::new()
-            .resource("/test", |r| r.f(|_| HttpResponse::Ok()))
+        let mut app = App::new()
            .default_resource(|r| r.f(|_| HttpResponse::MethodNotAllowed()))
            .finish();
-        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/blah").request();
+        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/blah").finish();
        let resp = app.run(req);
        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_unhandled_prefix() {
-        let app = App::new()
+        let mut app = App::new()
            .prefix("/test")
            .resource("/test", |r| r.f(|_| HttpResponse::Ok()))
            .finish();
-        let ctx = TestRequest::default().request();
-        assert!(app.handle(ctx).is_err());
+        assert!(app.handle(HttpRequest::default()).is_err());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_state() {
-        let app = App::with_state(10)
+        let mut app = App::with_state(10)
            .resource("/", |r| r.f(|_| HttpResponse::Ok()))
            .finish();
-        let req = TestRequest::with_state(10).request();
+        let req =
+            HttpRequest::default().with_state(Rc::clone(&app.state), app.router.clone());
        let resp = app.run(req);
        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::OK);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_prefix() {
-        let app = App::new()
+        let mut app = App::new()
            .prefix("/test")
            .resource("/blah", |r| r.f(|_| HttpResponse::Ok()))
            .finish();
-        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/test").request();
+        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/test").finish();
        let resp = app.handle(req);
        assert!(resp.is_ok());

-        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/test/").request();
+        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/test/").finish();
        let resp = app.handle(req);
        assert!(resp.is_ok());

-        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/test/blah").request();
+        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/test/blah").finish();
        let resp = app.handle(req);
        assert!(resp.is_ok());

-        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/testing").request();
+        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/testing").finish();
        let resp = app.handle(req);
        assert!(resp.is_err());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_handler() {
-        let app = App::new()
-            .handler("/test", |_: &_| HttpResponse::Ok())
-            .finish();
+        let mut app = App::new().handler("/test", |_| HttpResponse::Ok()).finish();

-        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/test").request();
+        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/test").finish();
        let resp = app.run(req);
        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::OK);

-        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/test/").request();
+        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/test/").finish();
        let resp = app.run(req);
        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::OK);

-        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/test/app").request();
+        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/test/app").finish();
        let resp = app.run(req);
        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::OK);

-        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/testapp").request();
+        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/testapp").finish();
        let resp = app.run(req);
        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::NOT_FOUND);

-        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/blah").request();
+        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/blah").finish();
        let resp = app.run(req);
        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::NOT_FOUND);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_handler2() {
-        let app = App::new()
-            .handler("test", |_: &_| HttpResponse::Ok())
-            .finish();
+        let mut app = App::new().handler("test", |_| HttpResponse::Ok()).finish();

-        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/test").request();
+        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/test").finish();
        let resp = app.run(req);
        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::OK);

-        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/test/").request();
+        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/test/").finish();
        let resp = app.run(req);
        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::OK);

-        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/test/app").request();
+        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/test/app").finish();
        let resp = app.run(req);
        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::OK);

-        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/testapp").request();
+        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/testapp").finish();
        let resp = app.run(req);
        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::NOT_FOUND);

-        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/blah").request();
+        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/blah").finish();
        let resp = app.run(req);
        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::NOT_FOUND);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_handler_with_prefix() {
-        let app = App::new()
+        let mut app = App::new()
            .prefix("prefix")
-            .handler("/test", |_: &_| HttpResponse::Ok())
+            .handler("/test", |_| HttpResponse::Ok())
            .finish();

-        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/prefix/test").request();
+        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/prefix/test").finish();
        let resp = app.run(req);
        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::OK);

-        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/prefix/test/").request();
+        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/prefix/test/").finish();
        let resp = app.run(req);
        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::OK);

-        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/prefix/test/app").request();
+        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/prefix/test/app").finish();
        let resp = app.run(req);
        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::OK);

-        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/prefix/testapp").request();
+        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/prefix/testapp").finish();
        let resp = app.run(req);
        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::NOT_FOUND);

-        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/prefix/blah").request();
+        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/prefix/blah").finish();
        let resp = app.run(req);
        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::NOT_FOUND);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_route() {
-        let app = App::new()
+        let mut app = App::new()
            .route("/test", Method::GET, |_: HttpRequest| HttpResponse::Ok())
            .route("/test", Method::POST, |_: HttpRequest| {
                HttpResponse::Created()
            })
            .finish();

-        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/test").method(Method::GET).request();
+        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/test").method(Method::GET).finish();
        let resp = app.run(req);
        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::OK);

-        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/test")
-            .method(Method::POST)
-            .request();
+        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/test").method(Method::POST).finish();
        let resp = app.run(req);
        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::CREATED);

-        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/test")
-            .method(Method::HEAD)
-            .request();
+        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/test").method(Method::HEAD).finish();
        let resp = app.run(req);
        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::NOT_FOUND);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_handler_prefix() {
-        let app = App::new()
+        let mut app = App::new()
            .prefix("/app")
-            .handler("/test", |_: &_| HttpResponse::Ok())
+            .handler("/test", |_| HttpResponse::Ok())
            .finish();

-        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/test").request();
+        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/test").finish();
        let resp = app.run(req);
        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::NOT_FOUND);

-        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/test").request();
+        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/test").finish();
+        let resp = app.run(req.clone());
+        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::OK);
+        assert_eq!(req.prefix_len(), 9);
+
+        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/test/").finish();
        let resp = app.run(req);
        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::OK);

-        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/test/").request();
+        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/test/app").finish();
        let resp = app.run(req);
        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::OK);

-        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/test/app").request();
-        let resp = app.run(req);
-        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::OK);
-
-        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/testapp").request();
+        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/testapp").finish();
        let resp = app.run(req);
        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::NOT_FOUND);

-        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/blah").request();
+        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/blah").finish();
        let resp = app.run(req);
        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::NOT_FOUND);
    }
@@ -828,7 +946,7 @@ mod tests {
        let mut srv = TestServer::with_factory(|| {
            App::new()
                .filter(pred::Get())
-                .handler("/test", |_: &_| HttpResponse::Ok())
+                .handler("/test", |_| HttpResponse::Ok())
        });

        let request = srv.get().uri(srv.url("/test")).finish().unwrap();
@@ -839,21 +957,4 @@ mod tests {
        let response = srv.execute(request.send()).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(response.status(), StatusCode::NOT_FOUND);
    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_option_responder() {
-        let app = App::new()
-            .resource("/none", |r| r.f(|_| -> Option<&'static str> { None }))
-            .resource("/some", |r| r.f(|_| Some("some")))
-            .finish();
-
-        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/none").request();
-        let resp = app.run(req);
-        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::NOT_FOUND);
-
-        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/some").request();
-        let resp = app.run(req);
-        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::OK);
-        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().body(), &Body::Binary(Binary::Slice(b"some")));
-    }
 }
--- a/src/body.rs
+++ b/src/body.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 use bytes::{Bytes, BytesMut};
 use futures::Stream;
+use std::rc::Rc;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::{fmt, mem};

@@ -34,8 +35,10 @@ pub enum Binary {
    /// Static slice
    Slice(&'static [u8]),
    /// Shared string body
+    SharedString(Rc<String>),
+    /// Shared string body
    #[doc(hidden)]
-    SharedString(Arc<String>),
+    ArcSharedString(Arc<String>),
    /// Shared vec body
    SharedVec(Arc<Vec<u8>>),
 }
@@ -127,18 +130,17 @@ impl From<Box<ActorHttpContext>> for Body {

 impl Binary {
    #[inline]
-    /// Returns `true` if body is empty
    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
        self.len() == 0
    }

    #[inline]
-    /// Length of body in bytes
    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
        match *self {
            Binary::Bytes(ref bytes) => bytes.len(),
            Binary::Slice(slice) => slice.len(),
            Binary::SharedString(ref s) => s.len(),
+            Binary::ArcSharedString(ref s) => s.len(),
            Binary::SharedVec(ref s) => s.len(),
        }
    }
@@ -160,6 +162,7 @@ impl Clone for Binary {
            Binary::Bytes(ref bytes) => Binary::Bytes(bytes.clone()),
            Binary::Slice(slice) => Binary::Bytes(Bytes::from(slice)),
            Binary::SharedString(ref s) => Binary::SharedString(s.clone()),
+            Binary::ArcSharedString(ref s) => Binary::ArcSharedString(s.clone()),
            Binary::SharedVec(ref s) => Binary::SharedVec(s.clone()),
        }
    }
@@ -171,6 +174,7 @@ impl Into<Bytes> for Binary {
            Binary::Bytes(bytes) => bytes,
            Binary::Slice(slice) => Bytes::from(slice),
            Binary::SharedString(s) => Bytes::from(s.as_str()),
+            Binary::ArcSharedString(s) => Bytes::from(s.as_str()),
            Binary::SharedVec(s) => Bytes::from(AsRef::<[u8]>::as_ref(s.as_ref())),
        }
    }
@@ -218,15 +222,27 @@ impl From<BytesMut> for Binary {
    }
 }

+impl From<Rc<String>> for Binary {
+    fn from(body: Rc<String>) -> Binary {
+        Binary::SharedString(body)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> From<&'a Rc<String>> for Binary {
+    fn from(body: &'a Rc<String>) -> Binary {
+        Binary::SharedString(Rc::clone(body))
+    }
+}
+
 impl From<Arc<String>> for Binary {
    fn from(body: Arc<String>) -> Binary {
-        Binary::SharedString(body)
+        Binary::ArcSharedString(body)
    }
 }

 impl<'a> From<&'a Arc<String>> for Binary {
    fn from(body: &'a Arc<String>) -> Binary {
-        Binary::SharedString(Arc::clone(body))
+        Binary::ArcSharedString(Arc::clone(body))
    }
 }

@@ -249,6 +265,7 @@ impl AsRef<[u8]> for Binary {
            Binary::Bytes(ref bytes) => bytes.as_ref(),
            Binary::Slice(slice) => slice,
            Binary::SharedString(ref s) => s.as_bytes(),
+            Binary::ArcSharedString(ref s) => s.as_bytes(),
            Binary::SharedVec(ref s) => s.as_ref().as_ref(),
        }
    }
@@ -307,6 +324,22 @@ mod tests {
        assert_eq!(Binary::from(Bytes::from("test")).as_ref(), b"test");
    }

+    #[test]
+    fn test_ref_string() {
+        let b = Rc::new("test".to_owned());
+        assert_eq!(Binary::from(&b).len(), 4);
+        assert_eq!(Binary::from(&b).as_ref(), b"test");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_rc_string() {
+        let b = Rc::new("test".to_owned());
+        assert_eq!(Binary::from(b.clone()).len(), 4);
+        assert_eq!(Binary::from(b.clone()).as_ref(), b"test");
+        assert_eq!(Binary::from(&b).len(), 4);
+        assert_eq!(Binary::from(&b).as_ref(), b"test");
+    }
+
    #[test]
    fn test_arc_string() {
        let b = Arc::new("test".to_owned());
--- a/src/client/connector.rs
+++ b/src/client/connector.rs
--- a/src/client/mod.rs
+++ b/src/client/mod.rs
@@ -1,26 +1,29 @@
 //! Http client api
 //!
 //! ```rust
+//! # extern crate actix;
 //! # extern crate actix_web;
 //! # extern crate futures;
-//! # extern crate tokio;
 //! # use futures::Future;
-//! # use std::process;
-//! use actix_web::{actix, client};
+//! use actix_web::client;
 //!
 //! fn main() {
-//!     actix::run(
-//!         || client::get("http://www.rust-lang.org")   // <- Create request builder
+//!     let sys = actix::System::new("test");
+//!
+//!     actix::Arbiter::handle().spawn({
+//!         client::get("http://www.rust-lang.org")   // <- Create request builder
 //!             .header("User-Agent", "Actix-web")
 //!             .finish().unwrap()
 //!             .send()                               // <- Send http request
 //!             .map_err(|_| ())
 //!             .and_then(|response| {                // <- server http response
 //!                 println!("Response: {:?}", response);
-//! #               actix::System::current().stop();
+//! #               actix::Arbiter::system().do_send(actix::msgs::SystemExit(0));
 //!                 Ok(())
 //!             })
-//!     );
+//!     });
+//!
+//!     sys.run();
 //! }
 //! ```
 mod connector;
@@ -35,7 +38,6 @@ pub use self::connector::{
    Pause, Resume,
 };
 pub(crate) use self::parser::{HttpResponseParser, HttpResponseParserError};
-pub(crate) use self::pipeline::Pipeline;
 pub use self::pipeline::{SendRequest, SendRequestError};
 pub use self::request::{ClientRequest, ClientRequestBuilder};
 pub use self::response::ClientResponse;
@@ -58,29 +60,30 @@ impl ResponseError for SendRequestError {

 /// Create request builder for `GET` requests
 ///
-///
 /// ```rust
+/// # extern crate actix;
 /// # extern crate actix_web;
 /// # extern crate futures;
-/// # extern crate tokio;
-/// # extern crate env_logger;
 /// # use futures::Future;
-/// # use std::process;
-/// use actix_web::{actix, client};
+/// use actix_web::client;
 ///
 /// fn main() {
-///     actix::run(
-///         || client::get("http://www.rust-lang.org")   // <- Create request builder
+///     let sys = actix::System::new("test");
+///
+///     actix::Arbiter::handle().spawn({
+///         client::get("http://www.rust-lang.org")   // <- Create request builder
 ///             .header("User-Agent", "Actix-web")
 ///             .finish().unwrap()
 ///             .send()                               // <- Send http request
 ///             .map_err(|_| ())
-///             .and_then(|response| {                // <- server http response
+///             .and_then(|response| {  // <- server http response
 ///                 println!("Response: {:?}", response);
-/// #               actix::System::current().stop();
+/// #               actix::Arbiter::system().do_send(actix::msgs::SystemExit(0));
 ///                 Ok(())
-///             }),
-///     );
+///             })
+///     });
+///
+///     sys.run();
 /// }
 /// ```
 pub fn get<U: AsRef<str>>(uri: U) -> ClientRequestBuilder {
--- a/src/client/parser.rs
+++ b/src/client/parser.rs
@@ -1,15 +1,14 @@
-use std::mem;
-
 use bytes::{Bytes, BytesMut};
 use futures::{Async, Poll};
 use http::header::{self, HeaderName, HeaderValue};
-use http::{HeaderMap, StatusCode, Version};
+use http::{HeaderMap, HttpTryFrom, StatusCode, Version};
 use httparse;
+use std::mem;

 use error::{ParseError, PayloadError};

-use server::h1decoder::{EncodingDecoder, HeaderIndex};
-use server::IoStream;
+use server::h1decoder::EncodingDecoder;
+use server::{utils, IoStream};

 use super::response::ClientMessage;
 use super::ClientResponse;
@@ -40,11 +39,9 @@ impl HttpResponseParser {
    {
        // if buf is empty parse_message will always return NotReady, let's avoid that
        if buf.is_empty() {
-            match io.read_available(buf) {
-                Ok(Async::Ready(true)) => {
-                    return Err(HttpResponseParserError::Disconnect)
-                }
-                Ok(Async::Ready(false)) => (),
+            match utils::read_from_io(io, buf) {
+                Ok(Async::Ready(0)) => return Err(HttpResponseParserError::Disconnect),
+                Ok(Async::Ready(_)) => (),
                Ok(Async::NotReady) => return Ok(Async::NotReady),
                Err(err) => return Err(HttpResponseParserError::Error(err.into())),
            }
@@ -62,11 +59,11 @@ impl HttpResponseParser {
                    if buf.capacity() >= MAX_BUFFER_SIZE {
                        return Err(HttpResponseParserError::Error(ParseError::TooLarge));
                    }
-                    match io.read_available(buf) {
-                        Ok(Async::Ready(true)) => {
+                    match utils::read_from_io(io, buf) {
+                        Ok(Async::Ready(0)) => {
                            return Err(HttpResponseParserError::Disconnect)
                        }
-                        Ok(Async::Ready(false)) => (),
+                        Ok(Async::Ready(_)) => (),
                        Ok(Async::NotReady) => return Ok(Async::NotReady),
                        Err(err) => {
                            return Err(HttpResponseParserError::Error(err.into()))
@@ -86,11 +83,11 @@ impl HttpResponseParser {
        if self.decoder.is_some() {
            loop {
                // read payload
-                let (not_ready, stream_finished) = match io.read_available(buf) {
-                    Ok(Async::Ready(true)) => (false, true),
-                    Ok(Async::Ready(false)) => (false, false),
-                    Ok(Async::NotReady) => (true, false),
+                let (not_ready, stream_finished) = match utils::read_from_io(io, buf) {
+                    Ok(Async::Ready(0)) => (false, true),
                    Err(err) => return Err(err.into()),
+                    Ok(Async::NotReady) => (true, false),
+                    _ => (false, false),
                };

                match self.decoder.as_mut().unwrap().decode(buf) {
@@ -118,23 +115,24 @@ impl HttpResponseParser {
    fn parse_message(
        buf: &mut BytesMut,
    ) -> Poll<(ClientResponse, Option<EncodingDecoder>), ParseError> {
-        // Unsafe: we read only this data only after httparse parses headers into.
-        // performance bump for pipeline benchmarks.
-        let mut headers: [HeaderIndex; MAX_HEADERS] = unsafe { mem::uninitialized() };
+        // Parse http message
+        let bytes_ptr = buf.as_ref().as_ptr() as usize;
+        let mut headers: [httparse::Header; MAX_HEADERS] =
+            unsafe { mem::uninitialized() };

        let (len, version, status, headers_len) = {
-            let mut parsed: [httparse::Header; MAX_HEADERS] =
-                unsafe { mem::uninitialized() };
-
-            let mut resp = httparse::Response::new(&mut parsed);
-            match resp.parse(buf)? {
+            let b = unsafe {
+                let b: &[u8] = buf;
+                &*(b as *const _)
+            };
+            let mut resp = httparse::Response::new(&mut headers);
+            match resp.parse(b)? {
                httparse::Status::Complete(len) => {
                    let version = if resp.version.unwrap_or(1) == 1 {
                        Version::HTTP_11
                    } else {
                        Version::HTTP_10
                    };
-                    HeaderIndex::record(buf, resp.headers, &mut headers);
                    let status = StatusCode::from_u16(resp.code.unwrap())
                        .map_err(|_| ParseError::Status)?;

@@ -148,13 +146,12 @@ impl HttpResponseParser {

        // convert headers
        let mut hdrs = HeaderMap::new();
-        for idx in headers[..headers_len].iter() {
-            if let Ok(name) = HeaderName::from_bytes(&slice[idx.name.0..idx.name.1]) {
-                // Unsafe: httparse check header value for valid utf-8
+        for header in headers[..headers_len].iter() {
+            if let Ok(name) = HeaderName::try_from(header.name) {
+                let v_start = header.value.as_ptr() as usize - bytes_ptr;
+                let v_end = v_start + header.value.len();
                let value = unsafe {
-                    HeaderValue::from_shared_unchecked(
-                        slice.slice(idx.value.0, idx.value.1),
-                    )
+                    HeaderValue::from_shared_unchecked(slice.slice(v_start, v_end))
                };
                hdrs.append(name, value);
            } else {
--- a/src/client/pipeline.rs
+++ b/src/client/pipeline.rs
@@ -1,25 +1,25 @@
 use bytes::{Bytes, BytesMut};
-use futures::sync::oneshot;
-use futures::{Async, Future, Poll, Stream};
+use futures::unsync::oneshot;
+use futures::{Async, Future, Poll};
 use http::header::CONTENT_ENCODING;
-use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
+use std::time::Duration;
 use std::{io, mem};
-use tokio_timer::Delay;
+use tokio_core::reactor::Timeout;

-use actix::{Addr, Request, SystemService};
+use actix::prelude::*;

-use super::{
-    ClientConnector, ClientConnectorError, ClientRequest, ClientResponse, Connect,
-    Connection, HttpClientWriter, HttpResponseParser, HttpResponseParserError,
-};
+use super::HttpClientWriter;
+use super::{ClientConnector, ClientConnectorError, Connect, Connection};
+use super::{ClientRequest, ClientResponse};
+use super::{HttpResponseParser, HttpResponseParserError};
 use body::{Body, BodyStream};
 use context::{ActorHttpContext, Frame};
 use error::Error;
 use error::PayloadError;
 use header::ContentEncoding;
-use http::{Method, Uri};
 use httpmessage::HttpMessage;
-use server::input::PayloadStream;
+use server::encoding::PayloadStream;
+use server::shared::SharedBytes;
 use server::WriterState;

 /// A set of errors that can occur during request sending and response reading
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ impl From<ClientConnectorError> for SendRequestError {

 enum State {
    New,
-    Connect(Request<ClientConnector, Connect>),
+    Connect(actix::dev::Request<Unsync, ClientConnector, Connect>),
    Connection(Connection),
    Send(Box<Pipeline>),
    None,
@@ -68,30 +68,23 @@ enum State {
 pub struct SendRequest {
    req: ClientRequest,
    state: State,
-    conn: Option<Addr<ClientConnector>>,
+    conn: Addr<Unsync, ClientConnector>,
    conn_timeout: Duration,
    wait_timeout: Duration,
-    timeout: Option<Duration>,
+    timeout: Option<Timeout>,
 }

 impl SendRequest {
    pub(crate) fn new(req: ClientRequest) -> SendRequest {
-        SendRequest {
-            req,
-            conn: None,
-            state: State::New,
-            timeout: None,
-            wait_timeout: Duration::from_secs(5),
-            conn_timeout: Duration::from_secs(1),
-        }
+        SendRequest::with_connector(req, ClientConnector::from_registry())
    }

    pub(crate) fn with_connector(
-        req: ClientRequest, conn: Addr<ClientConnector>,
+        req: ClientRequest, conn: Addr<Unsync, ClientConnector>,
    ) -> SendRequest {
        SendRequest {
            req,
-            conn: Some(conn),
+            conn,
            state: State::New,
            timeout: None,
            wait_timeout: Duration::from_secs(5),
@@ -103,7 +96,7 @@ impl SendRequest {
        SendRequest {
            req,
            state: State::Connection(conn),
-            conn: None,
+            conn: ClientConnector::from_registry(),
            timeout: None,
            wait_timeout: Duration::from_secs(5),
            conn_timeout: Duration::from_secs(1),
@@ -115,7 +108,7 @@ impl SendRequest {
    /// Request timeout is the total time before a response must be received.
    /// Default value is 5 seconds.
    pub fn timeout(mut self, timeout: Duration) -> Self {
-        self.timeout = Some(timeout);
+        self.timeout = Some(Timeout::new(timeout, Arbiter::handle()).unwrap());
        self
    }

@@ -149,12 +142,7 @@ impl Future for SendRequest {

            match state {
                State::New => {
-                    let conn = if let Some(conn) = self.conn.take() {
-                        conn
-                    } else {
-                        ClientConnector::from_registry()
-                    };
-                    self.state = State::Connect(conn.send(Connect {
+                    self.state = State::Connect(self.conn.send(Connect {
                        uri: self.req.uri().clone(),
                        wait_timeout: self.wait_timeout,
                        conn_timeout: self.conn_timeout,
@@ -172,11 +160,11 @@ impl Future for SendRequest {
                    Err(_) => {
                        return Err(SendRequestError::Connector(
                            ClientConnectorError::Disconnected,
-                        ));
+                        ))
                    }
                },
                State::Connection(conn) => {
-                    let mut writer = HttpClientWriter::new();
+                    let mut writer = HttpClientWriter::new(SharedBytes::default());
                    writer.start(&mut self.req)?;

                    let body = match self.req.replace_body(Body::Empty) {
@@ -185,10 +173,9 @@ impl Future for SendRequest {
                        _ => IoBody::Done,
                    };

-                    let timeout = self
-                        .timeout
-                        .take()
-                        .unwrap_or_else(|| Duration::from_secs(5));
+                    let timeout = self.timeout.take().unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                        Timeout::new(Duration::from_secs(5), Arbiter::handle()).unwrap()
+                    });

                    let pl = Box::new(Pipeline {
                        body,
@@ -202,9 +189,7 @@ impl Future for SendRequest {
                        decompress: None,
                        should_decompress: self.req.response_decompress(),
                        write_state: RunningState::Running,
-                        timeout: Some(Delay::new(Instant::now() + timeout)),
-                        meth: self.req.method().clone(),
-                        path: self.req.uri().clone(),
+                        timeout: Some(timeout),
                    });
                    self.state = State::Send(pl);
                }
@@ -216,9 +201,6 @@ impl Future for SendRequest {

                    match pl.parse() {
                        Ok(Async::Ready(mut resp)) => {
-                            if self.req.method() == &Method::HEAD {
-                                pl.parser.take();
-                            }
                            resp.set_pipeline(pl);
                            return Ok(Async::Ready(resp));
                        }
@@ -226,9 +208,7 @@ impl Future for SendRequest {
                            self.state = State::Send(pl);
                            return Ok(Async::NotReady);
                        }
-                        Err(err) => {
-                            return Err(SendRequestError::ParseError(err));
-                        }
+                        Err(err) => return Err(SendRequestError::ParseError(err)),
                    }
                }
                State::None => unreachable!(),
@@ -237,7 +217,7 @@ impl Future for SendRequest {
    }
 }

-pub struct Pipeline {
+pub(crate) struct Pipeline {
    body: IoBody,
    body_completed: bool,
    conn: Option<Connection>,
@@ -249,9 +229,7 @@ pub struct Pipeline {
    decompress: Option<PayloadStream>,
    should_decompress: bool,
    write_state: RunningState,
-    timeout: Option<Delay>,
-    meth: Method,
-    path: Uri,
+    timeout: Option<Timeout>,
 }

 enum IoBody {
@@ -285,11 +263,7 @@ impl RunningState {
 impl Pipeline {
    fn release_conn(&mut self) {
        if let Some(conn) = self.conn.take() {
-            if self.meth == Method::HEAD {
-                conn.close()
-            } else {
-                conn.release()
-            }
+            conn.release()
        }
    }

@@ -328,10 +302,13 @@ impl Pipeline {
    }

    #[inline]
-    pub(crate) fn poll(&mut self) -> Poll<Option<Bytes>, PayloadError> {
+    pub fn poll(&mut self) -> Poll<Option<Bytes>, PayloadError> {
        if self.conn.is_none() {
            return Ok(Async::Ready(None));
        }
+        let conn: &mut Connection =
+            unsafe { &mut *(self.conn.as_mut().unwrap() as *mut _) };
+
        let mut need_run = false;

        // need write?
@@ -349,8 +326,6 @@ impl Pipeline {

        // need read?
        if self.parser.is_some() {
-            let conn: &mut Connection = self.conn.as_mut().unwrap();
-
            loop {
                match self
                    .parser
@@ -405,7 +380,7 @@ impl Pipeline {
            match self.timeout.as_mut().unwrap().poll() {
                Ok(Async::Ready(())) => return Err(SendRequestError::Timeout),
                Ok(Async::NotReady) => (),
-                Err(e) => return Err(io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::Other, e).into()),
+                Err(e) => return Err(e.into()),
            }
        }
        Ok(())
@@ -429,7 +404,7 @@ impl Pipeline {
                        }
                        Async::Ready(Some(chunk)) => {
                            self.body = IoBody::Payload(body);
-                            self.writer.write(chunk.as_ref())?
+                            self.writer.write(chunk.into())?
                        }
                        Async::NotReady => {
                            done = true;
@@ -456,8 +431,7 @@ impl Pipeline {
                                            break 'outter;
                                        }
                                        Frame::Chunk(Some(chunk)) => {
-                                            res =
-                                                Some(self.writer.write(chunk.as_ref())?)
+                                            res = Some(self.writer.write(chunk)?)
                                        }
                                        Frame::Drain(fut) => self.drain = Some(fut),
                                    }
@@ -531,22 +505,7 @@ impl Pipeline {
 impl Drop for Pipeline {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        if let Some(conn) = self.conn.take() {
-            debug!(
-                "Client http transaction is not completed, dropping connection: {:?} {:?}",
-                self.meth,
-                self.path,
-            );
            conn.close()
        }
    }
 }
-
-/// Future that resolves to a complete request body.
-impl Stream for Box<Pipeline> {
-    type Item = Bytes;
-    type Error = PayloadError;
-
-    fn poll(&mut self) -> Poll<Option<Self::Item>, Self::Error> {
-        Pipeline::poll(self)
-    }
-}
--- a/src/client/request.rs
+++ b/src/client/request.rs
@@ -3,14 +3,13 @@ use std::io::Write;
 use std::time::Duration;
 use std::{fmt, mem};

-use actix::Addr;
+use actix::{Addr, Unsync};
 use bytes::{BufMut, Bytes, BytesMut};
 use cookie::{Cookie, CookieJar};
 use futures::Stream;
 use percent_encoding::{percent_encode, USERINFO_ENCODE_SET};
 use serde::Serialize;
 use serde_json;
-use serde_urlencoded;
 use url::Url;

 use super::connector::{ClientConnector, Connection};
@@ -26,26 +25,29 @@ use httprequest::HttpRequest;
 /// An HTTP Client Request
 ///
 /// ```rust
+/// # extern crate actix;
 /// # extern crate actix_web;
 /// # extern crate futures;
-/// # extern crate tokio;
 /// # use futures::Future;
-/// # use std::process;
-/// use actix_web::{actix, client};
+/// use actix_web::client::ClientRequest;
 ///
 /// fn main() {
-///     actix::run(
-///         || client::ClientRequest::get("http://www.rust-lang.org") // <- Create request builder
+///     let sys = actix::System::new("test");
+///
+///     actix::Arbiter::handle().spawn({
+///         ClientRequest::get("http://www.rust-lang.org") // <- Create request builder
 ///             .header("User-Agent", "Actix-web")
 ///             .finish().unwrap()
 ///             .send()                                    // <- Send http request
 ///             .map_err(|_| ())
-///             .and_then(|response| {                     // <- server http response
+///             .and_then(|response| {  // <- server http response
 ///                 println!("Response: {:?}", response);
-/// #               actix::System::current().stop();
+/// #               actix::Arbiter::system().do_send(actix::msgs::SystemExit(0));
 ///                 Ok(())
-///             }),
-///     );
+///             })
+///     });
+///
+///     sys.run();
 /// }
 /// ```
 pub struct ClientRequest {
@@ -65,7 +67,7 @@ pub struct ClientRequest {

 enum ConnectionType {
    Default,
-    Connector(Addr<ClientConnector>),
+    Connector(Addr<Unsync, ClientConnector>),
    Connection(Connection),
 }

@@ -345,8 +347,7 @@ impl ClientRequestBuilder {
    ///     let req = client::ClientRequest::build()
    ///         .set(http::header::Date::now())
    ///         .set(http::header::ContentType(mime::TEXT_HTML))
-    ///         .finish()
-    ///         .unwrap();
+    ///         .finish().unwrap();
    /// }
    /// ```
    #[doc(hidden)]
@@ -378,8 +379,7 @@ impl ClientRequestBuilder {
    ///     let req = ClientRequest::build()
    ///         .header("X-TEST", "value")
    ///         .header(header::CONTENT_TYPE, "application/json")
-    ///         .finish()
-    ///         .unwrap();
+    ///         .finish().unwrap();
    /// }
    /// ```
    pub fn header<K, V>(&mut self, key: K, value: V) -> &mut Self
@@ -421,28 +421,6 @@ impl ClientRequestBuilder {
        self
    }

-    /// Set a header only if it is not yet set.
-    pub fn set_header_if_none<K, V>(&mut self, key: K, value: V) -> &mut Self
-    where
-        HeaderName: HttpTryFrom<K>,
-        V: IntoHeaderValue,
-    {
-        if let Some(parts) = parts(&mut self.request, &self.err) {
-            match HeaderName::try_from(key) {
-                Ok(key) => if !parts.headers.contains_key(&key) {
-                    match value.try_into() {
-                        Ok(value) => {
-                            parts.headers.insert(key, value);
-                        }
-                        Err(e) => self.err = Some(e.into()),
-                    }
-                },
-                Err(e) => self.err = Some(e.into()),
-            };
-        }
-        self
-    }
-
    /// Set content encoding.
    ///
    /// By default `ContentEncoding::Identity` is used.
@@ -511,10 +489,8 @@ impl ClientRequestBuilder {
    ///                 .path("/")
    ///                 .secure(true)
    ///                 .http_only(true)
-    ///                 .finish(),
-    ///         )
-    ///         .finish()
-    ///         .unwrap();
+    ///                 .finish())
+    ///         .finish().unwrap();
    /// }
    /// ```
    pub fn cookie<'c>(&mut self, cookie: Cookie<'c>) -> &mut Self {
@@ -529,7 +505,7 @@ impl ClientRequestBuilder {
    }

    /// Do not add default request headers.
-    /// By default `Accept-Encoding` and `User-Agent` headers are set.
+    /// By default `Accept-Encoding` header is set.
    pub fn no_default_headers(&mut self) -> &mut Self {
        self.default_headers = false;
        self
@@ -565,7 +541,7 @@ impl ClientRequestBuilder {
    }

    /// Send request using custom connector
-    pub fn with_connector(&mut self, conn: Addr<ClientConnector>) -> &mut Self {
+    pub fn with_connector(&mut self, conn: Addr<Unsync, ClientConnector>) -> &mut Self {
        if let Some(parts) = parts(&mut self.request, &self.err) {
            parts.conn = ConnectionType::Connector(conn);
        }
@@ -625,15 +601,10 @@ impl ClientRequestBuilder {
            };

            if https {
-                self.set_header_if_none(header::ACCEPT_ENCODING, "br, gzip, deflate");
+                self.header(header::ACCEPT_ENCODING, "br, gzip, deflate");
            } else {
-                self.set_header_if_none(header::ACCEPT_ENCODING, "gzip, deflate");
+                self.header(header::ACCEPT_ENCODING, "gzip, deflate");
            }
-
-            self.set_header_if_none(
-                header::USER_AGENT,
-                concat!("Actix-web/", env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION")),
-            );
        }

        let mut request = self.request.take().expect("cannot reuse request builder");
@@ -673,24 +644,6 @@ impl ClientRequestBuilder {
        self.body(body)
    }

-    /// Set a urlencoded body and generate `ClientRequest`
-    ///
-    /// `ClientRequestBuilder` can not be used after this call.
-    pub fn form<T: Serialize>(&mut self, value: T) -> Result<ClientRequest, Error> {
-        let body = serde_urlencoded::to_string(&value)?;
-
-        let contains = if let Some(parts) = parts(&mut self.request, &self.err) {
-            parts.headers.contains_key(header::CONTENT_TYPE)
-        } else {
-            true
-        };
-        if !contains {
-            self.header(header::CONTENT_TYPE, "application/x-www-form-urlencoded");
-        }
-
-        self.body(body)
-    }
-
    /// Set a streaming body and generate `ClientRequest`.
    ///
    /// `ClientRequestBuilder` can not be used after this call.
--- a/src/client/response.rs
+++ b/src/client/response.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,14 @@
-use std::cell::RefCell;
+use std::cell::UnsafeCell;
+use std::rc::Rc;
 use std::{fmt, str};

+use bytes::Bytes;
 use cookie::Cookie;
+use futures::{Async, Poll, Stream};
 use http::header::{self, HeaderValue};
 use http::{HeaderMap, StatusCode, Version};

-use error::CookieParseError;
+use error::{CookieParseError, PayloadError};
 use httpmessage::HttpMessage;

 use super::pipeline::Pipeline;
@@ -29,59 +32,64 @@ impl Default for ClientMessage {
 }

 /// An HTTP Client response
-pub struct ClientResponse(ClientMessage, RefCell<Option<Box<Pipeline>>>);
+pub struct ClientResponse(Rc<UnsafeCell<ClientMessage>>, Option<Box<Pipeline>>);

 impl HttpMessage for ClientResponse {
-    type Stream = Box<Pipeline>;
-
    /// Get the headers from the response.
    #[inline]
    fn headers(&self) -> &HeaderMap {
-        &self.0.headers
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    fn payload(&self) -> Box<Pipeline> {
-        self.1
-            .borrow_mut()
-            .take()
-            .expect("Payload is already consumed.")
+        &self.as_ref().headers
    }
 }

 impl ClientResponse {
    pub(crate) fn new(msg: ClientMessage) -> ClientResponse {
-        ClientResponse(msg, RefCell::new(None))
+        ClientResponse(Rc::new(UnsafeCell::new(msg)), None)
    }

    pub(crate) fn set_pipeline(&mut self, pl: Box<Pipeline>) {
-        *self.1.borrow_mut() = Some(pl);
+        self.1 = Some(pl);
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn as_ref(&self) -> &ClientMessage {
+        unsafe { &*self.0.get() }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    #[cfg_attr(feature = "cargo-clippy", allow(mut_from_ref))]
+    fn as_mut(&self) -> &mut ClientMessage {
+        unsafe { &mut *self.0.get() }
    }

    /// Get the HTTP version of this response.
    #[inline]
    pub fn version(&self) -> Version {
-        self.0.version
+        self.as_ref().version
    }

    /// Get the status from the server.
    #[inline]
    pub fn status(&self) -> StatusCode {
-        self.0.status
+        self.as_ref().status
    }

    /// Load response cookies.
-    pub fn cookies(&self) -> Result<Vec<Cookie<'static>>, CookieParseError> {
-        let mut cookies = Vec::new();
-        for val in self.0.headers.get_all(header::SET_COOKIE).iter() {
-            let s = str::from_utf8(val.as_bytes()).map_err(CookieParseError::from)?;
-            cookies.push(Cookie::parse_encoded(s)?.into_owned());
+    pub fn cookies(&self) -> Result<&Vec<Cookie<'static>>, CookieParseError> {
+        if self.as_ref().cookies.is_none() {
+            let msg = self.as_mut();
+            let mut cookies = Vec::new();
+            for val in msg.headers.get_all(header::SET_COOKIE).iter() {
+                let s = str::from_utf8(val.as_bytes()).map_err(CookieParseError::from)?;
+                cookies.push(Cookie::parse_encoded(s)?.into_owned());
+            }
+            msg.cookies = Some(cookies)
        }
-        Ok(cookies)
+        Ok(self.as_ref().cookies.as_ref().unwrap())
    }

    /// Return request cookie.
-    pub fn cookie(&self, name: &str) -> Option<Cookie> {
+    pub fn cookie(&self, name: &str) -> Option<&Cookie> {
        if let Ok(cookies) = self.cookies() {
            for cookie in cookies {
                if cookie.name() == name {
@@ -104,17 +112,31 @@ impl fmt::Debug for ClientResponse {
    }
 }

+/// Future that resolves to a complete request body.
+impl Stream for ClientResponse {
+    type Item = Bytes;
+    type Error = PayloadError;
+
+    fn poll(&mut self) -> Poll<Option<Self::Item>, Self::Error> {
+        if let Some(ref mut pl) = self.1 {
+            pl.poll()
+        } else {
+            Ok(Async::Ready(None))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
    use super::*;

    #[test]
    fn test_debug() {
-        let mut resp = ClientResponse::new(ClientMessage::default());
-        resp.0
+        let resp = ClientResponse::new(ClientMessage::default());
+        resp.as_mut()
            .headers
            .insert(header::COOKIE, HeaderValue::from_static("cookie1=value1"));
-        resp.0
+        resp.as_mut()
            .headers
            .insert(header::COOKIE, HeaderValue::from_static("cookie2=value2"));

--- a/src/client/writer.rs
+++ b/src/client/writer.rs
@@ -21,7 +21,8 @@ use tokio_io::AsyncWrite;

 use body::{Binary, Body};
 use header::ContentEncoding;
-use server::output::{ContentEncoder, Output, TransferEncoding};
+use server::encoding::{ContentEncoder, TransferEncoding};
+use server::shared::SharedBytes;
 use server::WriterState;

 use client::ClientRequest;
@@ -41,18 +42,21 @@ pub(crate) struct HttpClientWriter {
    flags: Flags,
    written: u64,
    headers_size: u32,
-    buffer: Output,
+    buffer: SharedBytes,
    buffer_capacity: usize,
+    encoder: ContentEncoder,
 }

 impl HttpClientWriter {
-    pub fn new() -> HttpClientWriter {
+    pub fn new(buffer: SharedBytes) -> HttpClientWriter {
+        let encoder = ContentEncoder::Identity(TransferEncoding::eof(buffer.clone()));
        HttpClientWriter {
            flags: Flags::empty(),
            written: 0,
            headers_size: 0,
            buffer_capacity: 0,
-            buffer: Output::Buffer(BytesMut::new()),
+            buffer,
+            encoder,
        }
    }

@@ -72,7 +76,7 @@ impl HttpClientWriter {
        &mut self, stream: &mut T,
    ) -> io::Result<WriterState> {
        while !self.buffer.is_empty() {
-            match stream.write(self.buffer.as_ref().as_ref()) {
+            match stream.write(self.buffer.as_ref()) {
                Ok(0) => {
                    self.disconnected();
                    return Ok(WriterState::Done);
@@ -94,35 +98,21 @@ impl HttpClientWriter {
    }
 }

-pub struct Writer<'a>(pub &'a mut BytesMut);
-
-impl<'a> io::Write for Writer<'a> {
-    fn write(&mut self, buf: &[u8]) -> io::Result<usize> {
-        self.0.extend_from_slice(buf);
-        Ok(buf.len())
-    }
-    fn flush(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
 impl HttpClientWriter {
    pub fn start(&mut self, msg: &mut ClientRequest) -> io::Result<()> {
        // prepare task
-        self.buffer = content_encoder(self.buffer.take(), msg);
        self.flags.insert(Flags::STARTED);
+        self.encoder = content_encoder(self.buffer.clone(), msg);
+
        if msg.upgrade() {
            self.flags.insert(Flags::UPGRADE);
        }

        // render message
        {
-            // output buffer
-            let buffer = self.buffer.as_mut();
-
            // status line
            writeln!(
-                Writer(buffer),
+                self.buffer,
                "{} {} {:?}\r",
                msg.method(),
                msg.uri()
@@ -130,9 +120,10 @@ impl HttpClientWriter {
                    .map(|u| u.as_str())
                    .unwrap_or("/"),
                msg.version()
-            ).map_err(|e| io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::Other, e))?;
+            )?;

            // write headers
+            let mut buffer = self.buffer.get_mut();
            if let Body::Binary(ref bytes) = *msg.body() {
                buffer.reserve(msg.headers().len() * AVERAGE_HEADER_SIZE + bytes.len());
            } else {
@@ -152,29 +143,33 @@ impl HttpClientWriter {
            // set date header
            if !msg.headers().contains_key(DATE) {
                buffer.extend_from_slice(b"date: ");
-                set_date(buffer);
+                set_date(&mut buffer);
                buffer.extend_from_slice(b"\r\n\r\n");
            } else {
                buffer.extend_from_slice(b"\r\n");
            }
-        }
-        self.headers_size = self.buffer.len() as u32;
+            self.headers_size = buffer.len() as u32;

-        if msg.body().is_binary() {
-            if let Body::Binary(bytes) = msg.replace_body(Body::Empty) {
-                self.written += bytes.len() as u64;
-                self.buffer.write(bytes.as_ref())?;
+            if msg.body().is_binary() {
+                if let Body::Binary(bytes) = msg.replace_body(Body::Empty) {
+                    self.written += bytes.len() as u64;
+                    self.encoder.write(bytes)?;
+                }
+            } else {
+                self.buffer_capacity = msg.write_buffer_capacity();
            }
-        } else {
-            self.buffer_capacity = msg.write_buffer_capacity();
        }
        Ok(())
    }

-    pub fn write(&mut self, payload: &[u8]) -> io::Result<WriterState> {
+    pub fn write(&mut self, payload: Binary) -> io::Result<WriterState> {
        self.written += payload.len() as u64;
        if !self.flags.contains(Flags::DISCONNECTED) {
-            self.buffer.write(payload)?;
+            if self.flags.contains(Flags::UPGRADE) {
+                self.buffer.extend(payload);
+            } else {
+                self.encoder.write(payload)?;
+            }
        }

        if self.buffer.len() > self.buffer_capacity {
@@ -185,7 +180,9 @@ impl HttpClientWriter {
    }

    pub fn write_eof(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
-        if self.buffer.write_eof()? {
+        self.encoder.write_eof()?;
+
+        if self.encoder.is_eof() {
            Ok(())
        } else {
            Err(io::Error::new(
@@ -213,7 +210,7 @@ impl HttpClientWriter {
    }
 }

-fn content_encoder(buf: BytesMut, req: &mut ClientRequest) -> Output {
+fn content_encoder(buf: SharedBytes, req: &mut ClientRequest) -> ContentEncoder {
    let version = req.version();
    let mut body = req.replace_body(Body::Empty);
    let mut encoding = req.content_encoding();
@@ -221,57 +218,45 @@ fn content_encoder(buf: BytesMut, req: &mut ClientRequest) -> Output {
    let transfer = match body {
        Body::Empty => {
            req.headers_mut().remove(CONTENT_LENGTH);
-            return Output::Empty(buf);
+            TransferEncoding::length(0, buf)
        }
        Body::Binary(ref mut bytes) => {
-            #[cfg(any(feature = "flate2", feature = "brotli"))]
-            {
-                if encoding.is_compression() {
-                    let mut tmp = BytesMut::new();
-                    let mut transfer = TransferEncoding::eof(tmp);
-                    let mut enc = match encoding {
-                        #[cfg(feature = "flate2")]
-                        ContentEncoding::Deflate => ContentEncoder::Deflate(
-                            DeflateEncoder::new(transfer, Compression::default()),
-                        ),
-                        #[cfg(feature = "flate2")]
-                        ContentEncoding::Gzip => ContentEncoder::Gzip(GzEncoder::new(
-                            transfer,
-                            Compression::default(),
-                        )),
-                        #[cfg(feature = "brotli")]
-                        ContentEncoding::Br => {
-                            ContentEncoder::Br(BrotliEncoder::new(transfer, 5))
-                        }
-                        ContentEncoding::Auto | ContentEncoding::Identity => {
-                            unreachable!()
-                        }
-                    };
-                    // TODO return error!
-                    let _ = enc.write(bytes.as_ref());
-                    let _ = enc.write_eof();
-                    *bytes = Binary::from(enc.buf_mut().take());
+            if encoding.is_compression() {
+                let tmp = SharedBytes::default();
+                let transfer = TransferEncoding::eof(tmp.clone());
+                let mut enc = match encoding {
+                    #[cfg(feature = "flate2")]
+                    ContentEncoding::Deflate => ContentEncoder::Deflate(
+                        DeflateEncoder::new(transfer, Compression::default()),
+                    ),
+                    #[cfg(feature = "flate2")]
+                    ContentEncoding::Gzip => ContentEncoder::Gzip(GzEncoder::new(
+                        transfer,
+                        Compression::default(),
+                    )),
+                    #[cfg(feature = "brotli")]
+                    ContentEncoding::Br => {
+                        ContentEncoder::Br(BrotliEncoder::new(transfer, 5))
+                    }
+                    ContentEncoding::Identity => ContentEncoder::Identity(transfer),
+                    ContentEncoding::Auto => unreachable!(),
+                };
+                // TODO return error!
+                let _ = enc.write(bytes.clone());
+                let _ = enc.write_eof();
+                *bytes = Binary::from(tmp.take());

-                    req.headers_mut().insert(
-                        CONTENT_ENCODING,
-                        HeaderValue::from_static(encoding.as_str()),
-                    );
-                    encoding = ContentEncoding::Identity;
-                }
-                let mut b = BytesMut::new();
-                let _ = write!(b, "{}", bytes.len());
-                req.headers_mut()
-                    .insert(CONTENT_LENGTH, HeaderValue::try_from(b.freeze()).unwrap());
-                TransferEncoding::eof(buf)
-            }
-            #[cfg(not(any(feature = "flate2", feature = "brotli")))]
-            {
-                let mut b = BytesMut::new();
-                let _ = write!(b, "{}", bytes.len());
-                req.headers_mut()
-                    .insert(CONTENT_LENGTH, HeaderValue::try_from(b.freeze()).unwrap());
-                TransferEncoding::eof(buf)
+                req.headers_mut().insert(
+                    CONTENT_ENCODING,
+                    HeaderValue::from_static(encoding.as_str()),
+                );
+                encoding = ContentEncoding::Identity;
            }
+            let mut b = BytesMut::new();
+            let _ = write!(b, "{}", bytes.len());
+            req.headers_mut()
+                .insert(CONTENT_LENGTH, HeaderValue::try_from(b.freeze()).unwrap());
+            TransferEncoding::eof(buf)
        }
        Body::Streaming(_) | Body::Actor(_) => {
            if req.upgrade() {
@@ -300,7 +285,7 @@ fn content_encoder(buf: BytesMut, req: &mut ClientRequest) -> Output {
    }

    req.replace_body(body);
-    let enc = match encoding {
+    match encoding {
        #[cfg(feature = "flate2")]
        ContentEncoding::Deflate => ContentEncoder::Deflate(DeflateEncoder::new(
            transfer,
@@ -312,13 +297,14 @@ fn content_encoder(buf: BytesMut, req: &mut ClientRequest) -> Output {
        }
        #[cfg(feature = "brotli")]
        ContentEncoding::Br => ContentEncoder::Br(BrotliEncoder::new(transfer, 5)),
-        ContentEncoding::Identity | ContentEncoding::Auto => return Output::TE(transfer),
-    };
-    Output::Encoder(enc)
+        ContentEncoding::Identity | ContentEncoding::Auto => {
+            ContentEncoder::Identity(transfer)
+        }
+    }
 }

 fn streaming_encoding(
-    buf: BytesMut, version: Version, req: &mut ClientRequest,
+    buf: SharedBytes, version: Version, req: &mut ClientRequest,
 ) -> TransferEncoding {
    if req.chunked() {
        // Enable transfer encoding
--- a/src/context.rs
+++ b/src/context.rs
@@ -1,17 +1,14 @@
-extern crate actix;
-
-use futures::sync::oneshot;
 use futures::sync::oneshot::Sender;
+use futures::unsync::oneshot;
 use futures::{Async, Future, Poll};
 use smallvec::SmallVec;
 use std::marker::PhantomData;

-use self::actix::dev::{
-    AsyncContextParts, ContextFut, ContextParts, Envelope, Mailbox, ToEnvelope,
-};
-use self::actix::fut::ActorFuture;
-use self::actix::{
+use actix::dev::{ContextImpl, SyncEnvelope, ToEnvelope};
+use actix::fut::ActorFuture;
+use actix::{
    Actor, ActorContext, ActorState, Addr, AsyncContext, Handler, Message, SpawnHandle,
+    Syn, Unsync,
 };

 use body::{Binary, Body};
@@ -43,7 +40,7 @@ pub struct HttpContext<A, S = ()>
 where
    A: Actor<Context = HttpContext<A, S>>,
 {
-    inner: ContextParts<A>,
+    inner: ContextImpl<A>,
    stream: Option<SmallVec<[Frame; 4]>>,
    request: HttpRequest<S>,
    disconnected: bool,
@@ -93,9 +90,15 @@ where
    fn cancel_future(&mut self, handle: SpawnHandle) -> bool {
        self.inner.cancel_future(handle)
    }
+    #[doc(hidden)]
    #[inline]
-    fn address(&self) -> Addr<A> {
-        self.inner.address()
+    fn unsync_address(&mut self) -> Addr<Unsync, A> {
+        self.inner.unsync_address()
+    }
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    #[inline]
+    fn sync_address(&mut self) -> Addr<Syn, A> {
+        self.inner.sync_address()
    }
 }

@@ -104,33 +107,21 @@ where
    A: Actor<Context = Self>,
 {
    #[inline]
-    /// Create a new HTTP Context from a request and an actor
-    pub fn create(req: HttpRequest<S>, actor: A) -> Body {
-        let mb = Mailbox::default();
-        let ctx = HttpContext {
-            inner: ContextParts::new(mb.sender_producer()),
-            stream: None,
-            request: req,
-            disconnected: false,
-        };
-        Body::Actor(Box::new(HttpContextFut::new(ctx, actor, mb)))
+    pub fn new(req: HttpRequest<S>, actor: A) -> HttpContext<A, S> {
+        HttpContext::from_request(req).actor(actor)
    }
-
-    /// Create a new HTTP Context
-    pub fn with_factory<F>(req: HttpRequest<S>, f: F) -> Body
-    where
-        F: FnOnce(&mut Self) -> A + 'static,
-    {
-        let mb = Mailbox::default();
-        let mut ctx = HttpContext {
-            inner: ContextParts::new(mb.sender_producer()),
+    pub fn from_request(req: HttpRequest<S>) -> HttpContext<A, S> {
+        HttpContext {
+            inner: ContextImpl::new(None),
            stream: None,
            request: req,
            disconnected: false,
-        };
-
-        let act = f(&mut ctx);
-        Body::Actor(Box::new(HttpContextFut::new(ctx, act, mb)))
+        }
+    }
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn actor(mut self, actor: A) -> HttpContext<A, S> {
+        self.inner.set_actor(actor);
+        self
    }
 }

@@ -169,6 +160,7 @@ where
    /// Returns drain future
    pub fn drain(&mut self) -> Drain<A> {
        let (tx, rx) = oneshot::channel();
+        self.inner.modify();
        self.add_frame(Frame::Drain(tx));
        Drain::new(rx)
    }
@@ -187,6 +179,7 @@ where
        if let Some(s) = self.stream.as_mut() {
            s.push(frame)
        }
+        self.inner.modify();
    }

    /// Handle of the running future
@@ -197,55 +190,32 @@ where
    }
 }

-impl<A, S> AsyncContextParts<A> for HttpContext<A, S>
+impl<A, S> ActorHttpContext for HttpContext<A, S>
 where
    A: Actor<Context = Self>,
-{
-    fn parts(&mut self) -> &mut ContextParts<A> {
-        &mut self.inner
-    }
-}
-
-struct HttpContextFut<A, S>
-where
-    A: Actor<Context = HttpContext<A, S>>,
-{
-    fut: ContextFut<A, HttpContext<A, S>>,
-}
-
-impl<A, S> HttpContextFut<A, S>
-where
-    A: Actor<Context = HttpContext<A, S>>,
-{
-    fn new(ctx: HttpContext<A, S>, act: A, mailbox: Mailbox<A>) -> Self {
-        let fut = ContextFut::new(ctx, act, mailbox);
-        HttpContextFut { fut }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<A, S> ActorHttpContext for HttpContextFut<A, S>
-where
-    A: Actor<Context = HttpContext<A, S>>,
    S: 'static,
 {
    #[inline]
    fn disconnected(&mut self) {
-        self.fut.ctx().disconnected = true;
-        self.fut.ctx().stop();
+        self.disconnected = true;
+        self.stop();
    }

    fn poll(&mut self) -> Poll<Option<SmallVec<[Frame; 4]>>, Error> {
-        if self.fut.alive() {
-            match self.fut.poll() {
+        let ctx: &mut HttpContext<A, S> =
+            unsafe { &mut *(self as &mut HttpContext<A, S> as *mut _) };
+
+        if self.inner.alive() {
+            match self.inner.poll(ctx) {
                Ok(Async::NotReady) | Ok(Async::Ready(())) => (),
                Err(_) => return Err(ErrorInternalServerError("error")),
            }
        }

        // frames
-        if let Some(data) = self.fut.ctx().stream.take() {
+        if let Some(data) = self.stream.take() {
            Ok(Async::Ready(Some(data)))
-        } else if self.fut.alive() {
+        } else if self.inner.alive() {
            Ok(Async::NotReady)
        } else {
            Ok(Async::Ready(None))
@@ -253,25 +223,33 @@ where
    }
 }

-impl<A, M, S> ToEnvelope<A, M> for HttpContext<A, S>
+impl<A, M, S> ToEnvelope<Syn, A, M> for HttpContext<A, S>
 where
    A: Actor<Context = HttpContext<A, S>> + Handler<M>,
    M: Message + Send + 'static,
    M::Result: Send,
 {
-    fn pack(msg: M, tx: Option<Sender<M::Result>>) -> Envelope<A> {
-        Envelope::new(msg, tx)
+    fn pack(msg: M, tx: Option<Sender<M::Result>>) -> SyncEnvelope<A> {
+        SyncEnvelope::new(msg, tx)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<A, S> From<HttpContext<A, S>> for Body
+where
+    A: Actor<Context = HttpContext<A, S>>,
+    S: 'static,
+{
+    fn from(ctx: HttpContext<A, S>) -> Body {
+        Body::Actor(Box::new(ctx))
    }
 }

-/// Consume a future
 pub struct Drain<A> {
    fut: oneshot::Receiver<()>,
    _a: PhantomData<A>,
 }

 impl<A> Drain<A> {
-    /// Create a drain from a future
    pub fn new(fut: oneshot::Receiver<()>) -> Self {
        Drain {
            fut,
--- a/src/de.rs
+++ b/src/de.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 use serde::de::{self, Deserializer, Error as DeError, Visitor};
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::convert::AsRef;
+use std::slice::Iter;

 use httprequest::HttpRequest;
-use param::ParamsIter;

 macro_rules! unsupported_type {
    ($trait_fn:ident, $name:expr) => {
@@ -189,7 +191,7 @@ impl<'de, S: 'de> Deserializer<'de> for PathDeserializer<'de, S> {
 }

 struct ParamsDeserializer<'de> {
-    params: ParamsIter<'de>,
+    params: Iter<'de, (Cow<'de, str>, Cow<'de, str>)>,
    current: Option<(&'de str, &'de str)>,
 }

@@ -200,7 +202,10 @@ impl<'de> de::MapAccess<'de> for ParamsDeserializer<'de> {
    where
        K: de::DeserializeSeed<'de>,
    {
-        self.current = self.params.next().map(|ref item| (item.0, item.1));
+        self.current = self
+            .params
+            .next()
+            .map(|&(ref k, ref v)| (k.as_ref(), v.as_ref()));
        match self.current {
            Some((key, _)) => Ok(Some(seed.deserialize(Key { key })?)),
            None => Ok(None),
@@ -376,7 +381,7 @@ impl<'de> Deserializer<'de> for Value<'de> {
 }

 struct ParamsSeq<'de> {
-    params: ParamsIter<'de>,
+    params: Iter<'de, (Cow<'de, str>, Cow<'de, str>)>,
 }

 impl<'de> de::SeqAccess<'de> for ParamsSeq<'de> {
@@ -387,7 +392,9 @@ impl<'de> de::SeqAccess<'de> for ParamsSeq<'de> {
        T: de::DeserializeSeed<'de>,
    {
        match self.params.next() {
-            Some(item) => Ok(Some(seed.deserialize(Value { value: item.1 })?)),
+            Some(item) => Ok(Some(seed.deserialize(Value {
+                value: item.1.as_ref(),
+            })?)),
            None => Ok(None),
        }
    }
--- a/src/error.rs
+++ b/src/error.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use std::io::Error as IoError;
 use std::str::Utf8Error;
 use std::string::FromUtf8Error;
 use std::sync::Mutex;
-use std::{fmt, io, result};
+use std::{fmt, io, mem, result};

 use actix::MailboxError;
 use cookie;
@@ -12,19 +12,19 @@ use futures::Canceled;
 use http::uri::InvalidUri;
 use http::{header, Error as HttpError, StatusCode};
 use http2::Error as Http2Error;
+use http_range::HttpRangeParseError;
 use httparse;
 use serde::de::value::Error as DeError;
 use serde_json::error::Error as JsonError;
-use serde_urlencoded::ser::Error as FormError;
-use tokio_timer::Error as TimerError;
 pub use url::ParseError as UrlParseError;

 // re-exports
 pub use cookie::ParseError as CookieParseError;

+use body::Body;
 use handler::Responder;
 use httprequest::HttpRequest;
-use httpresponse::{HttpResponse, HttpResponseParts};
+use httpresponse::{HttpResponse, InnerHttpResponse};

 /// A specialized [`Result`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/result/enum.Result.html)
 /// for actix web operations
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ pub type Result<T, E = Error> = result::Result<T, E>;
 /// General purpose actix web error.
 ///
 /// An actix web error is used to carry errors from `failure` or `std::error`
-/// through actix in a convenient way.  It can be created through
+/// through actix in a convenient way.  It can be created through through
 /// converting errors with `into()`.
 ///
 /// Whenever it is created from an external object a response error is created
@@ -106,8 +106,7 @@ impl Error {
            pub struct CompatWrappedError {
                error: failure::Error,
            }
-            let compat: &CompatWrappedError =
-                unsafe { &*(compat as *const _ as *const CompatWrappedError) };
+            let compat: &CompatWrappedError = unsafe { ::std::mem::transmute(compat) };
            compat.error.downcast_ref()
        } else {
            None
@@ -204,12 +203,6 @@ impl From<failure::Error> for Error {
 /// `InternalServerError` for `JsonError`
 impl ResponseError for JsonError {}

-/// `InternalServerError` for `FormError`
-impl ResponseError for FormError {}
-
-/// `InternalServerError` for `TimerError`
-impl ResponseError for TimerError {}
-
 /// `InternalServerError` for `UrlParseError`
 impl ResponseError for UrlParseError {}

@@ -373,18 +366,8 @@ impl From<IoError> for PayloadError {
    }
 }

-/// `PayloadError` returns two possible results:
-///
-/// - `Overflow` returns `PayloadTooLarge`
-/// - Other errors returns `BadRequest`
-impl ResponseError for PayloadError {
-    fn error_response(&self) -> HttpResponse {
-        match *self {
-            PayloadError::Overflow => HttpResponse::new(StatusCode::PAYLOAD_TOO_LARGE),
-            _ => HttpResponse::new(StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST),
-        }
-    }
-}
+/// `InternalServerError` for `PayloadError`
+impl ResponseError for PayloadError {}

 /// Return `BadRequest` for `cookie::ParseError`
 impl ResponseError for cookie::ParseError {
@@ -393,6 +376,37 @@ impl ResponseError for cookie::ParseError {
    }
 }

+/// Http range header parsing error
+#[derive(Fail, PartialEq, Debug)]
+pub enum HttpRangeError {
+    /// Returned if range is invalid.
+    #[fail(display = "Range header is invalid")]
+    InvalidRange,
+    /// Returned if first-byte-pos of all of the byte-range-spec
+    /// values is greater than the content size.
+    /// See `https://github.com/golang/go/commit/aa9b3d7`
+    #[fail(
+        display = "First-byte-pos of all of the byte-range-spec values is greater than the content size"
+    )]
+    NoOverlap,
+}
+
+/// Return `BadRequest` for `HttpRangeError`
+impl ResponseError for HttpRangeError {
+    fn error_response(&self) -> HttpResponse {
+        HttpResponse::with_body(StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST, "Invalid Range header provided")
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<HttpRangeParseError> for HttpRangeError {
+    fn from(err: HttpRangeParseError) -> HttpRangeError {
+        match err {
+            HttpRangeParseError::InvalidRange => HttpRangeError::InvalidRange,
+            HttpRangeParseError::NoOverlap => HttpRangeError::NoOverlap,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 /// A set of errors that can occur during parsing multipart streams
 #[derive(Fail, Debug)]
 pub enum MultipartError {
@@ -476,10 +490,8 @@ pub enum UrlencodedError {
    /// Can not decode chunked transfer encoding
    #[fail(display = "Can not decode chunked transfer encoding")]
    Chunked,
-    /// Payload size is bigger than allowed. (default: 256kB)
-    #[fail(
-        display = "Urlencoded payload size is bigger than allowed. (default: 256kB)"
-    )]
+    /// Payload size is bigger than 256k
+    #[fail(display = "Payload size is bigger than 256k")]
    Overflow,
    /// Payload size is now known
    #[fail(display = "Payload size is now known")]
@@ -519,8 +531,8 @@ impl From<PayloadError> for UrlencodedError {
 /// A set of errors that can occur during parsing json payloads
 #[derive(Fail, Debug)]
 pub enum JsonPayloadError {
-    /// Payload size is bigger than allowed. (default: 256kB)
-    #[fail(display = "Json payload size is bigger than allowed. (default: 256kB)")]
+    /// Payload size is bigger than 256k
+    #[fail(display = "Payload size is bigger than 256k")]
    Overflow,
    /// Content type error
    #[fail(display = "Content type error")]
@@ -557,30 +569,6 @@ impl From<JsonError> for JsonPayloadError {
    }
 }

-/// Error type returned when reading body as lines.
-pub enum ReadlinesError {
-    /// Error when decoding a line.
-    EncodingError,
-    /// Payload error.
-    PayloadError(PayloadError),
-    /// Line limit exceeded.
-    LimitOverflow,
-    /// ContentType error.
-    ContentTypeError(ContentTypeError),
-}
-
-impl From<PayloadError> for ReadlinesError {
-    fn from(err: PayloadError) -> Self {
-        ReadlinesError::PayloadError(err)
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<ContentTypeError> for ReadlinesError {
-    fn from(err: ContentTypeError) -> Self {
-        ReadlinesError::ContentTypeError(err)
-    }
-}
-
 /// Errors which can occur when attempting to interpret a segment string as a
 /// valid path segment.
 #[derive(Fail, Debug, PartialEq)]
@@ -606,13 +594,12 @@ impl ResponseError for UriSegmentError {
 /// Errors which can occur when attempting to generate resource uri.
 #[derive(Fail, Debug, PartialEq)]
 pub enum UrlGenerationError {
-    /// Resource not found
    #[fail(display = "Resource not found")]
    ResourceNotFound,
-    /// Not all path pattern covered
    #[fail(display = "Not all path pattern covered")]
    NotEnoughElements,
-    /// URL parse error
+    #[fail(display = "Router is not available")]
+    RouterNotAvailable,
    #[fail(display = "{}", _0)]
    ParseError(#[cause] UrlParseError),
 }
@@ -626,24 +613,6 @@ impl From<UrlParseError> for UrlGenerationError {
    }
 }

-/// Errors which can occur when serving static files.
-#[derive(Fail, Debug, PartialEq)]
-pub enum StaticFileError {
-    /// Path is not a directory
-    #[fail(display = "Path is not a directory. Unable to serve static files")]
-    IsNotDirectory,
-    /// Cannot render directory
-    #[fail(display = "Unable to render directory without index file")]
-    IsDirectory,
-}
-
-/// Return `NotFound` for `StaticFileError`
-impl ResponseError for StaticFileError {
-    fn error_response(&self) -> HttpResponse {
-        HttpResponse::new(StatusCode::NOT_FOUND)
-    }
-}
-
 /// Helper type that can wrap any error and generate custom response.
 ///
 /// In following example any `io::Error` will be converted into "BAD REQUEST"
@@ -669,7 +638,7 @@ pub struct InternalError<T> {

 enum InternalErrorType {
    Status(StatusCode),
-    Response(Box<Mutex<Option<HttpResponseParts>>>),
+    Response(Mutex<Option<Box<InnerHttpResponse>>>),
 }

 impl<T> InternalError<T> {
@@ -684,10 +653,21 @@ impl<T> InternalError<T> {

    /// Create `InternalError` with predefined `HttpResponse`.
    pub fn from_response(cause: T, response: HttpResponse) -> Self {
-        let resp = response.into_parts();
+        let mut resp = response.into_inner();
+        let body = mem::replace(&mut resp.body, Body::Empty);
+        match body {
+            Body::Empty => (),
+            Body::Binary(mut bin) => {
+                resp.body = Body::Binary(bin.take().into());
+            }
+            Body::Streaming(_) | Body::Actor(_) => {
+                error!("Streaming or Actor body is not support by error response");
+            }
+        }
+
        InternalError {
            cause,
-            status: InternalErrorType::Response(Box::new(Mutex::new(Some(resp)))),
+            status: InternalErrorType::Response(Mutex::new(Some(resp))),
            backtrace: Backtrace::new(),
        }
    }
@@ -729,7 +709,7 @@ where
            InternalErrorType::Status(st) => HttpResponse::new(st),
            InternalErrorType::Response(ref resp) => {
                if let Some(resp) = resp.lock().unwrap().take() {
-                    HttpResponse::from_parts(resp)
+                    HttpResponse::from_inner(resp)
                } else {
                    HttpResponse::new(StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR)
                }
@@ -924,6 +904,9 @@ mod tests {
        let resp: HttpResponse = ParseError::Incomplete.error_response();
        assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST);

+        let resp: HttpResponse = HttpRangeError::InvalidRange.error_response();
+        assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST);
+
        let resp: HttpResponse = CookieParseError::EmptyName.error_response();
        assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST);

@@ -973,6 +956,14 @@ mod tests {
        assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR);
    }

+    #[test]
+    fn test_range_error() {
+        let e: HttpRangeError = HttpRangeParseError::InvalidRange.into();
+        assert_eq!(e, HttpRangeError::InvalidRange);
+        let e: HttpRangeError = HttpRangeParseError::NoOverlap.into();
+        assert_eq!(e, HttpRangeError::NoOverlap);
+    }
+
    #[test]
    fn test_expect_error() {
        let resp: HttpResponse = ExpectError::Encoding.error_response();
--- a/src/extensions.rs
+++ b/src/extensions.rs
@@ -1,113 +0,0 @@
-use std::any::{Any, TypeId};
-use std::collections::HashMap;
-use std::fmt;
-use std::hash::{BuildHasherDefault, Hasher};
-
-struct IdHasher {
-    id: u64,
-}
-
-impl Default for IdHasher {
-    fn default() -> IdHasher {
-        IdHasher { id: 0 }
-    }
-}
-
-impl Hasher for IdHasher {
-    fn write(&mut self, bytes: &[u8]) {
-        for &x in bytes {
-            self.id.wrapping_add(u64::from(x));
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn write_u64(&mut self, u: u64) {
-        self.id = u;
-    }
-
-    fn finish(&self) -> u64 {
-        self.id
-    }
-}
-
-type AnyMap = HashMap<TypeId, Box<Any>, BuildHasherDefault<IdHasher>>;
-
-/// A type map of request extensions.
-pub struct Extensions {
-    map: AnyMap,
-}
-
-impl Extensions {
-    /// Create an empty `Extensions`.
-    #[inline]
-    pub(crate) fn new() -> Extensions {
-        Extensions {
-            map: HashMap::default(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Insert a type into this `Extensions`.
-    ///
-    /// If a extension of this type already existed, it will
-    /// be returned.
-    pub fn insert<T: 'static>(&mut self, val: T) {
-        self.map.insert(TypeId::of::<T>(), Box::new(val));
-    }
-
-    /// Get a reference to a type previously inserted on this `Extensions`.
-    pub fn get<T: 'static>(&self) -> Option<&T> {
-        self.map
-            .get(&TypeId::of::<T>())
-            .and_then(|boxed| (&**boxed as &(Any + 'static)).downcast_ref())
-    }
-
-    /// Get a mutable reference to a type previously inserted on this `Extensions`.
-    pub fn get_mut<T: 'static>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {
-        self.map
-            .get_mut(&TypeId::of::<T>())
-            .and_then(|boxed| (&mut **boxed as &mut (Any + 'static)).downcast_mut())
-    }
-
-    /// Remove a type from this `Extensions`.
-    ///
-    /// If a extension of this type existed, it will be returned.
-    pub fn remove<T: 'static>(&mut self) -> Option<T> {
-        self.map.remove(&TypeId::of::<T>()).and_then(|boxed| {
-            (boxed as Box<Any + 'static>)
-                .downcast()
-                .ok()
-                .map(|boxed| *boxed)
-        })
-    }
-
-    /// Clear the `Extensions` of all inserted extensions.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn clear(&mut self) {
-        self.map.clear();
-    }
-}
-
-impl fmt::Debug for Extensions {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        f.debug_struct("Extensions").finish()
-    }
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_extensions() {
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
-    struct MyType(i32);
-
-    let mut extensions = Extensions::new();
-
-    extensions.insert(5i32);
-    extensions.insert(MyType(10));
-
-    assert_eq!(extensions.get(), Some(&5i32));
-    assert_eq!(extensions.get_mut(), Some(&mut 5i32));
-
-    assert_eq!(extensions.remove::<i32>(), Some(5i32));
-    assert!(extensions.get::<i32>().is_none());
-
-    assert_eq!(extensions.get::<bool>(), None);
-    assert_eq!(extensions.get(), Some(&MyType(10)));
-}
--- a/src/extractor.rs
+++ b/src/extractor.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 use std::marker::PhantomData;
 use std::ops::{Deref, DerefMut};
-use std::rc::Rc;
-use std::{fmt, str};
+use std::str;

 use bytes::Bytes;
 use encoding::all::UTF_8;
@@ -12,7 +11,7 @@ use serde::de::{self, DeserializeOwned};
 use serde_urlencoded;

 use de::PathDeserializer;
-use error::{Error, ErrorBadRequest, ErrorNotFound, UrlencodedError};
+use error::{Error, ErrorBadRequest, ErrorNotFound};
 use handler::{AsyncResult, FromRequest};
 use httpmessage::{HttpMessage, MessageBody, UrlEncoded};
 use httprequest::HttpRequest;
@@ -25,7 +24,7 @@ use httprequest::HttpRequest;
 /// # extern crate bytes;
 /// # extern crate actix_web;
 /// # extern crate futures;
-/// use actix_web::{http, App, Path, Result};
+/// use actix_web::{App, Path, Result, http};
 ///
 /// /// extract path info from "/{username}/{count}/index.html" url
 /// /// {username} - deserializes to a String
@@ -36,9 +35,8 @@ use httprequest::HttpRequest;
 ///
 /// fn main() {
 ///     let app = App::new().resource(
-///         "/{username}/{count}/index.html", // <- define path parameters
-///         |r| r.method(http::Method::GET).with(index),
-///     ); // <- use `with` extractor
+///        "/{username}/{count}/index.html",              // <- define path parameters
+///        |r| r.method(http::Method::GET).with(index));  // <- use `with` extractor
 /// }
 /// ```
 ///
@@ -50,7 +48,7 @@ use httprequest::HttpRequest;
 /// # extern crate actix_web;
 /// # extern crate futures;
 /// #[macro_use] extern crate serde_derive;
-/// use actix_web::{http, App, Path, Result};
+/// use actix_web::{App, Path, Result, http};
 ///
 /// #[derive(Deserialize)]
 /// struct Info {
@@ -64,9 +62,8 @@ use httprequest::HttpRequest;
 ///
 /// fn main() {
 ///     let app = App::new().resource(
-///         "/{username}/index.html", // <- define path parameters
-///         |r| r.method(http::Method::GET).with(index),
-///     ); // <- use `with` extractor
+///        "/{username}/index.html",                // <- define path parameters
+///        |r| r.method(http::Method::GET).with(index));  // <- use `with` extractor
 /// }
 /// ```
 pub struct Path<T> {
@@ -116,18 +113,6 @@ where
    }
 }

-impl<T: fmt::Debug> fmt::Debug for Path<T> {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        self.inner.fmt(f)
-    }
-}
-
-impl<T: fmt::Display> fmt::Display for Path<T> {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        self.inner.fmt(f)
-    }
-}
-
 /// Extract typed information from from the request's query.
 ///
 /// ## Example
@@ -139,24 +124,15 @@ impl<T: fmt::Display> fmt::Display for Path<T> {
 /// #[macro_use] extern crate serde_derive;
 /// use actix_web::{App, Query, http};
 ///
-///
-///#[derive(Debug, Deserialize)]
-///pub enum ResponseType {
-///    Token,
-///    Code
-///}
-///
-///#[derive(Deserialize)]
-///pub struct AuthRequest {
-///    id: u64,
-///    response_type: ResponseType,
-///}
+/// #[derive(Deserialize)]
+/// struct Info {
+///     username: String,
+/// }
 ///
 /// // use `with` extractor for query info
 /// // this handler get called only if request's query contains `username` field
-/// // The correct request for this handler would be `/index.html?id=64&response_type=Code"`
-/// fn index(info: Query<AuthRequest>) -> String {
-///     format!("Authorization request for client with id={} and type={:?}!", info.id, info.response_type)
+/// fn index(info: Query<Info>) -> String {
+///     format!("Welcome {}!", info.username)
 /// }
 ///
 /// fn main() {
@@ -197,24 +173,13 @@ where

    #[inline]
    fn from_request(req: &HttpRequest<S>, _: &Self::Config) -> Self::Result {
+        let req = req.clone();
        serde_urlencoded::from_str::<T>(req.query_string())
            .map_err(|e| e.into())
            .map(Query)
    }
 }

-impl<T: fmt::Debug> fmt::Debug for Query<T> {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        self.0.fmt(f)
-    }
-}
-
-impl<T: fmt::Display> fmt::Display for Query<T> {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        self.0.fmt(f)
-    }
-}
-
 /// Extract typed information from the request's body.
 ///
 /// To extract typed information from request's body, the type `T` must
@@ -271,40 +236,26 @@ where
    T: DeserializeOwned + 'static,
    S: 'static,
 {
-    type Config = FormConfig<S>;
+    type Config = FormConfig;
    type Result = Box<Future<Item = Self, Error = Error>>;

    #[inline]
    fn from_request(req: &HttpRequest<S>, cfg: &Self::Config) -> Self::Result {
-        let req2 = req.clone();
-        let err = Rc::clone(&cfg.ehandler);
        Box::new(
-            UrlEncoded::new(req)
+            UrlEncoded::new(req.clone())
                .limit(cfg.limit)
-                .map_err(move |e| (*err)(e, &req2))
+                .from_err()
                .map(Form),
        )
    }
 }

-impl<T: fmt::Debug> fmt::Debug for Form<T> {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        self.0.fmt(f)
-    }
-}
-
-impl<T: fmt::Display> fmt::Display for Form<T> {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        self.0.fmt(f)
-    }
-}
-
 /// Form extractor configuration
 ///
 /// ```rust
 /// # extern crate actix_web;
 /// #[macro_use] extern crate serde_derive;
-/// use actix_web::{http, App, Form, Result};
+/// use actix_web::{App, Form, Result, http};
 ///
 /// #[derive(Deserialize)]
 /// struct FormData {
@@ -319,43 +270,28 @@ impl<T: fmt::Display> fmt::Display for Form<T> {
 ///
 /// fn main() {
 ///     let app = App::new().resource(
-///         "/index.html",
-///         |r| {
-///             r.method(http::Method::GET)
-///                 // register form handler and change form extractor configuration
-///                 .with_config(index, |cfg| {cfg.limit(4096);})
-///         },
+///        "/index.html", |r| {
+///            r.method(http::Method::GET)
+///              .with(index)
+///              .limit(4096);} // <- change form extractor configuration
 ///     );
 /// }
 /// ```
-pub struct FormConfig<S> {
+pub struct FormConfig {
    limit: usize,
-    ehandler: Rc<Fn(UrlencodedError, &HttpRequest<S>) -> Error>,
 }

-impl<S> FormConfig<S> {
+impl FormConfig {
    /// Change max size of payload. By default max size is 256Kb
    pub fn limit(&mut self, limit: usize) -> &mut Self {
        self.limit = limit;
        self
    }
-
-    /// Set custom error handler
-    pub fn error_handler<F>(&mut self, f: F) -> &mut Self
-    where
-        F: Fn(UrlencodedError, &HttpRequest<S>) -> Error + 'static,
-    {
-        self.ehandler = Rc::new(f);
-        self
-    }
 }

-impl<S> Default for FormConfig<S> {
+impl Default for FormConfig {
    fn default() -> Self {
-        FormConfig {
-            limit: 262_144,
-            ehandler: Rc::new(|e, _| e.into()),
-        }
+        FormConfig { limit: 262_144 }
    }
 }

@@ -379,8 +315,9 @@ impl<S> Default for FormConfig<S> {
 /// }
 ///
 /// fn main() {
-///     let app = App::new()
-///         .resource("/index.html", |r| r.method(http::Method::GET).with(index));
+///     let app = App::new().resource(
+///        "/index.html", |r|
+///            r.method(http::Method::GET).with(index));
 /// }
 /// ```
 impl<S: 'static> FromRequest<S> for Bytes {
@@ -392,7 +329,9 @@ impl<S: 'static> FromRequest<S> for Bytes {
        // check content-type
        cfg.check_mimetype(req)?;

-        Ok(Box::new(MessageBody::new(req).limit(cfg.limit).from_err()))
+        Ok(Box::new(
+            MessageBody::new(req.clone()).limit(cfg.limit).from_err(),
+        ))
    }
 }

@@ -415,12 +354,12 @@ impl<S: 'static> FromRequest<S> for Bytes {
 /// }
 ///
 /// fn main() {
-///     let app = App::new().resource("/index.html", |r| {
-///         r.method(http::Method::GET)
-///                .with_config(index, |cfg| { // <- register handler with extractor params
-///                   cfg.limit(4096);  // <- limit size of the payload
-///                 })
-///     });
+///     let app = App::new().resource(
+///        "/index.html", |r| {
+///            r.method(http::Method::GET)
+///                .with(index)   // <- register handler with extractor params
+///                .limit(4096);  // <- limit size of the payload
+///        });
 /// }
 /// ```
 impl<S: 'static> FromRequest<S> for String {
@@ -436,7 +375,7 @@ impl<S: 'static> FromRequest<S> for String {
        let encoding = req.encoding()?;

        Ok(Box::new(
-            MessageBody::new(req)
+            MessageBody::new(req.clone())
                .limit(cfg.limit)
                .from_err()
                .and_then(move |body| {
@@ -622,8 +561,9 @@ mod tests {
    use futures::{Async, Future};
    use http::header;
    use mime;
-    use resource::Resource;
-    use router::{ResourceDef, Router};
+    use resource::ResourceHandler;
+    use router::{Resource, Router};
+    use server::ServerSettings;
    use test::TestRequest;

    #[derive(Deserialize, Debug, PartialEq)]
@@ -634,9 +574,9 @@ mod tests {
    #[test]
    fn test_bytes() {
        let cfg = PayloadConfig::default();
-        let req = TestRequest::with_header(header::CONTENT_LENGTH, "11")
-            .set_payload(Bytes::from_static(b"hello=world"))
-            .finish();
+        let mut req = TestRequest::with_header(header::CONTENT_LENGTH, "11").finish();
+        req.payload_mut()
+            .unread_data(Bytes::from_static(b"hello=world"));

        match Bytes::from_request(&req, &cfg).unwrap().poll().unwrap() {
            Async::Ready(s) => {
@@ -649,9 +589,9 @@ mod tests {
    #[test]
    fn test_string() {
        let cfg = PayloadConfig::default();
-        let req = TestRequest::with_header(header::CONTENT_LENGTH, "11")
-            .set_payload(Bytes::from_static(b"hello=world"))
-            .finish();
+        let mut req = TestRequest::with_header(header::CONTENT_LENGTH, "11").finish();
+        req.payload_mut()
+            .unread_data(Bytes::from_static(b"hello=world"));

        match String::from_request(&req, &cfg).unwrap().poll().unwrap() {
            Async::Ready(s) => {
@@ -663,12 +603,13 @@ mod tests {

    #[test]
    fn test_form() {
-        let req = TestRequest::with_header(
+        let mut req = TestRequest::with_header(
            header::CONTENT_TYPE,
            "application/x-www-form-urlencoded",
        ).header(header::CONTENT_LENGTH, "11")
-            .set_payload(Bytes::from_static(b"hello=world"))
            .finish();
+        req.payload_mut()
+            .unread_data(Bytes::from_static(b"hello=world"));

        let mut cfg = FormConfig::default();
        cfg.limit(4096);
@@ -682,7 +623,7 @@ mod tests {

    #[test]
    fn test_payload_config() {
-        let req = TestRequest::default().finish();
+        let req = HttpRequest::default();
        let mut cfg = PayloadConfig::default();
        cfg.mimetype(mime::APPLICATION_JSON);
        assert!(cfg.check_mimetype(&req).is_err());
@@ -717,12 +658,14 @@ mod tests {

    #[test]
    fn test_request_extract() {
-        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/name/user1/?id=test").finish();
+        let mut req = TestRequest::with_uri("/name/user1/?id=test").finish();

-        let mut router = Router::<()>::new();
-        router.register_resource(Resource::new(ResourceDef::new("/{key}/{value}/")));
-        let info = router.recognize(&req, &(), 0);
-        let req = req.with_route_info(info);
+        let mut resource = ResourceHandler::<()>::default();
+        resource.name("index");
+        let mut routes = Vec::new();
+        routes.push((Resource::new("index", "/{key}/{value}/"), Some(resource)));
+        let (router, _) = Router::new("", ServerSettings::default(), routes);
+        assert!(router.recognize(&mut req).is_some());

        let s = Path::<MyStruct>::from_request(&req, &()).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(s.key, "name");
@@ -735,11 +678,8 @@ mod tests {
        let s = Query::<Id>::from_request(&req, &()).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(s.id, "test");

-        let mut router = Router::<()>::new();
-        router.register_resource(Resource::new(ResourceDef::new("/{key}/{value}/")));
-        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/name/32/").finish();
-        let info = router.recognize(&req, &(), 0);
-        let req = req.with_route_info(info);
+        let mut req = TestRequest::with_uri("/name/32/").finish();
+        assert!(router.recognize(&mut req).is_some());

        let s = Path::<Test2>::from_request(&req, &()).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(s.as_ref().key, "name");
@@ -756,23 +696,28 @@ mod tests {

    #[test]
    fn test_extract_path_single() {
-        let mut router = Router::<()>::new();
-        router.register_resource(Resource::new(ResourceDef::new("/{value}/")));
+        let mut resource = ResourceHandler::<()>::default();
+        resource.name("index");
+        let mut routes = Vec::new();
+        routes.push((Resource::new("index", "/{value}/"), Some(resource)));
+        let (router, _) = Router::new("", ServerSettings::default(), routes);

-        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/32/").finish();
-        let info = router.recognize(&req, &(), 0);
-        let req = req.with_route_info(info);
-        assert_eq!(*Path::<i8>::from_request(&req, &()).unwrap(), 32);
+        let mut req = TestRequest::with_uri("/32/").finish();
+        assert!(router.recognize(&mut req).is_some());
+
+        assert_eq!(*Path::<i8>::from_request(&mut req, &()).unwrap(), 32);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_tuple_extract() {
-        let mut router = Router::<()>::new();
-        router.register_resource(Resource::new(ResourceDef::new("/{key}/{value}/")));
+        let mut req = TestRequest::with_uri("/name/user1/?id=test").finish();

-        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/name/user1/?id=test").finish();
-        let info = router.recognize(&req, &(), 0);
-        let req = req.with_route_info(info);
+        let mut resource = ResourceHandler::<()>::default();
+        resource.name("index");
+        let mut routes = Vec::new();
+        routes.push((Resource::new("index", "/{key}/{value}/"), Some(resource)));
+        let (router, _) = Router::new("", ServerSettings::default(), routes);
+        assert!(router.recognize(&mut req).is_some());

        let res = match <(Path<(String, String)>,)>::extract(&req).poll() {
            Ok(Async::Ready(res)) => res,
--- a/src/fs.rs
+++ b/src/fs.rs
--- a/src/handler.rs
+++ b/src/handler.rs
@@ -5,10 +5,8 @@ use futures::future::{err, ok, Future};
 use futures::{Async, Poll};

 use error::Error;
-use http::StatusCode;
 use httprequest::HttpRequest;
 use httpresponse::HttpResponse;
-use resource::DefaultResource;

 /// Trait defines object that could be registered as route handler
 #[allow(unused_variables)]
@@ -17,7 +15,7 @@ pub trait Handler<S>: 'static {
    type Result: Responder;

    /// Handle request
-    fn handle(&self, req: &HttpRequest<S>) -> Self::Result;
+    fn handle(&mut self, req: HttpRequest<S>) -> Self::Result;
 }

 /// Trait implemented by types that generate responses for clients.
@@ -63,24 +61,22 @@ pub trait FromRequest<S>: Sized {
 /// # extern crate actix_web;
 /// # extern crate futures;
 /// # use futures::future::Future;
-/// use actix_web::{AsyncResponder, Either, Error, HttpRequest, HttpResponse};
 /// use futures::future::result;
+/// use actix_web::{Either, Error, HttpRequest, HttpResponse, AsyncResponder};
+///
+/// type RegisterResult = Either<HttpResponse, Box<Future<Item=HttpResponse, Error=Error>>>;
 ///
-/// type RegisterResult =
-///     Either<HttpResponse, Box<Future<Item = HttpResponse, Error = Error>>>;
 ///
 /// fn index(req: HttpRequest) -> RegisterResult {
-///     if is_a_variant() {
-///         // <- choose variant A
-///         Either::A(HttpResponse::BadRequest().body("Bad data"))
+///     if is_a_variant() { // <- choose variant A
+///         Either::A(
+///             HttpResponse::BadRequest().body("Bad data"))
 ///     } else {
-///         Either::B(
-///             // <- variant B
+///         Either::B(      // <- variant B
 ///             result(Ok(HttpResponse::Ok()
-///                 .content_type("text/html")
-///                 .body("Hello!")))
-///                 .responder(),
-///         )
+///                    .content_type("text/html")
+///                    .body("Hello!")))
+///                    .responder())
 ///     }
 /// }
 /// # fn is_a_variant() -> bool { true }
@@ -134,26 +130,6 @@ where
    }
 }

-impl<T> Responder for Option<T>
-where
-    T: Responder,
-{
-    type Item = AsyncResult<HttpResponse>;
-    type Error = Error;
-
-    fn respond_to<S: 'static>(
-        self, req: &HttpRequest<S>,
-    ) -> Result<AsyncResult<HttpResponse>, Error> {
-        match self {
-            Some(t) => match t.respond_to(req) {
-                Ok(val) => Ok(val.into()),
-                Err(err) => Err(err.into()),
-            },
-            None => Ok(req.build_response(StatusCode::NOT_FOUND).finish().into()),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 /// Convenience trait that converts `Future` object to a `Boxed` future
 ///
 /// For example loading json from request's body is async operation.
@@ -162,17 +138,16 @@ where
 /// # extern crate actix_web;
 /// # extern crate futures;
 /// # #[macro_use] extern crate serde_derive;
-/// use actix_web::{
-///     App, AsyncResponder, Error, HttpMessage, HttpRequest, HttpResponse,
-/// };
 /// use futures::future::Future;
+/// use actix_web::{
+///     App, HttpRequest, HttpResponse, HttpMessage, Error, AsyncResponder};
 ///
 /// #[derive(Deserialize, Debug)]
 /// struct MyObj {
 ///     name: String,
 /// }
 ///
-/// fn index(mut req: HttpRequest) -> Box<Future<Item = HttpResponse, Error = Error>> {
+/// fn index(mut req: HttpRequest) -> Box<Future<Item=HttpResponse, Error=Error>> {
 ///     req.json()                   // <- get JsonBody future
 ///        .from_err()
 ///        .and_then(|val: MyObj| {  // <- deserialized value
@@ -184,7 +159,6 @@ where
 /// # fn main() {}
 /// ```
 pub trait AsyncResponder<I, E>: Sized {
-    /// Convert to a boxed future
    fn responder(self) -> Box<Future<Item = I, Error = E>>;
 }

@@ -202,12 +176,12 @@ where
 /// Handler<S> for Fn()
 impl<F, R, S> Handler<S> for F
 where
-    F: Fn(&HttpRequest<S>) -> R + 'static,
+    F: Fn(HttpRequest<S>) -> R + 'static,
    R: Responder + 'static,
 {
    type Result = R;

-    fn handle(&self, req: &HttpRequest<S>) -> R {
+    fn handle(&mut self, req: HttpRequest<S>) -> R {
        (self)(req)
    }
 }
@@ -401,16 +375,9 @@ where
    }
 }

+// /// Trait defines object that could be registered as resource route
 pub(crate) trait RouteHandler<S>: 'static {
-    fn handle(&self, &HttpRequest<S>) -> AsyncResult<HttpResponse>;
-
-    fn has_default_resource(&self) -> bool {
-        false
-    }
-
-    fn default_resource(&mut self, _: DefaultResource<S>) {}
-
-    fn finish(&mut self) {}
+    fn handle(&mut self, req: HttpRequest<S>) -> AsyncResult<HttpResponse>;
 }

 /// Route handler wrapper for Handler
@@ -441,8 +408,8 @@ where
    R: Responder + 'static,
    S: 'static,
 {
-    fn handle(&self, req: &HttpRequest<S>) -> AsyncResult<HttpResponse> {
-        match self.h.handle(req).respond_to(req) {
+    fn handle(&mut self, req: HttpRequest<S>) -> AsyncResult<HttpResponse> {
+        match self.h.handle(req.clone()).respond_to(&req) {
            Ok(reply) => reply.into(),
            Err(err) => AsyncResult::err(err.into()),
        }
@@ -452,7 +419,7 @@ where
 /// Async route handler
 pub(crate) struct AsyncHandler<S, H, F, R, E>
 where
-    H: Fn(&HttpRequest<S>) -> F + 'static,
+    H: Fn(HttpRequest<S>) -> F + 'static,
    F: Future<Item = R, Error = E> + 'static,
    R: Responder + 'static,
    E: Into<Error> + 'static,
@@ -464,7 +431,7 @@ where

 impl<S, H, F, R, E> AsyncHandler<S, H, F, R, E>
 where
-    H: Fn(&HttpRequest<S>) -> F + 'static,
+    H: Fn(HttpRequest<S>) -> F + 'static,
    F: Future<Item = R, Error = E> + 'static,
    R: Responder + 'static,
    E: Into<Error> + 'static,
@@ -480,15 +447,14 @@ where

 impl<S, H, F, R, E> RouteHandler<S> for AsyncHandler<S, H, F, R, E>
 where
-    H: Fn(&HttpRequest<S>) -> F + 'static,
+    H: Fn(HttpRequest<S>) -> F + 'static,
    F: Future<Item = R, Error = E> + 'static,
    R: Responder + 'static,
    E: Into<Error> + 'static,
    S: 'static,
 {
-    fn handle(&self, req: &HttpRequest<S>) -> AsyncResult<HttpResponse> {
-        let req = req.clone();
-        let fut = (self.h)(&req).map_err(|e| e.into()).then(move |r| {
+    fn handle(&mut self, req: HttpRequest<S>) -> AsyncResult<HttpResponse> {
+        let fut = (self.h)(req.clone()).map_err(|e| e.into()).then(move |r| {
            match r.respond_to(&req) {
                Ok(reply) => match reply.into().into() {
                    AsyncResultItem::Ok(resp) => Either::A(ok(resp)),
@@ -513,12 +479,10 @@ where
 /// # extern crate actix_web;
 /// # extern crate futures;
 /// #[macro_use] extern crate serde_derive;
-/// use actix_web::{http, App, Path, State};
+/// use actix_web::{App, Path, State, http};
 ///
 /// /// Application state
-/// struct MyApp {
-///     msg: &'static str,
-/// }
+/// struct MyApp {msg: &'static str}
 ///
 /// #[derive(Deserialize)]
 /// struct Info {
@@ -532,10 +496,9 @@ where
 /// }
 ///
 /// fn main() {
-///     let app = App::with_state(MyApp { msg: "Welcome" }).resource(
-///         "/{username}/index.html", // <- define path parameters
-///         |r| r.method(http::Method::GET).with(index),
-///     ); // <- use `with` extractor
+///     let app = App::with_state(MyApp{msg: "Welcome"}).resource(
+///        "/{username}/index.html",                      // <- define path parameters
+///        |r| r.method(http::Method::GET).with(index));  // <- use `with` extractor
 /// }
 /// ```
 pub struct State<S>(HttpRequest<S>);
--- a/src/header/common/content_disposition.rs
+++ b/src/header/common/content_disposition.rs
@@ -7,11 +7,12 @@
 // IANA assignment: http://www.iana.org/assignments/cont-disp/cont-disp.xhtml

 use language_tags::LanguageTag;
-use header;
-use header::{Header, IntoHeaderValue, Writer};
-use header::shared::Charset;
+use std::fmt;
+use unicase;

-use std::fmt::{self, Write};
+use header::{Header, Raw, parsing};
+use header::parsing::{parse_extended_value, http_percent_encode};
+use header::shared::Charset;

 /// The implied disposition of the content of the HTTP body.
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
@@ -68,25 +69,17 @@ pub enum DispositionParam {
 /// # Example
 ///
 /// ```
-/// use actix_web::http::header::{ContentDisposition, DispositionType, DispositionParam, Charset};
+/// use hyper::header::{Headers, ContentDisposition, DispositionType, DispositionParam, Charset};
 ///
-/// let cd1 = ContentDisposition {
+/// let mut headers = Headers::new();
+/// headers.set(ContentDisposition {
 ///     disposition: DispositionType::Attachment,
 ///     parameters: vec![DispositionParam::Filename(
 ///       Charset::Iso_8859_1, // The character set for the bytes of the filename
 ///       None, // The optional language tag (see `language-tag` crate)
 ///       b"\xa9 Copyright 1989.txt".to_vec() // the actual bytes of the filename
 ///     )]
-/// };
-///
-/// let cd2 = ContentDisposition {
-///     disposition: DispositionType::Inline,
-///     parameters: vec![DispositionParam::Filename(
-///       Charset::Ext("UTF-8".to_owned()),
-///       None,
-///       "\u{2764}".as_bytes().to_vec()
-///     )]
-/// };
+/// });
 /// ```
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
 pub struct ContentDisposition {
@@ -95,20 +88,25 @@ pub struct ContentDisposition {
    /// Disposition parameters
    pub parameters: Vec<DispositionParam>,
 }
-impl ContentDisposition {
-    /// Parse a raw Content-Disposition header value
-    pub fn from_raw(hv: &header::HeaderValue) -> Result<Self, ::error::ParseError> {
-        header::from_one_raw_str(Some(hv)).and_then(|s: String| {
+
+impl Header for ContentDisposition {
+    fn header_name() -> &'static str {
+        static NAME: &'static str = "Content-Disposition";
+        NAME
+    }
+
+    fn parse_header(raw: &Raw) -> ::Result<ContentDisposition> {
+        parsing::from_one_raw_str(raw).and_then(|s: String| {
            let mut sections = s.split(';');
            let disposition = match sections.next() {
                Some(s) => s.trim(),
-                None => return Err(::error::ParseError::Header),
+                None => return Err(::Error::Header),
            };

            let mut cd = ContentDisposition {
-                disposition: if disposition.eq_ignore_ascii_case("inline") {
+                disposition: if unicase::eq_ascii(&*disposition, "inline") {
                    DispositionType::Inline
-                } else if disposition.eq_ignore_ascii_case("attachment") {
+                } else if unicase::eq_ascii(&*disposition, "attachment") {
                    DispositionType::Attachment
                } else {
                    DispositionType::Ext(disposition.to_owned())
@@ -122,22 +120,22 @@ impl ContentDisposition {
                let key = if let Some(key) = parts.next() {
                    key.trim()
                } else {
-                    return Err(::error::ParseError::Header);
+                    return Err(::Error::Header);
                };

                let val = if let Some(val) = parts.next() {
                    val.trim()
                } else {
-                    return Err(::error::ParseError::Header);
+                    return Err(::Error::Header);
                };

                cd.parameters.push(
-                    if key.eq_ignore_ascii_case("filename") {
+                    if unicase::eq_ascii(&*key, "filename") {
                        DispositionParam::Filename(
                            Charset::Ext("UTF-8".to_owned()), None,
                            val.trim_matches('"').as_bytes().to_owned())
-                    } else if key.eq_ignore_ascii_case("filename*") {
-                        let extended_value = try!(header::parse_extended_value(val));
+                    } else if unicase::eq_ascii(&*key, "filename*") {
+                        let extended_value = try!(parse_extended_value(val));
                        DispositionParam::Filename(extended_value.charset, extended_value.language_tag, extended_value.value)
                    } else {
                        DispositionParam::Ext(key.to_owned(), val.trim_matches('"').to_owned())
@@ -148,29 +146,10 @@ impl ContentDisposition {
            Ok(cd)
        })
    }
-}

-impl IntoHeaderValue for ContentDisposition {
-    type Error = header::InvalidHeaderValueBytes;
-
-    fn try_into(self) -> Result<header::HeaderValue, Self::Error> {
-        let mut writer = Writer::new();
-        let _ = write!(&mut writer, "{}", self);
-        header::HeaderValue::from_shared(writer.take())
-    }
-}
-
-impl Header for ContentDisposition {
-    fn name() -> header::HeaderName {
-        header::CONTENT_DISPOSITION
-    }
-
-    fn parse<T: ::HttpMessage>(msg: &T) -> Result<Self, ::error::ParseError> {
-        if let Some(h) = msg.headers().get(Self::name()) {
-            Self::from_raw(&h)
-        } else {
-            Err(::error::ParseError::Header)
-        }
+    #[inline]
+    fn fmt_header(&self, f: &mut ::header::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.fmt_line(self)
    }
 }

@@ -187,15 +166,14 @@ impl fmt::Display for ContentDisposition {
                    let mut use_simple_format: bool = false;
                    if opt_lang.is_none() {
                        if let Charset::Ext(ref ext) = *charset {
-                            if ext.eq_ignore_ascii_case("utf-8") {
+                            if unicase::eq_ascii(&**ext, "utf-8") {
                                use_simple_format = true;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    if use_simple_format {
-                        use std::str;
                        try!(write!(f, "; filename=\"{}\"",
-                                    match str::from_utf8(bytes) {
+                                    match String::from_utf8(bytes.clone()) {
                                        Ok(s) => s,
                                        Err(_) => return Err(fmt::Error),
                                    }));
@@ -205,7 +183,7 @@ impl fmt::Display for ContentDisposition {
                            try!(write!(f, "{}", lang));
                        };
                        try!(write!(f, "'"));
-                        try!(header::http_percent_encode(f, bytes))
+                        try!(http_percent_encode(f, bytes))
                    }
                },
                DispositionParam::Ext(ref k, ref v) => try!(write!(f, "; {}=\"{}\"", k, v)),
@@ -218,14 +196,15 @@ impl fmt::Display for ContentDisposition {
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
    use super::{ContentDisposition,DispositionType,DispositionParam};
-    use header::HeaderValue;
-    use header::shared::Charset;
-    #[test]
-    fn test_from_raw() {
-        assert!(ContentDisposition::from_raw(&HeaderValue::from_static("")).is_err());
+    use ::header::Header;
+    use ::header::shared::Charset;

-        let a = HeaderValue::from_static("form-data; dummy=3; name=upload; filename=\"sample.png\"");
-        let a: ContentDisposition = ContentDisposition::from_raw(&a).unwrap();
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_header() {
+        assert!(ContentDisposition::parse_header(&"".into()).is_err());
+
+        let a = "form-data; dummy=3; name=upload;\r\n filename=\"sample.png\"".into();
+        let a: ContentDisposition = ContentDisposition::parse_header(&a).unwrap();
        let b = ContentDisposition {
            disposition: DispositionType::Ext("form-data".to_owned()),
            parameters: vec![
@@ -238,8 +217,8 @@ mod tests {
        };
        assert_eq!(a, b);

-        let a = HeaderValue::from_static("attachment; filename=\"image.jpg\"");
-        let a: ContentDisposition = ContentDisposition::from_raw(&a).unwrap();
+        let a = "attachment; filename=\"image.jpg\"".into();
+        let a: ContentDisposition = ContentDisposition::parse_header(&a).unwrap();
        let b = ContentDisposition {
            disposition: DispositionType::Attachment,
            parameters: vec![
@@ -250,8 +229,8 @@ mod tests {
        };
        assert_eq!(a, b);

-        let a = HeaderValue::from_static("attachment; filename*=UTF-8''%c2%a3%20and%20%e2%82%ac%20rates");
-        let a: ContentDisposition = ContentDisposition::from_raw(&a).unwrap();
+        let a = "attachment; filename*=UTF-8''%c2%a3%20and%20%e2%82%ac%20rates".into();
+        let a: ContentDisposition = ContentDisposition::parse_header(&a).unwrap();
        let b = ContentDisposition {
            disposition: DispositionType::Attachment,
            parameters: vec![
@@ -267,18 +246,18 @@ mod tests {
    #[test]
    fn test_display() {
        let as_string = "attachment; filename*=UTF-8'en'%C2%A3%20and%20%E2%82%AC%20rates";
-        let a = HeaderValue::from_static(as_string);
-        let a: ContentDisposition = ContentDisposition::from_raw(&a).unwrap();
+        let a = as_string.into();
+        let a: ContentDisposition = ContentDisposition::parse_header(&a).unwrap();
        let display_rendered = format!("{}",a);
        assert_eq!(as_string, display_rendered);

-        let a = HeaderValue::from_static("attachment; filename*=UTF-8''black%20and%20white.csv");
-        let a: ContentDisposition = ContentDisposition::from_raw(&a).unwrap();
+        let a = "attachment; filename*=UTF-8''black%20and%20white.csv".into();
+        let a: ContentDisposition = ContentDisposition::parse_header(&a).unwrap();
        let display_rendered = format!("{}",a);
        assert_eq!("attachment; filename=\"black and white.csv\"".to_owned(), display_rendered);

-        let a = HeaderValue::from_static("attachment; filename=colourful.csv");
-        let a: ContentDisposition = ContentDisposition::from_raw(&a).unwrap();
+        let a = "attachment; filename=colourful.csv".into();
+        let a: ContentDisposition = ContentDisposition::parse_header(&a).unwrap();
        let display_rendered = format!("{}",a);
        assert_eq!("attachment; filename=\"colourful.csv\"".to_owned(), display_rendered);
    }
--- a/src/header/common/date.rs
+++ b/src/header/common/date.rs
@@ -35,7 +35,6 @@ header! {
 }

 impl Date {
-    /// Create a date instance set to the current system time
    pub fn now() -> Date {
        Date(SystemTime::now().into())
    }
--- a/src/header/common/mod.rs
+++ b/src/header/common/mod.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ pub use self::accept_language::AcceptLanguage;
 pub use self::accept::Accept;
 pub use self::allow::Allow;
 pub use self::cache_control::{CacheControl, CacheDirective};
-pub use self::content_disposition::{ContentDisposition, DispositionType, DispositionParam};
+//pub use self::content_disposition::{ContentDisposition, DispositionType, DispositionParam};
 pub use self::content_language::ContentLanguage;
 pub use self::content_range::{ContentRange, ContentRangeSpec};
 pub use self::content_type::ContentType;
@@ -74,6 +74,8 @@ macro_rules! test_header {
    ($id:ident, $raw:expr) => {
        #[test]
        fn $id() {
+            #[allow(unused, deprecated)]
+            use std::ascii::AsciiExt;
            use test;
            let raw = $raw;
            let a: Vec<Vec<u8>> = raw.iter().map(|x| x.to_vec()).collect();
@@ -334,7 +336,7 @@ mod accept_language;
 mod accept;
 mod allow;
 mod cache_control;
-mod content_disposition;
+//mod content_disposition;
 mod content_language;
 mod content_range;
 mod content_type;
--- a/src/header/mod.rs
+++ b/src/header/mod.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ use bytes::{Bytes, BytesMut};
 use mime::Mime;
 use modhttp::header::GetAll;
 use modhttp::Error as HttpError;
-use percent_encoding;

 pub use modhttp::header::*;

@@ -41,7 +40,7 @@ pub trait IntoHeaderValue: Sized {
    /// The type returned in the event of a conversion error.
    type Error: Into<HttpError>;

-    /// Try to convert value to a Header value.
+    /// Cast from PyObject to a concrete Python object type.
    fn try_into(self) -> Result<HeaderValue, Self::Error>;
 }

@@ -128,18 +127,16 @@ pub enum ContentEncoding {

 impl ContentEncoding {
    #[inline]
-    /// Is the content compressed?
-    pub fn is_compression(self) -> bool {
-        match self {
+    pub fn is_compression(&self) -> bool {
+        match *self {
            ContentEncoding::Identity | ContentEncoding::Auto => false,
            _ => true,
        }
    }

    #[inline]
-    /// Convert content encoding to string
-    pub fn as_str(self) -> &'static str {
-        match self {
+    pub fn as_str(&self) -> &'static str {
+        match *self {
            #[cfg(feature = "brotli")]
            ContentEncoding::Br => "br",
            #[cfg(feature = "flate2")]
@@ -152,8 +149,8 @@ impl ContentEncoding {

    #[inline]
    /// default quality value
-    pub fn quality(self) -> f64 {
-        match self {
+    pub fn quality(&self) -> f64 {
+        match *self {
            #[cfg(feature = "brotli")]
            ContentEncoding::Br => 1.1,
            #[cfg(feature = "flate2")]
@@ -260,211 +257,3 @@ where
    }
    Ok(())
 }
-
-// From hyper v0.11.27 src/header/parsing.rs
-
-/// An extended header parameter value (i.e., tagged with a character set and optionally,
-/// a language), as defined in [RFC 5987](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5987#section-3.2).
-#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
-pub struct ExtendedValue {
-    /// The character set that is used to encode the `value` to a string.
-    pub charset: Charset,
-    /// The human language details of the `value`, if available.
-    pub language_tag: Option<LanguageTag>,
-    /// The parameter value, as expressed in octets.
-    pub value: Vec<u8>,
-}
-
-/// Parses extended header parameter values (`ext-value`), as defined in
-/// [RFC 5987](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5987#section-3.2).
-///
-/// Extended values are denoted by parameter names that end with `*`.
-///
-/// ## ABNF
-///
-/// ```text
-/// ext-value     = charset  "'" [ language ] "'" value-chars
-///               ; like RFC 2231's <extended-initial-value>
-///               ; (see [RFC2231], Section 7)
-///
-/// charset       = "UTF-8" / "ISO-8859-1" / mime-charset
-///
-/// mime-charset  = 1*mime-charsetc
-/// mime-charsetc = ALPHA / DIGIT
-///               / "!" / "#" / "$" / "%" / "&"
-///               / "+" / "-" / "^" / "_" / "`"
-///               / "{" / "}" / "~"
-///               ; as <mime-charset> in Section 2.3 of [RFC2978]
-///               ; except that the single quote is not included
-///               ; SHOULD be registered in the IANA charset registry
-///
-/// language      = <Language-Tag, defined in [RFC5646], Section 2.1>
-///
-/// value-chars   = *( pct-encoded / attr-char )
-///
-/// pct-encoded   = "%" HEXDIG HEXDIG
-///               ; see [RFC3986], Section 2.1
-///
-/// attr-char     = ALPHA / DIGIT
-///               / "!" / "#" / "$" / "&" / "+" / "-" / "."
-///               / "^" / "_" / "`" / "|" / "~"
-///               ; token except ( "*" / "'" / "%" )
-/// ```
-pub fn parse_extended_value(val: &str) -> Result<ExtendedValue, ::error::ParseError> {
-    // Break into three pieces separated by the single-quote character
-    let mut parts = val.splitn(3, '\'');
-
-    // Interpret the first piece as a Charset
-    let charset: Charset = match parts.next() {
-        None => return Err(::error::ParseError::Header),
-        Some(n) => FromStr::from_str(n).map_err(|_| ::error::ParseError::Header)?,
-    };
-
-    // Interpret the second piece as a language tag
-    let language_tag: Option<LanguageTag> = match parts.next() {
-        None => return Err(::error::ParseError::Header),
-        Some("") => None,
-        Some(s) => match s.parse() {
-            Ok(lt) => Some(lt),
-            Err(_) => return Err(::error::ParseError::Header),
-        },
-    };
-
-    // Interpret the third piece as a sequence of value characters
-    let value: Vec<u8> = match parts.next() {
-        None => return Err(::error::ParseError::Header),
-        Some(v) => percent_encoding::percent_decode(v.as_bytes()).collect(),
-    };
-
-    Ok(ExtendedValue {
-        value,
-        charset,
-        language_tag,
-    })
-}
-
-impl fmt::Display for ExtendedValue {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        let encoded_value = percent_encoding::percent_encode(
-            &self.value[..],
-            self::percent_encoding_http::HTTP_VALUE,
-        );
-        if let Some(ref lang) = self.language_tag {
-            write!(f, "{}'{}'{}", self.charset, lang, encoded_value)
-        } else {
-            write!(f, "{}''{}", self.charset, encoded_value)
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// Percent encode a sequence of bytes with a character set defined in
-/// [https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5987#section-3.2][url]
-///
-/// [url]: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5987#section-3.2
-pub fn http_percent_encode(f: &mut fmt::Formatter, bytes: &[u8]) -> fmt::Result {
-    let encoded =
-        percent_encoding::percent_encode(bytes, self::percent_encoding_http::HTTP_VALUE);
-    fmt::Display::fmt(&encoded, f)
-}
-mod percent_encoding_http {
-    use percent_encoding;
-
-    // internal module because macro is hard-coded to make a public item
-    // but we don't want to public export this item
-    define_encode_set! {
-        // This encode set is used for HTTP header values and is defined at
-        // https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5987#section-3.2
-        pub HTTP_VALUE = [percent_encoding::SIMPLE_ENCODE_SET] | {
-            ' ', '"', '%', '\'', '(', ')', '*', ',', '/', ':', ';', '<', '-', '>', '?',
-            '[', '\\', ']', '{', '}'
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use super::{parse_extended_value, ExtendedValue};
-    use header::shared::Charset;
-    use language_tags::LanguageTag;
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_parse_extended_value_with_encoding_and_language_tag() {
-        let expected_language_tag = "en".parse::<LanguageTag>().unwrap();
-        // RFC 5987, Section 3.2.2
-        // Extended notation, using the Unicode character U+00A3 (POUND SIGN)
-        let result = parse_extended_value("iso-8859-1'en'%A3%20rates");
-        assert!(result.is_ok());
-        let extended_value = result.unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(Charset::Iso_8859_1, extended_value.charset);
-        assert!(extended_value.language_tag.is_some());
-        assert_eq!(expected_language_tag, extended_value.language_tag.unwrap());
-        assert_eq!(
-            vec![163, b' ', b'r', b'a', b't', b'e', b's'],
-            extended_value.value
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_parse_extended_value_with_encoding() {
-        // RFC 5987, Section 3.2.2
-        // Extended notation, using the Unicode characters U+00A3 (POUND SIGN)
-        // and U+20AC (EURO SIGN)
-        let result = parse_extended_value("UTF-8''%c2%a3%20and%20%e2%82%ac%20rates");
-        assert!(result.is_ok());
-        let extended_value = result.unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(Charset::Ext("UTF-8".to_string()), extended_value.charset);
-        assert!(extended_value.language_tag.is_none());
-        assert_eq!(
-            vec![
-                194, 163, b' ', b'a', b'n', b'd', b' ', 226, 130, 172, b' ', b'r', b'a',
-                b't', b'e', b's',
-            ],
-            extended_value.value
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_parse_extended_value_missing_language_tag_and_encoding() {
-        // From: https://greenbytes.de/tech/tc2231/#attwithfn2231quot2
-        let result = parse_extended_value("foo%20bar.html");
-        assert!(result.is_err());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_parse_extended_value_partially_formatted() {
-        let result = parse_extended_value("UTF-8'missing third part");
-        assert!(result.is_err());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_parse_extended_value_partially_formatted_blank() {
-        let result = parse_extended_value("blank second part'");
-        assert!(result.is_err());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_fmt_extended_value_with_encoding_and_language_tag() {
-        let extended_value = ExtendedValue {
-            charset: Charset::Iso_8859_1,
-            language_tag: Some("en".parse().expect("Could not parse language tag")),
-            value: vec![163, b' ', b'r', b'a', b't', b'e', b's'],
-        };
-        assert_eq!("ISO-8859-1'en'%A3%20rates", format!("{}", extended_value));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_fmt_extended_value_with_encoding() {
-        let extended_value = ExtendedValue {
-            charset: Charset::Ext("UTF-8".to_string()),
-            language_tag: None,
-            value: vec![
-                194, 163, b' ', b'a', b'n', b'd', b' ', 226, 130, 172, b' ', b'r', b'a',
-                b't', b'e', b's',
-            ],
-        };
-        assert_eq!(
-            "UTF-8''%C2%A3%20and%20%E2%82%AC%20rates",
-            format!("{}", extended_value)
-        );
-    }
-}
--- a/src/header/shared/charset.rs
+++ b/src/header/shared/charset.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+#![allow(unused, deprecated)]
+use std::ascii::AsciiExt;
 use std::fmt::{self, Display};
 use std::str::FromStr;

@@ -66,7 +68,7 @@ pub enum Charset {
 }

 impl Charset {
-    fn label(&self) -> &str {
+    fn name(&self) -> &str {
        match *self {
            Us_Ascii => "US-ASCII",
            Iso_8859_1 => "ISO-8859-1",
@@ -90,7 +92,7 @@ impl Charset {
            Iso_8859_8_E => "ISO-8859-8-E",
            Iso_8859_8_I => "ISO-8859-8-I",
            Gb2312 => "GB2312",
-            Big5 => "big5",
+            Big5 => "5",
            Koi8_R => "KOI8-R",
            Ext(ref s) => s,
        }
@@ -99,7 +101,7 @@ impl Charset {

 impl Display for Charset {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        f.write_str(self.label())
+        f.write_str(self.name())
    }
 }

@@ -129,7 +131,7 @@ impl FromStr for Charset {
            "ISO-8859-8-E" => Iso_8859_8_E,
            "ISO-8859-8-I" => Iso_8859_8_I,
            "GB2312" => Gb2312,
-            "big5" => Big5,
+            "5" => Big5,
            "KOI8-R" => Koi8_R,
            s => Ext(s.to_owned()),
        })
--- a/src/header/shared/entity.rs
+++ b/src/header/shared/entity.rs
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ impl IntoHeaderValue for EntityTag {
    fn try_into(self) -> Result<HeaderValue, Self::Error> {
        let mut wrt = Writer::new();
        write!(wrt, "{}", self).unwrap();
-        HeaderValue::from_shared(wrt.take())
+        unsafe { Ok(HeaderValue::from_shared_unchecked(wrt.take())) }
    }
 }

--- a/src/header/shared/httpdate.rs
+++ b/src/header/shared/httpdate.rs
@@ -64,7 +64,11 @@ impl IntoHeaderValue for HttpDate {
    fn try_into(self) -> Result<HeaderValue, Self::Error> {
        let mut wrt = BytesMut::with_capacity(29).writer();
        write!(wrt, "{}", self.0.rfc822()).unwrap();
-        HeaderValue::from_shared(wrt.get_mut().take().freeze())
+        unsafe {
+            Ok(HeaderValue::from_shared_unchecked(
+                wrt.get_mut().take().freeze(),
+            ))
+        }
    }
 }

--- a/src/header/shared/quality_item.rs
+++ b/src/header/shared/quality_item.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+#![allow(unused, deprecated)]
+use std::ascii::AsciiExt;
 use std::cmp;
 use std::default::Default;
 use std::fmt;
--- a/src/helpers.rs
+++ b/src/helpers.rs
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ use httpresponse::HttpResponse;
 /// # use actix_web::*;
 /// use actix_web::http::NormalizePath;
 ///
-/// # fn index(req: &HttpRequest) -> HttpResponse {
+/// # fn index(req: HttpRequest) -> HttpResponse {
 /// #     HttpResponse::Ok().into()
 /// # }
 /// fn main() {
@@ -86,41 +86,57 @@ impl NormalizePath {
 impl<S> Handler<S> for NormalizePath {
    type Result = HttpResponse;

-    fn handle(&self, req: &HttpRequest<S>) -> Self::Result {
-        let query = req.query_string();
-        if self.merge {
-            // merge slashes
-            let p = self.re_merge.replace_all(req.path(), "/");
-            if p.len() != req.path().len() {
-                if req.resource().has_prefixed_resource(p.as_ref()) {
-                    let p = if !query.is_empty() {
-                        p + "?" + query
-                    } else {
-                        p
-                    };
-                    return HttpResponse::build(self.redirect)
-                        .header(header::LOCATION, p.as_ref())
-                        .finish();
-                }
-                // merge slashes and append trailing slash
-                if self.append && !p.ends_with('/') {
-                    let p = p.as_ref().to_owned() + "/";
-                    if req.resource().has_prefixed_resource(&p) {
+    fn handle(&mut self, req: HttpRequest<S>) -> Self::Result {
+        if let Some(router) = req.router() {
+            let query = req.query_string();
+            if self.merge {
+                // merge slashes
+                let p = self.re_merge.replace_all(req.path(), "/");
+                if p.len() != req.path().len() {
+                    if router.has_route(p.as_ref()) {
                        let p = if !query.is_empty() {
                            p + "?" + query
                        } else {
                            p
                        };
                        return HttpResponse::build(self.redirect)
-                            .header(header::LOCATION, p.as_str())
+                            .header(header::LOCATION, p.as_ref())
                            .finish();
                    }
-                }
+                    // merge slashes and append trailing slash
+                    if self.append && !p.ends_with('/') {
+                        let p = p.as_ref().to_owned() + "/";
+                        if router.has_route(&p) {
+                            let p = if !query.is_empty() {
+                                p + "?" + query
+                            } else {
+                                p
+                            };
+                            return HttpResponse::build(self.redirect)
+                                .header(header::LOCATION, p.as_str())
+                                .finish();
+                        }
+                    }

-                // try to remove trailing slash
-                if p.ends_with('/') {
+                    // try to remove trailing slash
+                    if p.ends_with('/') {
+                        let p = p.as_ref().trim_right_matches('/');
+                        if router.has_route(p) {
+                            let mut req = HttpResponse::build(self.redirect);
+                            return if !query.is_empty() {
+                                req.header(
+                                    header::LOCATION,
+                                    (p.to_owned() + "?" + query).as_str(),
+                                )
+                            } else {
+                                req.header(header::LOCATION, p)
+                            }.finish();
+                        }
+                    }
+                } else if p.ends_with('/') {
+                    // try to remove trailing slash
                    let p = p.as_ref().trim_right_matches('/');
-                    if req.resource().has_prefixed_resource(p) {
+                    if router.has_route(p) {
                        let mut req = HttpResponse::build(self.redirect);
                        return if !query.is_empty() {
                            req.header(
@@ -132,34 +148,20 @@ impl<S> Handler<S> for NormalizePath {
                        }.finish();
                    }
                }
-            } else if p.ends_with('/') {
-                // try to remove trailing slash
-                let p = p.as_ref().trim_right_matches('/');
-                if req.resource().has_prefixed_resource(p) {
-                    let mut req = HttpResponse::build(self.redirect);
-                    return if !query.is_empty() {
-                        req.header(
-                            header::LOCATION,
-                            (p.to_owned() + "?" + query).as_str(),
-                        )
-                    } else {
-                        req.header(header::LOCATION, p)
-                    }.finish();
-                }
            }
-        }
-        // append trailing slash
-        if self.append && !req.path().ends_with('/') {
-            let p = req.path().to_owned() + "/";
-            if req.resource().has_prefixed_resource(&p) {
-                let p = if !query.is_empty() {
-                    p + "?" + query
-                } else {
-                    p
-                };
-                return HttpResponse::build(self.redirect)
-                    .header(header::LOCATION, p.as_str())
-                    .finish();
+            // append trailing slash
+            if self.append && !req.path().ends_with('/') {
+                let p = req.path().to_owned() + "/";
+                if router.has_route(&p) {
+                    let p = if !query.is_empty() {
+                        p + "?" + query
+                    } else {
+                        p
+                    };
+                    return HttpResponse::build(self.redirect)
+                        .header(header::LOCATION, p.as_str())
+                        .finish();
+                }
            }
        }
        HttpResponse::new(self.not_found)
@@ -173,13 +175,13 @@ mod tests {
    use http::{header, Method};
    use test::TestRequest;

-    fn index(_req: &HttpRequest) -> HttpResponse {
+    fn index(_req: HttpRequest) -> HttpResponse {
        HttpResponse::new(StatusCode::OK)
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_normalize_path_trailing_slashes() {
-        let app = App::new()
+        let mut app = App::new()
            .resource("/resource1", |r| r.method(Method::GET).f(index))
            .resource("/resource2/", |r| r.method(Method::GET).f(index))
            .default_resource(|r| r.h(NormalizePath::default()))
@@ -205,59 +207,9 @@ mod tests {
            ("/resource2/?p1=1&p2=2", "", StatusCode::OK),
        ];
        for (path, target, code) in params {
-            let req = TestRequest::with_uri(path).request();
+            let req = app.prepare_request(TestRequest::with_uri(path).finish());
            let resp = app.run(req);
-            let r = &resp.as_msg();
-            assert_eq!(r.status(), code);
-            if !target.is_empty() {
-                assert_eq!(
-                    target,
-                    r.headers().get(header::LOCATION).unwrap().to_str().unwrap()
-                );
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_prefixed_normalize_path_trailing_slashes() {
-        let app = App::new()
-            .prefix("/test")
-            .resource("/resource1", |r| r.method(Method::GET).f(index))
-            .resource("/resource2/", |r| r.method(Method::GET).f(index))
-            .default_resource(|r| r.h(NormalizePath::default()))
-            .finish();
-
-        // trailing slashes
-        let params = vec![
-            ("/test/resource1", "", StatusCode::OK),
-            (
-                "/test/resource1/",
-                "/test/resource1",
-                StatusCode::MOVED_PERMANENTLY,
-            ),
-            (
-                "/test/resource2",
-                "/test/resource2/",
-                StatusCode::MOVED_PERMANENTLY,
-            ),
-            ("/test/resource2/", "", StatusCode::OK),
-            ("/test/resource1?p1=1&p2=2", "", StatusCode::OK),
-            (
-                "/test/resource1/?p1=1&p2=2",
-                "/test/resource1?p1=1&p2=2",
-                StatusCode::MOVED_PERMANENTLY,
-            ),
-            (
-                "/test/resource2?p1=1&p2=2",
-                "/test/resource2/?p1=1&p2=2",
-                StatusCode::MOVED_PERMANENTLY,
-            ),
-            ("/test/resource2/?p1=1&p2=2", "", StatusCode::OK),
-        ];
-        for (path, target, code) in params {
-            let req = TestRequest::with_uri(path).request();
-            let resp = app.run(req);
-            let r = &resp.as_msg();
+            let r = resp.as_msg();
            assert_eq!(r.status(), code);
            if !target.is_empty() {
                assert_eq!(
@@ -270,7 +222,7 @@ mod tests {

    #[test]
    fn test_normalize_path_trailing_slashes_disabled() {
-        let app = App::new()
+        let mut app = App::new()
            .resource("/resource1", |r| r.method(Method::GET).f(index))
            .resource("/resource2/", |r| r.method(Method::GET).f(index))
            .default_resource(|r| {
@@ -294,16 +246,16 @@ mod tests {
            ("/resource2/?p1=1&p2=2", StatusCode::OK),
        ];
        for (path, code) in params {
-            let req = TestRequest::with_uri(path).request();
+            let req = app.prepare_request(TestRequest::with_uri(path).finish());
            let resp = app.run(req);
-            let r = &resp.as_msg();
+            let r = resp.as_msg();
            assert_eq!(r.status(), code);
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_normalize_path_merge_slashes() {
-        let app = App::new()
+        let mut app = App::new()
            .resource("/resource1", |r| r.method(Method::GET).f(index))
            .resource("/resource1/a/b", |r| r.method(Method::GET).f(index))
            .default_resource(|r| r.h(NormalizePath::default()))
@@ -377,9 +329,9 @@ mod tests {
            ),
        ];
        for (path, target, code) in params {
-            let req = TestRequest::with_uri(path).request();
+            let req = app.prepare_request(TestRequest::with_uri(path).finish());
            let resp = app.run(req);
-            let r = &resp.as_msg();
+            let r = resp.as_msg();
            assert_eq!(r.status(), code);
            if !target.is_empty() {
                assert_eq!(
@@ -392,7 +344,7 @@ mod tests {

    #[test]
    fn test_normalize_path_merge_and_append_slashes() {
-        let app = App::new()
+        let mut app = App::new()
            .resource("/resource1", |r| r.method(Method::GET).f(index))
            .resource("/resource2/", |r| r.method(Method::GET).f(index))
            .resource("/resource1/a/b", |r| r.method(Method::GET).f(index))
@@ -557,9 +509,9 @@ mod tests {
            ),
        ];
        for (path, target, code) in params {
-            let req = TestRequest::with_uri(path).request();
+            let req = app.prepare_request(TestRequest::with_uri(path).finish());
            let resp = app.run(req);
-            let r = &resp.as_msg();
+            let r = resp.as_msg();
            assert_eq!(r.status(), code);
            if !target.is_empty() {
                assert_eq!(
--- a/src/httpcodes.rs
+++ b/src/httpcodes.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use httpresponse::{HttpResponse, HttpResponseBuilder};

 macro_rules! STATIC_RESP {
    ($name:ident, $status:expr) => {
-        #[allow(non_snake_case, missing_docs)]
+        #[allow(non_snake_case)]
        pub fn $name() -> HttpResponseBuilder {
            HttpResponse::build($status)
        }
--- a/src/httpmessage.rs
+++ b/src/httpmessage.rs
@@ -3,31 +3,26 @@ use encoding::all::UTF_8;
 use encoding::label::encoding_from_whatwg_label;
 use encoding::types::{DecoderTrap, Encoding};
 use encoding::EncodingRef;
-use futures::{Async, Future, Poll, Stream};
+use futures::{Future, Poll, Stream};
 use http::{header, HeaderMap};
+use http_range::HttpRange;
 use mime::Mime;
 use serde::de::DeserializeOwned;
 use serde_urlencoded;
 use std::str;

 use error::{
-    ContentTypeError, ParseError, PayloadError, ReadlinesError, UrlencodedError,
+    ContentTypeError, HttpRangeError, ParseError, PayloadError, UrlencodedError,
 };
 use header::Header;
 use json::JsonBody;
 use multipart::Multipart;

 /// Trait that implements general purpose operations on http messages
-pub trait HttpMessage: Sized {
-    /// Type of message payload stream
-    type Stream: Stream<Item = Bytes, Error = PayloadError> + Sized;
-
+pub trait HttpMessage {
    /// Read the message headers.
    fn headers(&self) -> &HeaderMap;

-    /// Message payload stream
-    fn payload(&self) -> Self::Stream;
-
    #[doc(hidden)]
    /// Get a header
    fn get_header<H: Header>(&self) -> Option<H>
@@ -99,6 +94,17 @@ pub trait HttpMessage: Sized {
        }
    }

+    /// Parses Range HTTP header string as per RFC 2616.
+    /// `size` is full size of response (file).
+    fn range(&self, size: u64) -> Result<Vec<HttpRange>, HttpRangeError> {
+        if let Some(range) = self.headers().get(header::RANGE) {
+            HttpRange::parse(unsafe { str::from_utf8_unchecked(range.as_bytes()) }, size)
+                .map_err(|e| e.into())
+        } else {
+            Ok(Vec::new())
+        }
+    }
+
    /// Load http message body.
    ///
    /// By default only 256Kb payload reads to a memory, then
@@ -112,11 +118,10 @@ pub trait HttpMessage: Sized {
    /// # extern crate actix_web;
    /// # extern crate futures;
    /// # #[macro_use] extern crate serde_derive;
-    /// use actix_web::{
-    ///     AsyncResponder, FutureResponse, HttpMessage, HttpRequest, HttpResponse,
-    /// };
    /// use bytes::Bytes;
    /// use futures::future::Future;
+    /// use actix_web::{HttpMessage, HttpRequest, HttpResponse,
+    ///                 FutureResponse, AsyncResponder};
    ///
    /// fn index(mut req: HttpRequest) -> FutureResponse<HttpResponse> {
    ///     req.body()                     // <- get Body future
@@ -129,7 +134,10 @@ pub trait HttpMessage: Sized {
    /// }
    /// # fn main() {}
    /// ```
-    fn body(&self) -> MessageBody<Self> {
+    fn body(self) -> MessageBody<Self>
+    where
+        Self: Stream<Item = Bytes, Error = PayloadError> + Sized,
+    {
        MessageBody::new(self)
    }

@@ -149,7 +157,7 @@ pub trait HttpMessage: Sized {
    /// # extern crate futures;
    /// # use futures::Future;
    /// # use std::collections::HashMap;
-    /// use actix_web::{FutureResponse, HttpMessage, HttpRequest, HttpResponse};
+    /// use actix_web::{HttpMessage, HttpRequest, HttpResponse, FutureResponse};
    ///
    /// fn index(mut req: HttpRequest) -> FutureResponse<HttpResponse> {
    ///     Box::new(
@@ -158,12 +166,14 @@ pub trait HttpMessage: Sized {
    ///            .and_then(|params| {  // <- url encoded parameters
    ///                println!("==== BODY ==== {:?}", params);
    ///                Ok(HttpResponse::Ok().into())
-    ///           }),
-    ///     )
+    ///           }))
    /// }
    /// # fn main() {}
    /// ```
-    fn urlencoded<T: DeserializeOwned>(&self) -> UrlEncoded<Self, T> {
+    fn urlencoded<T: DeserializeOwned>(self) -> UrlEncoded<Self, T>
+    where
+        Self: Stream<Item = Bytes, Error = PayloadError> + Sized,
+    {
        UrlEncoded::new(self)
    }

@@ -182,14 +192,14 @@ pub trait HttpMessage: Sized {
    /// # extern crate futures;
    /// # #[macro_use] extern crate serde_derive;
    /// use actix_web::*;
-    /// use futures::future::{ok, Future};
+    /// use futures::future::{Future, ok};
    ///
    /// #[derive(Deserialize, Debug)]
    /// struct MyObj {
    ///     name: String,
    /// }
    ///
-    /// fn index(mut req: HttpRequest) -> Box<Future<Item = HttpResponse, Error = Error>> {
+    /// fn index(mut req: HttpRequest) -> Box<Future<Item=HttpResponse, Error=Error>> {
    ///     req.json()                   // <- get JsonBody future
    ///        .from_err()
    ///        .and_then(|val: MyObj| {  // <- deserialized value
@@ -199,7 +209,10 @@ pub trait HttpMessage: Sized {
    /// }
    /// # fn main() {}
    /// ```
-    fn json<T: DeserializeOwned>(&self) -> JsonBody<Self, T> {
+    fn json<T: DeserializeOwned>(self) -> JsonBody<Self, T>
+    where
+        Self: Stream<Item = Bytes, Error = PayloadError> + Sized,
+    {
        JsonBody::new(self)
    }

@@ -210,15 +223,16 @@ pub trait HttpMessage: Sized {
    /// ## Server example
    ///
    /// ```rust
+    /// # extern crate actix;
    /// # extern crate actix_web;
    /// # extern crate env_logger;
    /// # extern crate futures;
    /// # use std::str;
+    /// # use actix::*;
    /// # use actix_web::*;
-    /// # use actix_web::actix::fut::FinishStream;
    /// # use futures::{Future, Stream};
    /// # use futures::future::{ok, result, Either};
-    /// fn index(mut req: HttpRequest) -> Box<Future<Item = HttpResponse, Error = Error>> {
+    /// fn index(mut req: HttpRequest) -> Box<Future<Item=HttpResponse, Error=Error>> {
    ///     req.multipart().from_err()       // <- get multipart stream for current request
    ///        .and_then(|item| match item { // <- iterate over multipart items
    ///            multipart::MultipartItem::Field(field) => {
@@ -238,191 +252,29 @@ pub trait HttpMessage: Sized {
    /// }
    /// # fn main() {}
    /// ```
-    fn multipart(&self) -> Multipart<Self::Stream> {
+    fn multipart(self) -> Multipart<Self>
+    where
+        Self: Stream<Item = Bytes, Error = PayloadError> + Sized,
+    {
        let boundary = Multipart::boundary(self.headers());
-        Multipart::new(boundary, self.payload())
-    }
-
-    /// Return stream of lines.
-    fn readlines(&self) -> Readlines<Self> {
-        Readlines::new(self)
-    }
-}
-
-/// Stream to read request line by line.
-pub struct Readlines<T: HttpMessage> {
-    stream: T::Stream,
-    buff: BytesMut,
-    limit: usize,
-    checked_buff: bool,
-    encoding: EncodingRef,
-    err: Option<ReadlinesError>,
-}
-
-impl<T: HttpMessage> Readlines<T> {
-    /// Create a new stream to read request line by line.
-    fn new(req: &T) -> Self {
-        let encoding = match req.encoding() {
-            Ok(enc) => enc,
-            Err(err) => return Self::err(req, err.into()),
-        };
-
-        Readlines {
-            stream: req.payload(),
-            buff: BytesMut::with_capacity(262_144),
-            limit: 262_144,
-            checked_buff: true,
-            err: None,
-            encoding,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Change max line size. By default max size is 256Kb
-    pub fn limit(mut self, limit: usize) -> Self {
-        self.limit = limit;
-        self
-    }
-
-    fn err(req: &T, err: ReadlinesError) -> Self {
-        Readlines {
-            stream: req.payload(),
-            buff: BytesMut::new(),
-            limit: 262_144,
-            checked_buff: true,
-            encoding: UTF_8,
-            err: Some(err),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<T: HttpMessage + 'static> Stream for Readlines<T> {
-    type Item = String;
-    type Error = ReadlinesError;
-
-    fn poll(&mut self) -> Poll<Option<Self::Item>, Self::Error> {
-        if let Some(err) = self.err.take() {
-            return Err(err);
-        }
-
-        // check if there is a newline in the buffer
-        if !self.checked_buff {
-            let mut found: Option<usize> = None;
-            for (ind, b) in self.buff.iter().enumerate() {
-                if *b == b'\n' {
-                    found = Some(ind);
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-            if let Some(ind) = found {
-                // check if line is longer than limit
-                if ind + 1 > self.limit {
-                    return Err(ReadlinesError::LimitOverflow);
-                }
-                let enc: *const Encoding = self.encoding as *const Encoding;
-                let line = if enc == UTF_8 {
-                    str::from_utf8(&self.buff.split_to(ind + 1))
-                        .map_err(|_| ReadlinesError::EncodingError)?
-                        .to_owned()
-                } else {
-                    self.encoding
-                        .decode(&self.buff.split_to(ind + 1), DecoderTrap::Strict)
-                        .map_err(|_| ReadlinesError::EncodingError)?
-                };
-                return Ok(Async::Ready(Some(line)));
-            }
-            self.checked_buff = true;
-        }
-        // poll req for more bytes
-        match self.stream.poll() {
-            Ok(Async::Ready(Some(mut bytes))) => {
-                // check if there is a newline in bytes
-                let mut found: Option<usize> = None;
-                for (ind, b) in bytes.iter().enumerate() {
-                    if *b == b'\n' {
-                        found = Some(ind);
-                        break;
-                    }
-                }
-                if let Some(ind) = found {
-                    // check if line is longer than limit
-                    if ind + 1 > self.limit {
-                        return Err(ReadlinesError::LimitOverflow);
-                    }
-                    let enc: *const Encoding = self.encoding as *const Encoding;
-                    let line = if enc == UTF_8 {
-                        str::from_utf8(&bytes.split_to(ind + 1))
-                            .map_err(|_| ReadlinesError::EncodingError)?
-                            .to_owned()
-                    } else {
-                        self.encoding
-                            .decode(&bytes.split_to(ind + 1), DecoderTrap::Strict)
-                            .map_err(|_| ReadlinesError::EncodingError)?
-                    };
-                    // extend buffer with rest of the bytes;
-                    self.buff.extend_from_slice(&bytes);
-                    self.checked_buff = false;
-                    return Ok(Async::Ready(Some(line)));
-                }
-                self.buff.extend_from_slice(&bytes);
-                Ok(Async::NotReady)
-            }
-            Ok(Async::NotReady) => Ok(Async::NotReady),
-            Ok(Async::Ready(None)) => {
-                if self.buff.is_empty() {
-                    return Ok(Async::Ready(None));
-                }
-                if self.buff.len() > self.limit {
-                    return Err(ReadlinesError::LimitOverflow);
-                }
-                let enc: *const Encoding = self.encoding as *const Encoding;
-                let line = if enc == UTF_8 {
-                    str::from_utf8(&self.buff)
-                        .map_err(|_| ReadlinesError::EncodingError)?
-                        .to_owned()
-                } else {
-                    self.encoding
-                        .decode(&self.buff, DecoderTrap::Strict)
-                        .map_err(|_| ReadlinesError::EncodingError)?
-                };
-                self.buff.clear();
-                Ok(Async::Ready(Some(line)))
-            }
-            Err(e) => Err(ReadlinesError::from(e)),
-        }
+        Multipart::new(boundary, self)
    }
 }

 /// Future that resolves to a complete http message body.
-pub struct MessageBody<T: HttpMessage> {
+pub struct MessageBody<T> {
    limit: usize,
-    length: Option<usize>,
-    stream: Option<T::Stream>,
-    err: Option<PayloadError>,
+    req: Option<T>,
    fut: Option<Box<Future<Item = Bytes, Error = PayloadError>>>,
 }

-impl<T: HttpMessage> MessageBody<T> {
-    /// Create `MessageBody` for request.
-    pub fn new(req: &T) -> MessageBody<T> {
-        let mut len = None;
-        if let Some(l) = req.headers().get(header::CONTENT_LENGTH) {
-            if let Ok(s) = l.to_str() {
-                if let Ok(l) = s.parse::<usize>() {
-                    len = Some(l)
-                } else {
-                    return Self::err(PayloadError::UnknownLength);
-                }
-            } else {
-                return Self::err(PayloadError::UnknownLength);
-            }
-        }
-
+impl<T> MessageBody<T> {
+    /// Create `RequestBody` for request.
+    pub fn new(req: T) -> MessageBody<T> {
        MessageBody {
            limit: 262_144,
-            length: len,
-            stream: Some(req.payload()),
+            req: Some(req),
            fut: None,
-            err: None,
        }
    }

@@ -431,114 +283,67 @@ impl<T: HttpMessage> MessageBody<T> {
        self.limit = limit;
        self
    }
-
-    fn err(e: PayloadError) -> Self {
-        MessageBody {
-            stream: None,
-            limit: 262_144,
-            fut: None,
-            err: Some(e),
-            length: None,
-        }
-    }
 }

 impl<T> Future for MessageBody<T>
 where
-    T: HttpMessage + 'static,
+    T: HttpMessage + Stream<Item = Bytes, Error = PayloadError> + 'static,
 {
    type Item = Bytes;
    type Error = PayloadError;

    fn poll(&mut self) -> Poll<Self::Item, Self::Error> {
-        if let Some(ref mut fut) = self.fut {
-            return fut.poll();
-        }
-
-        if let Some(err) = self.err.take() {
-            return Err(err);
-        }
-
-        if let Some(len) = self.length.take() {
-            if len > self.limit {
-                return Err(PayloadError::Overflow);
-            }
-        }
-
-        // future
-        let limit = self.limit;
-        self.fut = Some(Box::new(
-            self.stream
-                .take()
-                .expect("Can not be used second time")
-                .from_err()
-                .fold(BytesMut::with_capacity(8192), move |mut body, chunk| {
-                    if (body.len() + chunk.len()) > limit {
-                        Err(PayloadError::Overflow)
+        if let Some(req) = self.req.take() {
+            if let Some(len) = req.headers().get(header::CONTENT_LENGTH) {
+                if let Ok(s) = len.to_str() {
+                    if let Ok(len) = s.parse::<usize>() {
+                        if len > self.limit {
+                            return Err(PayloadError::Overflow);
+                        }
                    } else {
-                        body.extend_from_slice(&chunk);
-                        Ok(body)
+                        return Err(PayloadError::UnknownLength);
                    }
-                })
-                .map(|body| body.freeze()),
-        ));
-        self.poll()
+                } else {
+                    return Err(PayloadError::UnknownLength);
+                }
+            }
+
+            // future
+            let limit = self.limit;
+            self.fut = Some(Box::new(
+                req.from_err()
+                    .fold(BytesMut::new(), move |mut body, chunk| {
+                        if (body.len() + chunk.len()) > limit {
+                            Err(PayloadError::Overflow)
+                        } else {
+                            body.extend_from_slice(&chunk);
+                            Ok(body)
+                        }
+                    })
+                    .map(|body| body.freeze()),
+            ));
+        }
+
+        self.fut
+            .as_mut()
+            .expect("UrlEncoded could not be used second time")
+            .poll()
    }
 }

 /// Future that resolves to a parsed urlencoded values.
-pub struct UrlEncoded<T: HttpMessage, U> {
-    stream: Option<T::Stream>,
+pub struct UrlEncoded<T, U> {
+    req: Option<T>,
    limit: usize,
-    length: Option<usize>,
-    encoding: EncodingRef,
-    err: Option<UrlencodedError>,
    fut: Option<Box<Future<Item = U, Error = UrlencodedError>>>,
 }

-impl<T: HttpMessage, U> UrlEncoded<T, U> {
-    /// Create a new future to URL encode a request
-    pub fn new(req: &T) -> UrlEncoded<T, U> {
-        // check content type
-        if req.content_type().to_lowercase() != "application/x-www-form-urlencoded" {
-            return Self::err(UrlencodedError::ContentType);
-        }
-        let encoding = match req.encoding() {
-            Ok(enc) => enc,
-            Err(_) => return Self::err(UrlencodedError::ContentType),
-        };
-
-        let mut len = None;
-        if let Some(l) = req.headers().get(header::CONTENT_LENGTH) {
-            if let Ok(s) = l.to_str() {
-                if let Ok(l) = s.parse::<usize>() {
-                    len = Some(l)
-                } else {
-                    return Self::err(UrlencodedError::UnknownLength);
-                }
-            } else {
-                return Self::err(UrlencodedError::UnknownLength);
-            }
-        };
-
+impl<T, U> UrlEncoded<T, U> {
+    pub fn new(req: T) -> UrlEncoded<T, U> {
        UrlEncoded {
-            encoding,
-            stream: Some(req.payload()),
-            limit: 262_144,
-            length: len,
-            fut: None,
-            err: None,
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn err(e: UrlencodedError) -> Self {
-        UrlEncoded {
-            stream: None,
+            req: Some(req),
            limit: 262_144,
            fut: None,
-            err: Some(e),
-            length: None,
-            encoding: UTF_8,
        }
    }

@@ -551,58 +356,66 @@ impl<T: HttpMessage, U> UrlEncoded<T, U> {

 impl<T, U> Future for UrlEncoded<T, U>
 where
-    T: HttpMessage + 'static,
+    T: HttpMessage + Stream<Item = Bytes, Error = PayloadError> + 'static,
    U: DeserializeOwned + 'static,
 {
    type Item = U;
    type Error = UrlencodedError;

    fn poll(&mut self) -> Poll<Self::Item, Self::Error> {
-        if let Some(ref mut fut) = self.fut {
-            return fut.poll();
-        }
-
-        if let Some(err) = self.err.take() {
-            return Err(err);
-        }
-
-        // payload size
-        let limit = self.limit;
-        if let Some(len) = self.length.take() {
-            if len > limit {
-                return Err(UrlencodedError::Overflow);
+        if let Some(req) = self.req.take() {
+            if let Some(len) = req.headers().get(header::CONTENT_LENGTH) {
+                if let Ok(s) = len.to_str() {
+                    if let Ok(len) = s.parse::<u64>() {
+                        if len > 262_144 {
+                            return Err(UrlencodedError::Overflow);
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        return Err(UrlencodedError::UnknownLength);
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    return Err(UrlencodedError::UnknownLength);
+                }
            }
+
+            // check content type
+            if req.content_type().to_lowercase() != "application/x-www-form-urlencoded" {
+                return Err(UrlencodedError::ContentType);
+            }
+            let encoding = req.encoding().map_err(|_| UrlencodedError::ContentType)?;
+
+            // future
+            let limit = self.limit;
+            let fut = req
+                .from_err()
+                .fold(BytesMut::new(), move |mut body, chunk| {
+                    if (body.len() + chunk.len()) > limit {
+                        Err(UrlencodedError::Overflow)
+                    } else {
+                        body.extend_from_slice(&chunk);
+                        Ok(body)
+                    }
+                })
+                .and_then(move |body| {
+                    let enc: *const Encoding = encoding as *const Encoding;
+                    if enc == UTF_8 {
+                        serde_urlencoded::from_bytes::<U>(&body)
+                            .map_err(|_| UrlencodedError::Parse)
+                    } else {
+                        let body = encoding
+                            .decode(&body, DecoderTrap::Strict)
+                            .map_err(|_| UrlencodedError::Parse)?;
+                        serde_urlencoded::from_str::<U>(&body)
+                            .map_err(|_| UrlencodedError::Parse)
+                    }
+                });
+            self.fut = Some(Box::new(fut));
        }

-        // future
-        let encoding = self.encoding;
-        let fut = self
-            .stream
-            .take()
+        self.fut
+            .as_mut()
            .expect("UrlEncoded could not be used second time")
-            .from_err()
-            .fold(BytesMut::with_capacity(8192), move |mut body, chunk| {
-                if (body.len() + chunk.len()) > limit {
-                    Err(UrlencodedError::Overflow)
-                } else {
-                    body.extend_from_slice(&chunk);
-                    Ok(body)
-                }
-            })
-            .and_then(move |body| {
-                if (encoding as *const Encoding) == UTF_8 {
-                    serde_urlencoded::from_bytes::<U>(&body)
-                        .map_err(|_| UrlencodedError::Parse)
-                } else {
-                    let body = encoding
-                        .decode(&body, DecoderTrap::Strict)
-                        .map_err(|_| UrlencodedError::Parse)?;
-                    serde_urlencoded::from_str::<U>(&body)
-                        .map_err(|_| UrlencodedError::Parse)
-                }
-            });
-        self.fut = Some(Box::new(fut));
-        self.poll()
+            .poll()
    }
 }

@@ -612,7 +425,10 @@ mod tests {
    use encoding::all::ISO_8859_2;
    use encoding::Encoding;
    use futures::Async;
+    use http::{Method, Uri, Version};
+    use httprequest::HttpRequest;
    use mime;
+    use std::str::FromStr;
    use test::TestRequest;

    #[test]
@@ -623,7 +439,7 @@ mod tests {
            TestRequest::with_header("content-type", "application/json; charset=utf=8")
                .finish();
        assert_eq!(req.content_type(), "application/json");
-        let req = TestRequest::default().finish();
+        let req = HttpRequest::default();
        assert_eq!(req.content_type(), "");
    }

@@ -631,7 +447,7 @@ mod tests {
    fn test_mime_type() {
        let req = TestRequest::with_header("content-type", "application/json").finish();
        assert_eq!(req.mime_type().unwrap(), Some(mime::APPLICATION_JSON));
-        let req = TestRequest::default().finish();
+        let req = HttpRequest::default();
        assert_eq!(req.mime_type().unwrap(), None);
        let req =
            TestRequest::with_header("content-type", "application/json; charset=utf-8")
@@ -653,7 +469,7 @@ mod tests {

    #[test]
    fn test_encoding() {
-        let req = TestRequest::default().finish();
+        let req = HttpRequest::default();
        assert_eq!(UTF_8.name(), req.encoding().unwrap().name());

        let req = TestRequest::with_header("content-type", "application/json").finish();
@@ -681,21 +497,47 @@ mod tests {
        );
    }

+    #[test]
+    fn test_no_request_range_header() {
+        let req = HttpRequest::default();
+        let ranges = req.range(100).unwrap();
+        assert!(ranges.is_empty());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_request_range_header() {
+        let req = TestRequest::with_header(header::RANGE, "bytes=0-4").finish();
+        let ranges = req.range(100).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(ranges.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(ranges[0].start, 0);
+        assert_eq!(ranges[0].length, 5);
+    }
+
    #[test]
    fn test_chunked() {
-        let req = TestRequest::default().finish();
+        let req = HttpRequest::default();
        assert!(!req.chunked().unwrap());

        let req =
            TestRequest::with_header(header::TRANSFER_ENCODING, "chunked").finish();
        assert!(req.chunked().unwrap());

-        let req = TestRequest::default()
-            .header(
-                header::TRANSFER_ENCODING,
-                Bytes::from_static(b"some va\xadscc\xacas0xsdasdlue"),
-            )
-            .finish();
+        let mut headers = HeaderMap::new();
+        let s = unsafe {
+            str::from_utf8_unchecked(b"some va\xadscc\xacas0xsdasdlue".as_ref())
+        };
+
+        headers.insert(
+            header::TRANSFER_ENCODING,
+            header::HeaderValue::from_str(s).unwrap(),
+        );
+        let req = HttpRequest::new(
+            Method::GET,
+            Uri::from_str("/").unwrap(),
+            Version::HTTP_11,
+            headers,
+            None,
+        );
        assert!(req.chunked().is_err());
    }

@@ -761,12 +603,13 @@ mod tests {

    #[test]
    fn test_urlencoded() {
-        let req = TestRequest::with_header(
+        let mut req = TestRequest::with_header(
            header::CONTENT_TYPE,
            "application/x-www-form-urlencoded",
        ).header(header::CONTENT_LENGTH, "11")
-            .set_payload(Bytes::from_static(b"hello=world"))
            .finish();
+        req.payload_mut()
+            .unread_data(Bytes::from_static(b"hello=world"));

        let result = req.urlencoded::<Info>().poll().ok().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
@@ -776,12 +619,13 @@ mod tests {
            })
        );

-        let req = TestRequest::with_header(
+        let mut req = TestRequest::with_header(
            header::CONTENT_TYPE,
            "application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=utf-8",
        ).header(header::CONTENT_LENGTH, "11")
-            .set_payload(Bytes::from_static(b"hello=world"))
            .finish();
+        req.payload_mut()
+            .unread_data(Bytes::from_static(b"hello=world"));

        let result = req.urlencoded().poll().ok().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
@@ -806,53 +650,19 @@ mod tests {
            _ => unreachable!("error"),
        }

-        let req = TestRequest::default()
-            .set_payload(Bytes::from_static(b"test"))
-            .finish();
+        let mut req = HttpRequest::default();
+        req.payload_mut().unread_data(Bytes::from_static(b"test"));
        match req.body().poll().ok().unwrap() {
            Async::Ready(bytes) => assert_eq!(bytes, Bytes::from_static(b"test")),
            _ => unreachable!("error"),
        }

-        let req = TestRequest::default()
-            .set_payload(Bytes::from_static(b"11111111111111"))
-            .finish();
+        let mut req = HttpRequest::default();
+        req.payload_mut()
+            .unread_data(Bytes::from_static(b"11111111111111"));
        match req.body().limit(5).poll().err().unwrap() {
            PayloadError::Overflow => (),
            _ => unreachable!("error"),
        }
    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_readlines() {
-        let req = TestRequest::default()
-            .set_payload(Bytes::from_static(
-                b"Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing and typesetting\n\
-                  industry. Lorem Ipsum has been the industry's standard dummy\n\
-                  Contrary to popular belief, Lorem Ipsum is not simply random text.",
-            ))
-            .finish();
-        let mut r = Readlines::new(&req);
-        match r.poll().ok().unwrap() {
-            Async::Ready(Some(s)) => assert_eq!(
-                s,
-                "Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing and typesetting\n"
-            ),
-            _ => unreachable!("error"),
-        }
-        match r.poll().ok().unwrap() {
-            Async::Ready(Some(s)) => assert_eq!(
-                s,
-                "industry. Lorem Ipsum has been the industry's standard dummy\n"
-            ),
-            _ => unreachable!("error"),
-        }
-        match r.poll().ok().unwrap() {
-            Async::Ready(Some(s)) => assert_eq!(
-                s,
-                "Contrary to popular belief, Lorem Ipsum is not simply random text."
-            ),
-            _ => unreachable!("error"),
-        }
-    }
 }
--- a/src/httprequest.rs
+++ b/src/httprequest.rs
@@ -1,171 +1,289 @@
 //! HTTP Request message related code.
-use std::cell::{Ref, RefMut};
-use std::collections::HashMap;
+#![cfg_attr(feature = "cargo-clippy", allow(transmute_ptr_to_ptr))]
 use std::net::SocketAddr;
-use std::ops::Deref;
 use std::rc::Rc;
-use std::{fmt, str};
+use std::{cmp, fmt, io, mem, str};

+use bytes::Bytes;
 use cookie::Cookie;
+use failure;
+use futures::{Async, Poll, Stream};
 use futures_cpupool::CpuPool;
-use http::{header, HeaderMap, Method, StatusCode, Uri, Version};
+use http::{header, Extensions, HeaderMap, Method, StatusCode, Uri, Version};
+use tokio_io::AsyncRead;
 use url::{form_urlencoded, Url};

 use body::Body;
-use error::{CookieParseError, UrlGenerationError};
-use extensions::Extensions;
+use error::{CookieParseError, PayloadError, UrlGenerationError};
 use handler::FromRequest;
 use httpmessage::HttpMessage;
 use httpresponse::{HttpResponse, HttpResponseBuilder};
 use info::ConnectionInfo;
 use param::Params;
 use payload::Payload;
-use router::ResourceInfo;
-use server::Request;
+use router::{Resource, Router};
+use server::helpers::SharedHttpInnerMessage;
+use uri::Url as InnerUrl;

-struct Query(HashMap<String, String>);
-struct Cookies(Vec<Cookie<'static>>);
-
-/// An HTTP Request
-pub struct HttpRequest<S = ()> {
-    req: Option<Request>,
-    state: Rc<S>,
-    resource: ResourceInfo,
+bitflags! {
+    pub(crate) struct MessageFlags: u8 {
+        const KEEPALIVE = 0b0000_0010;
+    }
 }

-impl<S> HttpMessage for HttpRequest<S> {
-    type Stream = Payload;
+pub struct HttpInnerMessage {
+    pub version: Version,
+    pub method: Method,
+    pub(crate) url: InnerUrl,
+    pub(crate) flags: MessageFlags,
+    pub headers: HeaderMap,
+    pub extensions: Extensions,
+    pub params: Params<'static>,
+    pub addr: Option<SocketAddr>,
+    pub payload: Option<Payload>,
+    pub info: Option<ConnectionInfo<'static>>,
+    pub prefix: u16,
+    resource: RouterResource,
+}

-    #[inline]
-    fn headers(&self) -> &HeaderMap {
-        self.request().headers()
-    }
+struct Query(Params<'static>);
+struct Cookies(Vec<Cookie<'static>>);

-    #[inline]
-    fn payload(&self) -> Payload {
-        if let Some(payload) = self.request().inner.payload.borrow_mut().take() {
-            payload
-        } else {
-            Payload::empty()
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq)]
+enum RouterResource {
+    Notset,
+    Normal(u16),
+}
+
+impl Default for HttpInnerMessage {
+    fn default() -> HttpInnerMessage {
+        HttpInnerMessage {
+            method: Method::GET,
+            url: InnerUrl::default(),
+            version: Version::HTTP_11,
+            headers: HeaderMap::with_capacity(16),
+            flags: MessageFlags::empty(),
+            params: Params::new(),
+            addr: None,
+            payload: None,
+            extensions: Extensions::new(),
+            info: None,
+            prefix: 0,
+            resource: RouterResource::Notset,
        }
    }
 }

-impl<S> Deref for HttpRequest<S> {
-    type Target = Request;
+impl HttpInnerMessage {
+    /// Checks if a connection should be kept alive.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn keep_alive(&self) -> bool {
+        self.flags.contains(MessageFlags::KEEPALIVE)
+    }

-    fn deref(&self) -> &Request {
-        self.request()
+    #[inline]
+    pub(crate) fn reset(&mut self) {
+        self.headers.clear();
+        self.extensions.clear();
+        self.params.clear();
+        self.addr = None;
+        self.info = None;
+        self.flags = MessageFlags::empty();
+        self.payload = None;
+        self.prefix = 0;
+        self.resource = RouterResource::Notset;
+    }
+}
+
+lazy_static! {
+    static ref RESOURCE: Resource = Resource::unset();
+}
+
+/// An HTTP Request
+pub struct HttpRequest<S = ()>(SharedHttpInnerMessage, Option<Rc<S>>, Option<Router>);
+
+impl HttpRequest<()> {
+    /// Construct a new Request.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn new(
+        method: Method, uri: Uri, version: Version, headers: HeaderMap,
+        payload: Option<Payload>,
+    ) -> HttpRequest {
+        let url = InnerUrl::new(uri);
+        HttpRequest(
+            SharedHttpInnerMessage::from_message(HttpInnerMessage {
+                method,
+                url,
+                version,
+                headers,
+                payload,
+                params: Params::new(),
+                extensions: Extensions::new(),
+                addr: None,
+                info: None,
+                prefix: 0,
+                flags: MessageFlags::empty(),
+                resource: RouterResource::Notset,
+            }),
+            None,
+            None,
+        )
+    }
+
+    #[inline(always)]
+    #[cfg_attr(feature = "cargo-clippy", allow(inline_always))]
+    pub(crate) fn from_message(msg: SharedHttpInnerMessage) -> HttpRequest {
+        HttpRequest(msg, None, None)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    /// Construct new http request with state.
+    pub fn with_state<S>(self, state: Rc<S>, router: Router) -> HttpRequest<S> {
+        HttpRequest(self.0, Some(state), Some(router))
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn clone_with_state<S>(
+        &self, state: Rc<S>, router: Router,
+    ) -> HttpRequest<S> {
+        HttpRequest(self.0.clone(), Some(state), Some(router))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<S> HttpMessage for HttpRequest<S> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn headers(&self) -> &HeaderMap {
+        &self.as_ref().headers
    }
 }

 impl<S> HttpRequest<S> {
-    #[inline]
-    pub(crate) fn new(
-        req: Request, state: Rc<S>, resource: ResourceInfo,
-    ) -> HttpRequest<S> {
-        HttpRequest {
-            state,
-            resource,
-            req: Some(req),
-        }
-    }
-
    #[inline]
    /// Construct new http request with state.
-    pub(crate) fn with_state<NS>(&self, state: Rc<NS>) -> HttpRequest<NS> {
-        HttpRequest {
-            state,
-            req: self.req.as_ref().map(|r| r.clone()),
-            resource: self.resource.clone(),
-        }
+    pub fn change_state<NS>(&self, state: Rc<NS>) -> HttpRequest<NS> {
+        HttpRequest(self.0.clone(), Some(state), self.2.clone())
    }

    #[inline]
-    /// Construct new http request with new RouteInfo.
-    pub(crate) fn with_route_info(&self, mut resource: ResourceInfo) -> HttpRequest<S> {
-        resource.merge(&self.resource);
+    /// Construct new http request without state.
+    pub fn drop_state(&self) -> HttpRequest {
+        HttpRequest(self.0.clone(), None, self.2.clone())
+    }

-        HttpRequest {
-            resource,
-            req: self.req.as_ref().map(|r| r.clone()),
-            state: self.state.clone(),
-        }
+    /// get mutable reference for inner message
+    /// mutable reference should not be returned as result for request's method
+    #[inline(always)]
+    #[cfg_attr(feature = "cargo-clippy", allow(mut_from_ref, inline_always))]
+    pub(crate) fn as_mut(&self) -> &mut HttpInnerMessage {
+        self.0.get_mut()
+    }
+
+    #[inline(always)]
+    #[cfg_attr(feature = "cargo-clippy", allow(mut_from_ref, inline_always))]
+    fn as_ref(&self) -> &HttpInnerMessage {
+        self.0.get_ref()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub(crate) fn get_inner(&mut self) -> &mut HttpInnerMessage {
+        self.as_mut()
    }

    /// Shared application state
    #[inline]
    pub fn state(&self) -> &S {
-        &self.state
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    /// Server request
-    pub fn request(&self) -> &Request {
-        self.req.as_ref().unwrap()
+        self.1.as_ref().unwrap()
    }

    /// Request extensions
    #[inline]
-    pub fn extensions(&self) -> Ref<Extensions> {
-        self.request().extensions()
+    pub fn extensions(&self) -> &Extensions {
+        &self.as_ref().extensions
    }

    /// Mutable reference to a the request's extensions
    #[inline]
-    pub fn extensions_mut(&self) -> RefMut<Extensions> {
-        self.request().extensions_mut()
+    pub fn extensions_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Extensions {
+        &mut self.as_mut().extensions
    }

    /// Default `CpuPool`
    #[inline]
    #[doc(hidden)]
    pub fn cpu_pool(&self) -> &CpuPool {
-        self.request().server_settings().cpu_pool()
+        self.router()
+            .expect("HttpRequest has to have Router instance")
+            .server_settings()
+            .cpu_pool()
    }

-    #[inline]
    /// Create http response
    pub fn response(&self, status: StatusCode, body: Body) -> HttpResponse {
-        self.request().server_settings().get_response(status, body)
+        if let Some(router) = self.router() {
+            router.server_settings().get_response(status, body)
+        } else {
+            HttpResponse::with_body(status, body)
+        }
    }

-    #[inline]
    /// Create http response builder
    pub fn build_response(&self, status: StatusCode) -> HttpResponseBuilder {
-        self.request()
-            .server_settings()
-            .get_response_builder(status)
+        if let Some(router) = self.router() {
+            router.server_settings().get_response_builder(status)
+        } else {
+            HttpResponse::build(status)
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub fn prefix_len(&self) -> u16 {
+        self.as_ref().prefix as u16
+    }
+
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub fn set_prefix_len(&mut self, len: u16) {
+        self.as_mut().prefix = len;
    }

    /// Read the Request Uri.
    #[inline]
    pub fn uri(&self) -> &Uri {
-        self.request().inner.url.uri()
+        self.as_ref().url.uri()
    }

    /// Read the Request method.
    #[inline]
    pub fn method(&self) -> &Method {
-        &self.request().inner.method
+        &self.as_ref().method
    }

    /// Read the Request Version.
    #[inline]
    pub fn version(&self) -> Version {
-        self.request().inner.version
+        self.as_ref().version
+    }
+
+    ///Returns mutable Request's headers.
+    ///
+    ///This is intended to be used by middleware.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn headers_mut(&mut self) -> &mut HeaderMap {
+        &mut self.as_mut().headers
    }

    /// The target path of this Request.
    #[inline]
    pub fn path(&self) -> &str {
-        self.request().inner.url.path()
+        self.as_ref().url.path()
    }

-    /// Get *ConnectionInfo* for the correct request.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn connection_info(&self) -> Ref<ConnectionInfo> {
-        self.request().connection_info()
+    /// Get *ConnectionInfo* for correct request.
+    pub fn connection_info(&self) -> &ConnectionInfo {
+        if self.as_ref().info.is_none() {
+            let info: ConnectionInfo<'static> =
+                unsafe { mem::transmute(ConnectionInfo::new(self)) };
+            self.as_mut().info = Some(info);
+        }
+        self.as_ref().info.as_ref().unwrap()
    }

    /// Generate url for named resource
@@ -195,7 +313,22 @@ impl<S> HttpRequest<S> {
        U: IntoIterator<Item = I>,
        I: AsRef<str>,
    {
-        self.resource.url_for(&self, name, elements)
+        if self.router().is_none() {
+            Err(UrlGenerationError::RouterNotAvailable)
+        } else {
+            let path = self.router().unwrap().resource_path(name, elements)?;
+            if path.starts_with('/') {
+                let conn = self.connection_info();
+                Ok(Url::parse(&format!(
+                    "{}://{}{}",
+                    conn.scheme(),
+                    conn.host(),
+                    path
+                ))?)
+            } else {
+                Ok(Url::parse(&path)?)
+            }
+        }
    }

    /// Generate url for named resource
@@ -207,10 +340,25 @@ impl<S> HttpRequest<S> {
        self.url_for(name, &NO_PARAMS)
    }

-    /// This method returns reference to current `RouteInfo` object.
+    /// This method returns reference to current `Router` object.
    #[inline]
-    pub fn resource(&self) -> &ResourceInfo {
-        &self.resource
+    pub fn router(&self) -> Option<&Router> {
+        self.2.as_ref()
+    }
+
+    /// This method returns reference to matched `Resource` object.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn resource(&self) -> &Resource {
+        if let Some(ref router) = self.2 {
+            if let RouterResource::Normal(idx) = self.as_ref().resource {
+                return router.get_resource(idx as usize);
+            }
+        }
+        &*RESOURCE
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn set_resource(&mut self, res: usize) {
+        self.as_mut().resource = RouterResource::Normal(res as u16);
    }

    /// Peer socket address
@@ -222,19 +370,29 @@ impl<S> HttpRequest<S> {
    /// be used.
    #[inline]
    pub fn peer_addr(&self) -> Option<SocketAddr> {
-        self.request().inner.addr
+        self.as_ref().addr
    }

-    /// url query parameters.
-    pub fn query(&self) -> Ref<HashMap<String, String>> {
+    #[inline]
+    pub(crate) fn set_peer_addr(&mut self, addr: Option<SocketAddr>) {
+        self.as_mut().addr = addr;
+    }
+
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    /// Get a reference to the Params object.
+    /// Params is a container for url query parameters.
+    pub fn query<'a>(&'a self) -> &'a Params {
        if self.extensions().get::<Query>().is_none() {
-            let mut query = HashMap::new();
+            let mut params: Params<'a> = Params::new();
            for (key, val) in form_urlencoded::parse(self.query_string().as_ref()) {
-                query.insert(key.as_ref().to_string(), val.to_string());
+                params.add(key, val);
            }
-            self.extensions_mut().insert(Query(query));
+            let params: Params<'static> = unsafe { mem::transmute(params) };
+            self.as_mut().extensions.insert(Query(params));
        }
-        Ref::map(self.extensions(), |ext| &ext.get::<Query>().unwrap().0)
+        let params: &Params<'a> =
+            unsafe { mem::transmute(&self.extensions().get::<Query>().unwrap().0) };
+        params
    }

    /// The query string in the URL.
@@ -250,11 +408,11 @@ impl<S> HttpRequest<S> {
    }

    /// Load request cookies.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn cookies(&self) -> Result<Ref<Vec<Cookie<'static>>>, CookieParseError> {
-        if self.extensions().get::<Cookies>().is_none() {
+    pub fn cookies(&self) -> Result<&Vec<Cookie<'static>>, CookieParseError> {
+        if self.extensions().get::<Query>().is_none() {
+            let msg = self.as_mut();
            let mut cookies = Vec::new();
-            for hdr in self.request().inner.headers.get_all(header::COOKIE) {
+            for hdr in msg.headers.get_all(header::COOKIE) {
                let s = str::from_utf8(hdr.as_bytes()).map_err(CookieParseError::from)?;
                for cookie_str in s.split(';').map(|s| s.trim()) {
                    if !cookie_str.is_empty() {
@@ -262,20 +420,17 @@ impl<S> HttpRequest<S> {
                    }
                }
            }
-            self.extensions_mut().insert(Cookies(cookies));
+            msg.extensions.insert(Cookies(cookies));
        }
-        Ok(Ref::map(self.extensions(), |ext| {
-            &ext.get::<Cookies>().unwrap().0
-        }))
+        Ok(&self.extensions().get::<Cookies>().unwrap().0)
    }

    /// Return request cookie.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn cookie(&self, name: &str) -> Option<Cookie<'static>> {
+    pub fn cookie(&self, name: &str) -> Option<&Cookie> {
        if let Ok(cookies) = self.cookies() {
-            for cookie in cookies.iter() {
+            for cookie in cookies {
                if cookie.name() == name {
-                    return Some(cookie.to_owned());
+                    return Some(cookie);
                }
            }
        }
@@ -296,39 +451,68 @@ impl<S> HttpRequest<S> {
    /// access the matched value for that segment.
    #[inline]
    pub fn match_info(&self) -> &Params {
-        &self.resource.match_info()
+        unsafe { mem::transmute(&self.as_ref().params) }
+    }
+
+    /// Get mutable reference to request's Params.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn match_info_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Params {
+        unsafe { mem::transmute(&mut self.as_mut().params) }
+    }
+
+    /// Checks if a connection should be kept alive.
+    pub fn keep_alive(&self) -> bool {
+        self.as_ref().flags.contains(MessageFlags::KEEPALIVE)
    }

    /// Check if request requires connection upgrade
    pub(crate) fn upgrade(&self) -> bool {
-        self.request().upgrade()
+        if let Some(conn) = self.as_ref().headers.get(header::CONNECTION) {
+            if let Ok(s) = conn.to_str() {
+                return s.to_lowercase().contains("upgrade");
+            }
+        }
+        self.as_ref().method == Method::CONNECT
    }

    /// Set read buffer capacity
    ///
    /// Default buffer capacity is 32Kb.
    pub fn set_read_buffer_capacity(&mut self, cap: usize) {
-        if let Some(payload) = self.request().inner.payload.borrow_mut().as_mut() {
+        if let Some(ref mut payload) = self.as_mut().payload {
            payload.set_read_buffer_capacity(cap)
        }
    }
+
+    #[cfg(test)]
+    pub(crate) fn payload(&self) -> &Payload {
+        let msg = self.as_mut();
+        if msg.payload.is_none() {
+            msg.payload = Some(Payload::empty());
+        }
+        msg.payload.as_ref().unwrap()
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(test)]
+    pub(crate) fn payload_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Payload {
+        let msg = self.as_mut();
+        if msg.payload.is_none() {
+            msg.payload = Some(Payload::empty());
+        }
+        msg.payload.as_mut().unwrap()
+    }
 }

-impl<S> Drop for HttpRequest<S> {
-    fn drop(&mut self) {
-        if let Some(req) = self.req.take() {
-            req.release();
-        }
+impl Default for HttpRequest<()> {
+    /// Construct default request
+    fn default() -> HttpRequest {
+        HttpRequest(SharedHttpInnerMessage::default(), None, None)
    }
 }

 impl<S> Clone for HttpRequest<S> {
    fn clone(&self) -> HttpRequest<S> {
-        HttpRequest {
-            req: self.req.as_ref().map(|r| r.clone()),
-            state: self.state.clone(),
-            resource: self.resource.clone(),
-        }
+        HttpRequest(self.0.clone(), self.1.clone(), self.2.clone())
    }
 }

@@ -342,23 +526,76 @@ impl<S> FromRequest<S> for HttpRequest<S> {
    }
 }

+impl<S> Stream for HttpRequest<S> {
+    type Item = Bytes;
+    type Error = PayloadError;
+
+    fn poll(&mut self) -> Poll<Option<Bytes>, PayloadError> {
+        let msg = self.as_mut();
+        if msg.payload.is_none() {
+            Ok(Async::Ready(None))
+        } else {
+            msg.payload.as_mut().unwrap().poll()
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<S> io::Read for HttpRequest<S> {
+    fn read(&mut self, buf: &mut [u8]) -> io::Result<usize> {
+        if self.as_mut().payload.is_some() {
+            match self.as_mut().payload.as_mut().unwrap().poll() {
+                Ok(Async::Ready(Some(mut b))) => {
+                    let i = cmp::min(b.len(), buf.len());
+                    buf.copy_from_slice(&b.split_to(i)[..i]);
+
+                    if !b.is_empty() {
+                        self.as_mut().payload.as_mut().unwrap().unread_data(b);
+                    }
+
+                    if i < buf.len() {
+                        match self.read(&mut buf[i..]) {
+                            Ok(n) => Ok(i + n),
+                            Err(ref e) if e.kind() == io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock => Ok(i),
+                            Err(e) => Err(e),
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        Ok(i)
+                    }
+                }
+                Ok(Async::Ready(None)) => Ok(0),
+                Ok(Async::NotReady) => {
+                    Err(io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock, "Not ready"))
+                }
+                Err(e) => Err(io::Error::new(
+                    io::ErrorKind::Other,
+                    failure::Error::from(e).compat(),
+                )),
+            }
+        } else {
+            Ok(0)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<S> AsyncRead for HttpRequest<S> {}
+
 impl<S> fmt::Debug for HttpRequest<S> {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        let res = writeln!(
            f,
            "\nHttpRequest {:?} {}:{}",
-            self.version(),
-            self.method(),
+            self.as_ref().version,
+            self.as_ref().method,
            self.path()
        );
        if !self.query_string().is_empty() {
            let _ = writeln!(f, "  query: ?{:?}", self.query_string());
        }
        if !self.match_info().is_empty() {
-            let _ = writeln!(f, "  params: {:?}", self.match_info());
+            let _ = writeln!(f, "  params: {:?}", self.as_ref().params);
        }
        let _ = writeln!(f, "  headers:");
-        for (key, val) in self.headers().iter() {
+        for (key, val) in self.as_ref().headers.iter() {
            let _ = writeln!(f, "    {:?}: {:?}", key, val);
        }
        res
@@ -368,8 +605,9 @@ impl<S> fmt::Debug for HttpRequest<S> {
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
    use super::*;
-    use resource::Resource;
-    use router::{ResourceDef, Router};
+    use resource::ResourceHandler;
+    use router::Resource;
+    use server::ServerSettings;
    use test::TestRequest;

    #[test]
@@ -381,7 +619,7 @@ mod tests {

    #[test]
    fn test_no_request_cookies() {
-        let req = TestRequest::default().finish();
+        let req = HttpRequest::default();
        assert!(req.cookies().unwrap().is_empty());
    }

@@ -420,27 +658,33 @@ mod tests {

    #[test]
    fn test_request_match_info() {
-        let mut router = Router::<()>::new();
-        router.register_resource(Resource::new(ResourceDef::new("/{key}/")));
+        let mut req = TestRequest::with_uri("/value/?id=test").finish();

-        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/value/?id=test").finish();
-        let info = router.recognize(&req, &(), 0);
-        assert_eq!(info.match_info().get("key"), Some("value"));
+        let mut resource = ResourceHandler::<()>::default();
+        resource.name("index");
+        let mut routes = Vec::new();
+        routes.push((Resource::new("index", "/{key}/"), Some(resource)));
+        let (router, _) = Router::new("", ServerSettings::default(), routes);
+        assert!(router.recognize(&mut req).is_some());
+
+        assert_eq!(req.match_info().get("key"), Some("value"));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_url_for() {
-        let mut router = Router::<()>::new();
-        let mut resource = Resource::new(ResourceDef::new("/user/{name}.{ext}"));
-        resource.name("index");
-        router.register_resource(resource);
+        let req2 = HttpRequest::default();
+        assert_eq!(
+            req2.url_for("unknown", &["test"]),
+            Err(UrlGenerationError::RouterNotAvailable)
+        );

-        let info = router.default_route_info();
-        assert!(!info.has_prefixed_resource("/use/"));
-        assert!(info.has_resource("/user/test.html"));
-        assert!(info.has_prefixed_resource("/user/test.html"));
-        assert!(!info.has_resource("/test/unknown"));
-        assert!(!info.has_prefixed_resource("/test/unknown"));
+        let mut resource = ResourceHandler::<()>::default();
+        resource.name("index");
+        let routes =
+            vec![(Resource::new("index", "/user/{name}.{ext}"), Some(resource))];
+        let (router, _) = Router::new("/", ServerSettings::default(), routes);
+        assert!(router.has_route("/user/test.html"));
+        assert!(!router.has_route("/test/unknown"));

        let req = TestRequest::with_header(header::HOST, "www.rust-lang.org")
            .finish_with_router(router);
@@ -462,23 +706,16 @@ mod tests {

    #[test]
    fn test_url_for_with_prefix() {
-        let mut resource = Resource::new(ResourceDef::new("/user/{name}.html"));
+        let req = TestRequest::with_header(header::HOST, "www.rust-lang.org").finish();
+
+        let mut resource = ResourceHandler::<()>::default();
        resource.name("index");
-        let mut router = Router::<()>::new();
-        router.register_resource(resource);
+        let routes = vec![(Resource::new("index", "/user/{name}.html"), Some(resource))];
+        let (router, _) = Router::new("/prefix/", ServerSettings::default(), routes);
+        assert!(router.has_route("/user/test.html"));
+        assert!(!router.has_route("/prefix/user/test.html"));

-        let mut info = router.default_route_info();
-        info.set_prefix(7);
-        assert!(!info.has_prefixed_resource("/use/"));
-        assert!(info.has_resource("/user/test.html"));
-        assert!(!info.has_prefixed_resource("/user/test.html"));
-        assert!(!info.has_resource("/prefix/user/test.html"));
-        assert!(info.has_prefixed_resource("/prefix/user/test.html"));
-
-        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/prefix/test")
-            .prefix(7)
-            .header(header::HOST, "www.rust-lang.org")
-            .finish_with_router(router);
+        let req = req.with_state(Rc::new(()), router);
        let url = req.url_for("index", &["test"]);
        assert_eq!(
            url.ok().unwrap().as_str(),
@@ -488,22 +725,16 @@ mod tests {

    #[test]
    fn test_url_for_static() {
-        let mut resource = Resource::new(ResourceDef::new("/index.html"));
+        let req = TestRequest::with_header(header::HOST, "www.rust-lang.org").finish();
+
+        let mut resource = ResourceHandler::<()>::default();
        resource.name("index");
-        let mut router = Router::<()>::new();
-        router.register_resource(resource);
+        let routes = vec![(Resource::new("index", "/index.html"), Some(resource))];
+        let (router, _) = Router::new("/prefix/", ServerSettings::default(), routes);
+        assert!(router.has_route("/index.html"));
+        assert!(!router.has_route("/prefix/index.html"));

-        let mut info = router.default_route_info();
-        info.set_prefix(7);
-        assert!(info.has_resource("/index.html"));
-        assert!(!info.has_prefixed_resource("/index.html"));
-        assert!(!info.has_resource("/prefix/index.html"));
-        assert!(info.has_prefixed_resource("/prefix/index.html"));
-
-        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/prefix/test")
-            .prefix(7)
-            .header(header::HOST, "www.rust-lang.org")
-            .finish_with_router(router);
+        let req = req.with_state(Rc::new(()), router);
        let url = req.url_for_static("index");
        assert_eq!(
            url.ok().unwrap().as_str(),
@@ -513,17 +744,18 @@ mod tests {

    #[test]
    fn test_url_for_external() {
-        let mut router = Router::<()>::new();
-        router.register_external(
-            "youtube",
-            ResourceDef::external("https://youtube.com/watch/{video_id}"),
-        );
+        let req = HttpRequest::default();

-        let info = router.default_route_info();
-        assert!(!info.has_resource("https://youtube.com/watch/unknown"));
-        assert!(!info.has_prefixed_resource("https://youtube.com/watch/unknown"));
+        let mut resource = ResourceHandler::<()>::default();
+        resource.name("index");
+        let routes = vec![(
+            Resource::external("youtube", "https://youtube.com/watch/{video_id}"),
+            None,
+        )];
+        let (router, _) = Router::new::<()>("", ServerSettings::default(), routes);
+        assert!(!router.has_route("https://youtube.com/watch/unknown"));

-        let req = TestRequest::default().finish_with_router(router);
+        let req = req.with_state(Rc::new(()), router);
        let url = req.url_for("youtube", &["oHg5SJYRHA0"]);
        assert_eq!(
            url.ok().unwrap().as_str(),
--- a/src/httpresponse.rs
+++ b/src/httpresponse.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 //! Http response
-use std::cell::RefCell;
+use std::cell::UnsafeCell;
 use std::collections::VecDeque;
 use std::io::Write;
+use std::rc::Rc;
 use std::{fmt, mem, str};

 use bytes::{BufMut, Bytes, BytesMut};
@@ -35,17 +36,30 @@ pub enum ConnectionType {
 }

 /// An HTTP Response
-pub struct HttpResponse(Box<InnerHttpResponse>, &'static HttpResponsePool);
+pub struct HttpResponse(
+    Option<Box<InnerHttpResponse>>,
+    Rc<UnsafeCell<HttpResponsePool>>,
+);
+
+impl Drop for HttpResponse {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        if let Some(inner) = self.0.take() {
+            HttpResponsePool::release(&self.1, inner)
+        }
+    }
+}

 impl HttpResponse {
-    #[inline]
+    #[inline(always)]
+    #[cfg_attr(feature = "cargo-clippy", allow(inline_always))]
    fn get_ref(&self) -> &InnerHttpResponse {
-        self.0.as_ref()
+        self.0.as_ref().unwrap()
    }

-    #[inline]
+    #[inline(always)]
+    #[cfg_attr(feature = "cargo-clippy", allow(inline_always))]
    fn get_mut(&mut self) -> &mut InnerHttpResponse {
-        self.0.as_mut()
+        self.0.as_mut().unwrap()
    }

    /// Create http response builder with specific status.
@@ -72,7 +86,7 @@ impl HttpResponse {
        HttpResponsePool::with_body(status, body.into())
    }

-    /// Constructs an error response
+    /// Constructs a error response
    #[inline]
    pub fn from_error(error: Error) -> HttpResponse {
        let mut resp = error.as_response_error().error_response();
@@ -82,24 +96,15 @@ impl HttpResponse {

    /// Convert `HttpResponse` to a `HttpResponseBuilder`
    #[inline]
-    pub fn into_builder(self) -> HttpResponseBuilder {
-        // If this response has cookies, load them into a jar
-        let mut jar: Option<CookieJar> = None;
-        for c in self.cookies() {
-            if let Some(ref mut j) = jar {
-                j.add_original(c.into_owned());
-            } else {
-                let mut j = CookieJar::new();
-                j.add_original(c.into_owned());
-                jar = Some(j);
-            }
-        }
+    pub fn into_builder(mut self) -> HttpResponseBuilder {
+        let response = self.0.take();
+        let pool = Some(Rc::clone(&self.1));

        HttpResponseBuilder {
-            pool: self.1,
-            response: Some(self.0),
+            response,
+            pool,
            err: None,
-            cookies: jar,
+            cookies: None, // TODO: convert set-cookie headers
        }
    }

@@ -127,52 +132,6 @@ impl HttpResponse {
        &mut self.get_mut().headers
    }

-    /// Get an iterator for the cookies set by this response
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn cookies(&self) -> CookieIter {
-        CookieIter {
-            iter: self.get_ref().headers.get_all(header::SET_COOKIE).iter(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Add a cookie to this response
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn add_cookie(&mut self, cookie: &Cookie) -> Result<(), HttpError> {
-        let h = &mut self.get_mut().headers;
-        HeaderValue::from_str(&cookie.to_string())
-            .map(|c| {
-                h.append(header::SET_COOKIE, c);
-            })
-            .map_err(|e| e.into())
-    }
-
-    /// Remove all cookies with the given name from this response. Returns
-    /// the number of cookies removed.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn del_cookie(&mut self, name: &str) -> usize {
-        let h = &mut self.get_mut().headers;
-        let vals: Vec<HeaderValue> = h
-            .get_all(header::SET_COOKIE)
-            .iter()
-            .map(|v| v.to_owned())
-            .collect();
-        h.remove(header::SET_COOKIE);
-
-        let mut count: usize = 0;
-        for v in vals {
-            if let Ok(s) = v.to_str() {
-                if let Ok(c) = Cookie::parse_encoded(s) {
-                    if c.name() == name {
-                        count += 1;
-                        continue;
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            h.append(header::SET_COOKIE, v);
-        }
-        count
-    }
-
    /// Get the response status code
    #[inline]
    pub fn status(&self) -> StatusCode {
@@ -283,19 +242,12 @@ impl HttpResponse {
        self.get_mut().write_capacity = cap;
    }

-    pub(crate) fn release(self) {
-        self.1.release(self.0);
+    pub(crate) fn into_inner(mut self) -> Box<InnerHttpResponse> {
+        self.0.take().unwrap()
    }

-    pub(crate) fn into_parts(self) -> HttpResponseParts {
-        self.0.into_parts()
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn from_parts(parts: HttpResponseParts) -> HttpResponse {
-        HttpResponse(
-            Box::new(InnerHttpResponse::from_parts(parts)),
-            HttpResponsePool::get_pool(),
-        )
+    pub(crate) fn from_inner(inner: Box<InnerHttpResponse>) -> HttpResponse {
+        HttpResponse(Some(inner), HttpResponsePool::pool())
    }
 }

@@ -317,31 +269,13 @@ impl fmt::Debug for HttpResponse {
    }
 }

-pub struct CookieIter<'a> {
-    iter: header::ValueIter<'a, HeaderValue>,
-}
-
-impl<'a> Iterator for CookieIter<'a> {
-    type Item = Cookie<'a>;
-
-    #[inline]
-    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Cookie<'a>> {
-        for v in self.iter.by_ref() {
-            if let Ok(c) = Cookie::parse_encoded(v.to_str().ok()?) {
-                return Some(c);
-            }
-        }
-        None
-    }
-}
-
 /// An HTTP response builder
 ///
 /// This type can be used to construct an instance of `HttpResponse` through a
 /// builder-like pattern.
 pub struct HttpResponseBuilder {
-    pool: &'static HttpResponsePool,
    response: Option<Box<InnerHttpResponse>>,
+    pool: Option<Rc<UnsafeCell<HttpResponsePool>>>,
    err: Option<HttpError>,
    cookies: Option<CookieJar>,
 }
@@ -535,6 +469,7 @@ impl HttpResponseBuilder {
    ///         )
    ///         .finish()
    /// }
+    /// fn main() {}
    /// ```
    pub fn cookie<'c>(&mut self, cookie: Cookie<'c>) -> &mut Self {
        if self.cookies.is_none() {
@@ -547,22 +482,8 @@ impl HttpResponseBuilder {
        self
    }

-    /// Remove cookie
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # extern crate actix_web;
-    /// use actix_web::{http, HttpRequest, HttpResponse, Result};
-    ///
-    /// fn index(req: &HttpRequest) -> HttpResponse {
-    ///     let mut builder = HttpResponse::Ok();
-    ///
-    ///     if let Some(ref cookie) = req.cookie("name") {
-    ///         builder.del_cookie(cookie);
-    ///     }
-    ///
-    ///     builder.finish()
-    /// }
-    /// ```
+    /// Remove cookie, cookie has to be cookie from `HttpRequest::cookies()`
+    /// method.
    pub fn del_cookie<'a>(&mut self, cookie: &Cookie<'a>) -> &mut Self {
        {
            if self.cookies.is_none() {
@@ -631,7 +552,7 @@ impl HttpResponseBuilder {
            }
        }
        response.body = body.into();
-        HttpResponse(response, self.pool)
+        HttpResponse(Some(response), self.pool.take().unwrap())
    }

    #[inline]
@@ -679,8 +600,8 @@ impl HttpResponseBuilder {
    /// This method construct new `HttpResponseBuilder`
    pub fn take(&mut self) -> HttpResponseBuilder {
        HttpResponseBuilder {
-            pool: self.pool,
            response: self.response.take(),
+            pool: self.pool.take(),
            err: self.err.take(),
            cookies: self.cookies.take(),
        }
@@ -860,19 +781,23 @@ impl<'a> From<&'a ClientResponse> for HttpResponseBuilder {

 impl<'a, S> From<&'a HttpRequest<S>> for HttpResponseBuilder {
    fn from(req: &'a HttpRequest<S>) -> HttpResponseBuilder {
-        req.request()
-            .server_settings()
-            .get_response_builder(StatusCode::OK)
+        if let Some(router) = req.router() {
+            router
+                .server_settings()
+                .get_response_builder(StatusCode::OK)
+        } else {
+            HttpResponse::Ok()
+        }
    }
 }

 #[derive(Debug)]
-struct InnerHttpResponse {
+pub(crate) struct InnerHttpResponse {
    version: Option<Version>,
    headers: HeaderMap,
    status: StatusCode,
    reason: Option<&'static str>,
-    body: Body,
+    pub(crate) body: Body,
    chunked: Option<bool>,
    encoding: Option<ContentEncoding>,
    connection_type: Option<ConnectionType>,
@@ -881,16 +806,8 @@ struct InnerHttpResponse {
    error: Option<Error>,
 }

-pub(crate) struct HttpResponseParts {
-    version: Option<Version>,
-    headers: HeaderMap,
-    status: StatusCode,
-    reason: Option<&'static str>,
-    body: Option<Bytes>,
-    encoding: Option<ContentEncoding>,
-    connection_type: Option<ConnectionType>,
-    error: Option<Error>,
-}
+unsafe impl Sync for InnerHttpResponse {}
+unsafe impl Send for InnerHttpResponse {}

 impl InnerHttpResponse {
    #[inline]
@@ -909,85 +826,38 @@ impl InnerHttpResponse {
            error: None,
        }
    }
-
-    /// This is for failure, we can not have Send + Sync on Streaming and Actor response
-    fn into_parts(mut self) -> HttpResponseParts {
-        let body = match mem::replace(&mut self.body, Body::Empty) {
-            Body::Empty => None,
-            Body::Binary(mut bin) => Some(bin.take()),
-            Body::Streaming(_) | Body::Actor(_) => {
-                error!("Streaming or Actor body is not support by error response");
-                None
-            }
-        };
-
-        HttpResponseParts {
-            body,
-            version: self.version,
-            headers: self.headers,
-            status: self.status,
-            reason: self.reason,
-            encoding: self.encoding,
-            connection_type: self.connection_type,
-            error: self.error,
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn from_parts(parts: HttpResponseParts) -> InnerHttpResponse {
-        let body = if let Some(ref body) = parts.body {
-            Body::Binary(body.clone().into())
-        } else {
-            Body::Empty
-        };
-
-        InnerHttpResponse {
-            body,
-            status: parts.status,
-            version: parts.version,
-            headers: parts.headers,
-            reason: parts.reason,
-            chunked: None,
-            encoding: parts.encoding,
-            connection_type: parts.connection_type,
-            response_size: 0,
-            write_capacity: MAX_WRITE_BUFFER_SIZE,
-            error: parts.error,
-        }
-    }
 }

-/// Internal use only!
-pub(crate) struct HttpResponsePool(RefCell<VecDeque<Box<InnerHttpResponse>>>);
+/// Internal use only! unsafe
+pub(crate) struct HttpResponsePool(VecDeque<Box<InnerHttpResponse>>);

-thread_local!(static POOL: &'static HttpResponsePool = HttpResponsePool::pool());
+thread_local!(static POOL: Rc<UnsafeCell<HttpResponsePool>> = HttpResponsePool::pool());

 impl HttpResponsePool {
-    fn pool() -> &'static HttpResponsePool {
-        let pool = HttpResponsePool(RefCell::new(VecDeque::with_capacity(128)));
-        Box::leak(Box::new(pool))
-    }
-
-    pub fn get_pool() -> &'static HttpResponsePool {
-        POOL.with(|p| *p)
+    pub fn pool() -> Rc<UnsafeCell<HttpResponsePool>> {
+        Rc::new(UnsafeCell::new(HttpResponsePool(VecDeque::with_capacity(
+            128,
+        ))))
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn get_builder(
-        pool: &'static HttpResponsePool, status: StatusCode,
+        pool: &Rc<UnsafeCell<HttpResponsePool>>, status: StatusCode,
    ) -> HttpResponseBuilder {
-        if let Some(mut msg) = pool.0.borrow_mut().pop_front() {
+        let p = unsafe { &mut *pool.as_ref().get() };
+        if let Some(mut msg) = p.0.pop_front() {
            msg.status = status;
            HttpResponseBuilder {
-                pool,
                response: Some(msg),
+                pool: Some(Rc::clone(pool)),
                err: None,
                cookies: None,
            }
        } else {
            let msg = Box::new(InnerHttpResponse::new(status, Body::Empty));
            HttpResponseBuilder {
-                pool,
                response: Some(msg),
+                pool: Some(Rc::clone(pool)),
                err: None,
                cookies: None,
            }
@@ -996,15 +866,16 @@ impl HttpResponsePool {

    #[inline]
    pub fn get_response(
-        pool: &'static HttpResponsePool, status: StatusCode, body: Body,
+        pool: &Rc<UnsafeCell<HttpResponsePool>>, status: StatusCode, body: Body,
    ) -> HttpResponse {
-        if let Some(mut msg) = pool.0.borrow_mut().pop_front() {
+        let p = unsafe { &mut *pool.as_ref().get() };
+        if let Some(mut msg) = p.0.pop_front() {
            msg.status = status;
            msg.body = body;
-            HttpResponse(msg, pool)
+            HttpResponse(Some(msg), Rc::clone(pool))
        } else {
            let msg = Box::new(InnerHttpResponse::new(status, body));
-            HttpResponse(msg, pool)
+            HttpResponse(Some(msg), Rc::clone(pool))
        }
    }

@@ -1018,10 +889,13 @@ impl HttpResponsePool {
        POOL.with(|pool| HttpResponsePool::get_response(pool, status, body))
    }

-    #[inline]
-    fn release(&self, mut inner: Box<InnerHttpResponse>) {
-        let mut p = self.0.borrow_mut();
-        if p.len() < 128 {
+    #[inline(always)]
+    #[cfg_attr(feature = "cargo-clippy", allow(boxed_local, inline_always))]
+    fn release(
+        pool: &Rc<UnsafeCell<HttpResponsePool>>, mut inner: Box<InnerHttpResponse>,
+    ) {
+        let pool = unsafe { &mut *pool.as_ref().get() };
+        if pool.0.len() < 128 {
            inner.headers.clear();
            inner.version = None;
            inner.chunked = None;
@@ -1031,7 +905,7 @@ impl HttpResponsePool {
            inner.response_size = 0;
            inner.error = None;
            inner.write_capacity = MAX_WRITE_BUFFER_SIZE;
-            p.push_front(inner);
+            pool.0.push_front(inner);
        }
    }
 }
@@ -1042,10 +916,10 @@ mod tests {
    use body::Binary;
    use http;
    use http::header::{HeaderValue, CONTENT_TYPE, COOKIE};
+    use http::{Method, Uri};
+    use std::str::FromStr;
    use time::Duration;

-    use test::TestRequest;
-
    #[test]
    fn test_debug() {
        let resp = HttpResponse::Ok()
@@ -1058,10 +932,17 @@ mod tests {

    #[test]
    fn test_response_cookies() {
-        let req = TestRequest::default()
-            .header(COOKIE, "cookie1=value1")
-            .header(COOKIE, "cookie2=value2")
-            .finish();
+        let mut headers = HeaderMap::new();
+        headers.insert(COOKIE, HeaderValue::from_static("cookie1=value1"));
+        headers.insert(COOKIE, HeaderValue::from_static("cookie2=value2"));
+
+        let req = HttpRequest::new(
+            Method::GET,
+            Uri::from_str("/").unwrap(),
+            Version::HTTP_11,
+            headers,
+            None,
+        );
        let cookies = req.cookies().unwrap();

        let resp = HttpResponse::Ok()
@@ -1083,36 +964,13 @@ mod tests {
            .map(|v| v.to_str().unwrap().to_owned())
            .collect();
        val.sort();
-        assert!(val[0].starts_with("cookie1=; Max-Age=0;"));
+        assert!(val[0].starts_with("cookie2=; Max-Age=0;"));
        assert_eq!(
            val[1],
            "name=value; HttpOnly; Path=/test; Domain=www.rust-lang.org; Max-Age=86400"
        );
    }

-    #[test]
-    fn test_update_response_cookies() {
-        let mut r = HttpResponse::Ok()
-            .cookie(http::Cookie::new("original", "val100"))
-            .finish();
-
-        r.add_cookie(&http::Cookie::new("cookie2", "val200"))
-            .unwrap();
-        r.add_cookie(&http::Cookie::new("cookie2", "val250"))
-            .unwrap();
-        r.add_cookie(&http::Cookie::new("cookie3", "val300"))
-            .unwrap();
-
-        assert_eq!(r.cookies().count(), 4);
-        r.del_cookie("cookie2");
-
-        let mut iter = r.cookies();
-        let v = iter.next().unwrap();
-        assert_eq!((v.name(), v.value()), ("original", "val100"));
-        let v = iter.next().unwrap();
-        assert_eq!((v.name(), v.value()), ("cookie3", "val300"));
-    }
-
    #[test]
    fn test_basic_builder() {
        let resp = HttpResponse::Ok()
@@ -1197,7 +1055,7 @@ mod tests {

    #[test]
    fn test_into_response() {
-        let req = TestRequest::default().finish();
+        let req = HttpRequest::default();

        let resp: HttpResponse = "test".into();
        assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::OK);
@@ -1320,17 +1178,11 @@ mod tests {

    #[test]
    fn test_into_builder() {
-        let mut resp: HttpResponse = "test".into();
+        let resp: HttpResponse = "test".into();
        assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::OK);

-        resp.add_cookie(&http::Cookie::new("cookie1", "val100"))
-            .unwrap();
-
        let mut builder = resp.into_builder();
        let resp = builder.status(StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST).finish();
        assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST);
-
-        let cookie = resp.cookies().next().unwrap();
-        assert_eq!((cookie.name(), cookie.value()), ("cookie1", "val100"));
    }
 }
--- a/src/info.rs
+++ b/src/info.rs
@@ -1,23 +1,24 @@
 use http::header::{self, HeaderName};
-use server::Request;
+use httpmessage::HttpMessage;
+use httprequest::HttpRequest;
+use std::str::FromStr;

-const X_FORWARDED_FOR: &[u8] = b"x-forwarded-for";
-const X_FORWARDED_HOST: &[u8] = b"x-forwarded-host";
-const X_FORWARDED_PROTO: &[u8] = b"x-forwarded-proto";
+const X_FORWARDED_FOR: &str = "X-FORWARDED-FOR";
+const X_FORWARDED_HOST: &str = "X-FORWARDED-HOST";
+const X_FORWARDED_PROTO: &str = "X-FORWARDED-PROTO";

 /// `HttpRequest` connection information
-#[derive(Clone, Default)]
-pub struct ConnectionInfo {
-    scheme: String,
-    host: String,
-    remote: Option<String>,
+pub struct ConnectionInfo<'a> {
+    scheme: &'a str,
+    host: &'a str,
+    remote: Option<&'a str>,
    peer: Option<String>,
 }

-impl ConnectionInfo {
+impl<'a> ConnectionInfo<'a> {
    /// Create *ConnectionInfo* instance for a request.
    #[cfg_attr(feature = "cargo-clippy", allow(cyclomatic_complexity))]
-    pub fn update(&mut self, req: &Request) {
+    pub fn new<S>(req: &'a HttpRequest<S>) -> ConnectionInfo<'a> {
        let mut host = None;
        let mut scheme = None;
        let mut remote = None;
@@ -54,7 +55,7 @@ impl ConnectionInfo {
        if scheme.is_none() {
            if let Some(h) = req
                .headers()
-                .get(HeaderName::from_lowercase(X_FORWARDED_PROTO).unwrap())
+                .get(HeaderName::from_str(X_FORWARDED_PROTO).unwrap())
            {
                if let Ok(h) = h.to_str() {
                    scheme = h.split(',').next().map(|v| v.trim());
@@ -62,8 +63,12 @@ impl ConnectionInfo {
            }
            if scheme.is_none() {
                scheme = req.uri().scheme_part().map(|a| a.as_str());
-                if scheme.is_none() && req.server_settings().secure() {
-                    scheme = Some("https")
+                if scheme.is_none() {
+                    if let Some(router) = req.router() {
+                        if router.server_settings().secure() {
+                            scheme = Some("https")
+                        }
+                    }
                }
            }
        }
@@ -72,7 +77,7 @@ impl ConnectionInfo {
        if host.is_none() {
            if let Some(h) = req
                .headers()
-                .get(HeaderName::from_lowercase(X_FORWARDED_HOST).unwrap())
+                .get(HeaderName::from_str(X_FORWARDED_HOST).unwrap())
            {
                if let Ok(h) = h.to_str() {
                    host = h.split(',').next().map(|v| v.trim());
@@ -85,7 +90,9 @@ impl ConnectionInfo {
                if host.is_none() {
                    host = req.uri().authority_part().map(|a| a.as_str());
                    if host.is_none() {
-                        host = Some(req.server_settings().host());
+                        if let Some(router) = req.router() {
+                            host = Some(router.server_settings().host());
+                        }
                    }
                }
            }
@@ -95,7 +102,7 @@ impl ConnectionInfo {
        if remote.is_none() {
            if let Some(h) = req
                .headers()
-                .get(HeaderName::from_lowercase(X_FORWARDED_FOR).unwrap())
+                .get(HeaderName::from_str(X_FORWARDED_FOR).unwrap())
            {
                if let Ok(h) = h.to_str() {
                    remote = h.split(',').next().map(|v| v.trim());
@@ -107,10 +114,12 @@ impl ConnectionInfo {
            }
        }

-        self.scheme = scheme.unwrap_or("http").to_owned();
-        self.host = host.unwrap_or("localhost").to_owned();
-        self.remote = remote.map(|s| s.to_owned());
-        self.peer = peer;
+        ConnectionInfo {
+            scheme: scheme.unwrap_or("http"),
+            host: host.unwrap_or("localhost"),
+            remote,
+            peer,
+        }
    }

    /// Scheme of the request.
@@ -122,7 +131,7 @@ impl ConnectionInfo {
    /// - Uri
    #[inline]
    pub fn scheme(&self) -> &str {
-        &self.scheme
+        self.scheme
    }

    /// Hostname of the request.
@@ -135,7 +144,7 @@ impl ConnectionInfo {
    /// - Uri
    /// - Server hostname
    pub fn host(&self) -> &str {
-        &self.host
+        self.host
    }

    /// Remote IP of client initiated HTTP request.
@@ -147,7 +156,7 @@ impl ConnectionInfo {
    /// - peer name of opened socket
    #[inline]
    pub fn remote(&self) -> Option<&str> {
-        if let Some(ref r) = self.remote {
+        if let Some(r) = self.remote {
            Some(r)
        } else if let Some(ref peer) = self.peer {
            Some(peer)
@@ -160,59 +169,60 @@ impl ConnectionInfo {
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
    use super::*;
-    use test::TestRequest;
+    use http::header::HeaderValue;

    #[test]
    fn test_forwarded() {
-        let req = TestRequest::default().request();
-        let mut info = ConnectionInfo::default();
-        info.update(&req);
+        let req = HttpRequest::default();
+        let info = ConnectionInfo::new(&req);
        assert_eq!(info.scheme(), "http");
-        assert_eq!(info.host(), "localhost:8080");
+        assert_eq!(info.host(), "localhost");

-        let req = TestRequest::default()
-            .header(
-                header::FORWARDED,
+        let mut req = HttpRequest::default();
+        req.headers_mut().insert(
+            header::FORWARDED,
+            HeaderValue::from_static(
                "for=192.0.2.60; proto=https; by=203.0.113.43; host=rust-lang.org",
-            )
-            .request();
+            ),
+        );

-        let mut info = ConnectionInfo::default();
-        info.update(&req);
+        let info = ConnectionInfo::new(&req);
        assert_eq!(info.scheme(), "https");
        assert_eq!(info.host(), "rust-lang.org");
        assert_eq!(info.remote(), Some("192.0.2.60"));

-        let req = TestRequest::default()
-            .header(header::HOST, "rust-lang.org")
-            .request();
+        let mut req = HttpRequest::default();
+        req.headers_mut()
+            .insert(header::HOST, HeaderValue::from_static("rust-lang.org"));

-        let mut info = ConnectionInfo::default();
-        info.update(&req);
+        let info = ConnectionInfo::new(&req);
        assert_eq!(info.scheme(), "http");
        assert_eq!(info.host(), "rust-lang.org");
        assert_eq!(info.remote(), None);

-        let req = TestRequest::default()
-            .header(X_FORWARDED_FOR, "192.0.2.60")
-            .request();
-        let mut info = ConnectionInfo::default();
-        info.update(&req);
+        let mut req = HttpRequest::default();
+        req.headers_mut().insert(
+            HeaderName::from_str(X_FORWARDED_FOR).unwrap(),
+            HeaderValue::from_static("192.0.2.60"),
+        );
+        let info = ConnectionInfo::new(&req);
        assert_eq!(info.remote(), Some("192.0.2.60"));

-        let req = TestRequest::default()
-            .header(X_FORWARDED_HOST, "192.0.2.60")
-            .request();
-        let mut info = ConnectionInfo::default();
-        info.update(&req);
+        let mut req = HttpRequest::default();
+        req.headers_mut().insert(
+            HeaderName::from_str(X_FORWARDED_HOST).unwrap(),
+            HeaderValue::from_static("192.0.2.60"),
+        );
+        let info = ConnectionInfo::new(&req);
        assert_eq!(info.host(), "192.0.2.60");
        assert_eq!(info.remote(), None);

-        let req = TestRequest::default()
-            .header(X_FORWARDED_PROTO, "https")
-            .request();
-        let mut info = ConnectionInfo::default();
-        info.update(&req);
+        let mut req = HttpRequest::default();
+        req.headers_mut().insert(
+            HeaderName::from_str(X_FORWARDED_PROTO).unwrap(),
+            HeaderValue::from_static("https"),
+        );
+        let info = ConnectionInfo::new(&req);
        assert_eq!(info.scheme(), "https");
    }
 }
--- a/src/json.rs
+++ b/src/json.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use bytes::BytesMut;
+use bytes::{Bytes, BytesMut};
 use futures::{Future, Poll, Stream};
 use http::header::CONTENT_LENGTH;
 use std::fmt;
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ use serde::de::DeserializeOwned;
 use serde::Serialize;
 use serde_json;

-use error::{Error, JsonPayloadError};
+use error::{Error, JsonPayloadError, PayloadError};
 use handler::{FromRequest, Responder};
 use http::StatusCode;
 use httpmessage::HttpMessage;
@@ -69,9 +69,7 @@ use httpresponse::HttpResponse;
 /// }
 ///
 /// fn index(req: HttpRequest) -> Result<Json<MyObj>> {
-///     Ok(Json(MyObj {
-///         name: req.match_info().query("name")?,
-///     }))
+///     Ok(Json(MyObj{name: req.match_info().query("name")?}))
 /// }
 /// # fn main() {}
 /// ```
@@ -140,12 +138,12 @@ where

    #[inline]
    fn from_request(req: &HttpRequest<S>, cfg: &Self::Config) -> Self::Result {
-        let req2 = req.clone();
+        let req = req.clone();
        let err = Rc::clone(&cfg.ehandler);
        Box::new(
-            JsonBody::new(req)
+            JsonBody::new(req.clone())
                .limit(cfg.limit)
-                .map_err(move |e| (*err)(e, &req2))
+                .map_err(move |e| (*err)(e, req))
                .map(Json),
        )
    }
@@ -156,7 +154,7 @@ where
 /// ```rust
 /// # extern crate actix_web;
 /// #[macro_use] extern crate serde_derive;
-/// use actix_web::{error, http, App, HttpResponse, Json, Result};
+/// use actix_web::{App, Json, HttpResponse, Result, http, error};
 ///
 /// #[derive(Deserialize)]
 /// struct Info {
@@ -169,21 +167,21 @@ where
 /// }
 ///
 /// fn main() {
-///     let app = App::new().resource("/index.html", |r| {
-///         r.method(http::Method::POST)
-///               .with_config(index, |cfg| {
-///                   cfg.limit(4096)   // <- change json extractor configuration
-///                      .error_handler(|err, req| {  // <- create custom error response
-///                          error::InternalError::from_response(
-///                              err, HttpResponse::Conflict().finish()).into()
-///                          });
-///               })
-///     });
+///     let app = App::new().resource(
+///        "/index.html", |r| {
+///            r.method(http::Method::POST)
+///               .with(index)
+///               .limit(4096)   // <- change json extractor configuration
+///               .error_handler(|err, req| {  // <- create custom error response
+///                   error::InternalError::from_response(
+///                      err, HttpResponse::Conflict().finish()).into()
+///               });
+///        });
 /// }
 /// ```
 pub struct JsonConfig<S> {
    limit: usize,
-    ehandler: Rc<Fn(JsonPayloadError, &HttpRequest<S>) -> Error>,
+    ehandler: Rc<Fn(JsonPayloadError, HttpRequest<S>) -> Error>,
 }

 impl<S> JsonConfig<S> {
@@ -196,7 +194,7 @@ impl<S> JsonConfig<S> {
    /// Set custom error handler
    pub fn error_handler<F>(&mut self, f: F) -> &mut Self
    where
-        F: Fn(JsonPayloadError, &HttpRequest<S>) -> Error + 'static,
+        F: Fn(JsonPayloadError, HttpRequest<S>) -> Error + 'static,
    {
        self.ehandler = Rc::new(f);
        self
@@ -225,15 +223,15 @@ impl<S> Default for JsonConfig<S> {
 /// # extern crate actix_web;
 /// # extern crate futures;
 /// # #[macro_use] extern crate serde_derive;
-/// use actix_web::{AsyncResponder, Error, HttpMessage, HttpRequest, HttpResponse};
 /// use futures::future::Future;
+/// use actix_web::{AsyncResponder, HttpRequest, HttpResponse, HttpMessage, Error};
 ///
 /// #[derive(Deserialize, Debug)]
 /// struct MyObj {
 ///     name: String,
 /// }
 ///
-/// fn index(mut req: HttpRequest) -> Box<Future<Item = HttpResponse, Error = Error>> {
+/// fn index(mut req: HttpRequest) -> Box<Future<Item=HttpResponse, Error=Error>> {
 ///     req.json()                   // <- get JsonBody future
 ///        .from_err()
 ///        .and_then(|val: MyObj| {  // <- deserialized value
@@ -243,48 +241,19 @@ impl<S> Default for JsonConfig<S> {
 /// }
 /// # fn main() {}
 /// ```
-pub struct JsonBody<T: HttpMessage, U: DeserializeOwned> {
+pub struct JsonBody<T, U: DeserializeOwned> {
    limit: usize,
-    length: Option<usize>,
-    stream: Option<T::Stream>,
-    err: Option<JsonPayloadError>,
+    req: Option<T>,
    fut: Option<Box<Future<Item = U, Error = JsonPayloadError>>>,
 }

-impl<T: HttpMessage, U: DeserializeOwned> JsonBody<T, U> {
+impl<T, U: DeserializeOwned> JsonBody<T, U> {
    /// Create `JsonBody` for request.
-    pub fn new(req: &T) -> Self {
-        // check content-type
-        let json = if let Ok(Some(mime)) = req.mime_type() {
-            mime.subtype() == mime::JSON || mime.suffix() == Some(mime::JSON)
-        } else {
-            false
-        };
-        if !json {
-            return JsonBody {
-                limit: 262_144,
-                length: None,
-                stream: None,
-                fut: None,
-                err: Some(JsonPayloadError::ContentType),
-            };
-        }
-
-        let mut len = None;
-        if let Some(l) = req.headers().get(CONTENT_LENGTH) {
-            if let Ok(s) = l.to_str() {
-                if let Ok(l) = s.parse::<usize>() {
-                    len = Some(l)
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
+    pub fn new(req: T) -> Self {
        JsonBody {
            limit: 262_144,
-            length: len,
-            stream: Some(req.payload()),
+            req: Some(req),
            fut: None,
-            err: None,
        }
    }

@@ -295,42 +264,56 @@ impl<T: HttpMessage, U: DeserializeOwned> JsonBody<T, U> {
    }
 }

-impl<T: HttpMessage + 'static, U: DeserializeOwned + 'static> Future for JsonBody<T, U> {
+impl<T, U: DeserializeOwned + 'static> Future for JsonBody<T, U>
+where
+    T: HttpMessage + Stream<Item = Bytes, Error = PayloadError> + 'static,
+{
    type Item = U;
    type Error = JsonPayloadError;

    fn poll(&mut self) -> Poll<U, JsonPayloadError> {
-        if let Some(ref mut fut) = self.fut {
-            return fut.poll();
-        }
-
-        if let Some(err) = self.err.take() {
-            return Err(err);
-        }
-
-        let limit = self.limit;
-        if let Some(len) = self.length.take() {
-            if len > limit {
-                return Err(JsonPayloadError::Overflow);
-            }
-        }
-
-        let fut = self
-            .stream
-            .take()
-            .expect("JsonBody could not be used second time")
-            .from_err()
-            .fold(BytesMut::with_capacity(8192), move |mut body, chunk| {
-                if (body.len() + chunk.len()) > limit {
-                    Err(JsonPayloadError::Overflow)
-                } else {
-                    body.extend_from_slice(&chunk);
-                    Ok(body)
+        if let Some(req) = self.req.take() {
+            if let Some(len) = req.headers().get(CONTENT_LENGTH) {
+                if let Ok(s) = len.to_str() {
+                    if let Ok(len) = s.parse::<usize>() {
+                        if len > self.limit {
+                            return Err(JsonPayloadError::Overflow);
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        return Err(JsonPayloadError::Overflow);
+                    }
                }
-            })
-            .and_then(|body| Ok(serde_json::from_slice::<U>(&body)?));
-        self.fut = Some(Box::new(fut));
-        self.poll()
+            }
+            // check content-type
+
+            let json = if let Ok(Some(mime)) = req.mime_type() {
+                mime.subtype() == mime::JSON || mime.suffix() == Some(mime::JSON)
+            } else {
+                false
+            };
+            if !json {
+                return Err(JsonPayloadError::ContentType);
+            }
+
+            let limit = self.limit;
+            let fut = req
+                .from_err()
+                .fold(BytesMut::new(), move |mut body, chunk| {
+                    if (body.len() + chunk.len()) > limit {
+                        Err(JsonPayloadError::Overflow)
+                    } else {
+                        body.extend_from_slice(&chunk);
+                        Ok(body)
+                    }
+                })
+                .and_then(|body| Ok(serde_json::from_slice::<U>(&body)?));
+            self.fut = Some(Box::new(fut));
+        }
+
+        self.fut
+            .as_mut()
+            .expect("JsonBody could not be used second time")
+            .poll()
    }
 }

@@ -342,8 +325,7 @@ mod tests {
    use http::header;

    use handler::Handler;
-    use test::TestRequest;
-    use with::With;
+    use with::{ExtractorConfig, With};

    impl PartialEq for JsonPayloadError {
        fn eq(&self, other: &JsonPayloadError) -> bool {
@@ -371,7 +353,7 @@ mod tests {
        let json = Json(MyObject {
            name: "test".to_owned(),
        });
-        let resp = json.respond_to(&TestRequest::default().finish()).unwrap();
+        let resp = json.respond_to(&HttpRequest::default()).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
            resp.headers().get(header::CONTENT_TYPE).unwrap(),
            "application/json"
@@ -380,44 +362,41 @@ mod tests {

    #[test]
    fn test_json_body() {
-        let req = TestRequest::default().finish();
+        let req = HttpRequest::default();
        let mut json = req.json::<MyObject>();
        assert_eq!(json.poll().err().unwrap(), JsonPayloadError::ContentType);

-        let req = TestRequest::default()
-            .header(
-                header::CONTENT_TYPE,
-                header::HeaderValue::from_static("application/text"),
-            )
-            .finish();
+        let mut req = HttpRequest::default();
+        req.headers_mut().insert(
+            header::CONTENT_TYPE,
+            header::HeaderValue::from_static("application/text"),
+        );
        let mut json = req.json::<MyObject>();
        assert_eq!(json.poll().err().unwrap(), JsonPayloadError::ContentType);

-        let req = TestRequest::default()
-            .header(
-                header::CONTENT_TYPE,
-                header::HeaderValue::from_static("application/json"),
-            )
-            .header(
-                header::CONTENT_LENGTH,
-                header::HeaderValue::from_static("10000"),
-            )
-            .finish();
+        let mut req = HttpRequest::default();
+        req.headers_mut().insert(
+            header::CONTENT_TYPE,
+            header::HeaderValue::from_static("application/json"),
+        );
+        req.headers_mut().insert(
+            header::CONTENT_LENGTH,
+            header::HeaderValue::from_static("10000"),
+        );
        let mut json = req.json::<MyObject>().limit(100);
        assert_eq!(json.poll().err().unwrap(), JsonPayloadError::Overflow);

-        let req = TestRequest::default()
-            .header(
-                header::CONTENT_TYPE,
-                header::HeaderValue::from_static("application/json"),
-            )
-            .header(
-                header::CONTENT_LENGTH,
-                header::HeaderValue::from_static("16"),
-            )
-            .set_payload(Bytes::from_static(b"{\"name\": \"test\"}"))
-            .finish();
-
+        let mut req = HttpRequest::default();
+        req.headers_mut().insert(
+            header::CONTENT_TYPE,
+            header::HeaderValue::from_static("application/json"),
+        );
+        req.headers_mut().insert(
+            header::CONTENT_LENGTH,
+            header::HeaderValue::from_static("16"),
+        );
+        req.payload_mut()
+            .unread_data(Bytes::from_static(b"{\"name\": \"test\"}"));
        let mut json = req.json::<MyObject>();
        assert_eq!(
            json.poll().ok().unwrap(),
@@ -429,22 +408,24 @@ mod tests {

    #[test]
    fn test_with_json() {
-        let mut cfg = JsonConfig::default();
+        let mut cfg = ExtractorConfig::<_, Json<MyObject>>::default();
        cfg.limit(4096);
-        let handler = With::new(|data: Json<MyObject>| data, cfg);
+        let mut handler = With::new(|data: Json<MyObject>| data, cfg);

-        let req = TestRequest::default().finish();
-        assert!(handler.handle(&req).as_err().is_some());
+        let req = HttpRequest::default();
+        assert!(handler.handle(req).as_err().is_some());

-        let req = TestRequest::with_header(
+        let mut req = HttpRequest::default();
+        req.headers_mut().insert(
            header::CONTENT_TYPE,
            header::HeaderValue::from_static("application/json"),
-        ).header(
+        );
+        req.headers_mut().insert(
            header::CONTENT_LENGTH,
            header::HeaderValue::from_static("16"),
-        )
-            .set_payload(Bytes::from_static(b"{\"name\": \"test\"}"))
-            .finish();
-        assert!(handler.handle(&req).as_err().is_none())
+        );
+        req.payload_mut()
+            .unread_data(Bytes::from_static(b"{\"name\": \"test\"}"));
+        assert!(handler.handle(req).as_err().is_none())
    }
 }
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -2,21 +2,21 @@
 //! for Rust.
 //!
 //! ```rust
-//! use actix_web::{server, App, Path, Responder};
+//! use actix_web::{server, App, Path};
 //! # use std::thread;
 //!
-//! fn index(info: Path<(String, u32)>) -> impl Responder {
+//! fn index(info: Path<(String, u32)>) -> String {
 //!     format!("Hello {}! id:{}", info.0, info.1)
 //! }
 //!
 //! fn main() {
-//!     # thread::spawn(|| {
+//! # thread::spawn(|| {
 //!     server::new(|| {
 //!         App::new().resource("/{name}/{id}/index.html", |r| r.with(index))
 //!     }).bind("127.0.0.1:8080")
 //!         .unwrap()
 //!         .run();
-//!     # });
+//! # });
 //! }
 //! ```
 //!
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@
 //! * SSL support with OpenSSL or `native-tls`
 //! * Middlewares (`Logger`, `Session`, `CORS`, `CSRF`, `DefaultHeaders`)
 //! * Built on top of [Actix actor framework](https://github.com/actix/actix)
-//! * Supported Rust version: 1.26 or later
+//! * Supported Rust version: 1.24 or later
 //!
 //! ## Package feature
 //!
@@ -83,7 +83,6 @@
    feature = "cargo-clippy",
    allow(decimal_literal_representation, suspicious_arithmetic_impl)
 )]
-#![warn(missing_docs)]

 #[macro_use]
 extern crate log;
@@ -103,23 +102,19 @@ extern crate lazy_static;
 extern crate futures;
 extern crate cookie;
 extern crate futures_cpupool;
-extern crate htmlescape;
 extern crate http as modhttp;
+extern crate http_range;
 extern crate httparse;
 extern crate language_tags;
-extern crate lazycell;
+extern crate libc;
 extern crate mime;
 extern crate mime_guess;
 extern crate mio;
 extern crate net2;
-extern crate parking_lot;
 extern crate rand;
 extern crate slab;
-extern crate tokio;
+extern crate tokio_core;
 extern crate tokio_io;
-extern crate tokio_reactor;
-extern crate tokio_tcp;
-extern crate tokio_timer;
 extern crate url;
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate serde;
@@ -130,12 +125,12 @@ extern crate encoding;
 extern crate flate2;
 extern crate h2 as http2;
 extern crate num_cpus;
-#[macro_use]
 extern crate percent_encoding;
 extern crate serde_json;
+extern crate serde_urlencoded;
 extern crate smallvec;
 #[macro_use]
-extern crate actix as actix_inner;
+extern crate actix;

 #[cfg(test)]
 #[macro_use]
@@ -155,7 +150,6 @@ mod application;
 mod body;
 mod context;
 mod de;
-mod extensions;
 mod extractor;
 mod handler;
 mod header;
@@ -173,7 +167,6 @@ mod resource;
 mod route;
 mod router;
 mod scope;
-mod serde_urlencoded;
 mod uri;
 mod with;

@@ -190,7 +183,6 @@ pub use application::App;
 pub use body::{Binary, Body};
 pub use context::HttpContext;
 pub use error::{Error, ResponseError, Result};
-pub use extensions::Extensions;
 pub use extractor::{Form, Path, Query};
 pub use handler::{
    AsyncResponder, Either, FromRequest, FutureResponse, Responder, State,
@@ -200,19 +192,10 @@ pub use httprequest::HttpRequest;
 pub use httpresponse::HttpResponse;
 pub use json::Json;
 pub use scope::Scope;
-pub use server::Request;

-pub mod actix {
-    //! Re-exports [actix's](https://docs.rs/actix/) prelude
-
-    extern crate actix;
-    pub use self::actix::actors::resolver;
-    pub use self::actix::actors::signal;
-    pub use self::actix::fut;
-    pub use self::actix::msgs;
-    pub use self::actix::prelude::*;
-    pub use self::actix::{run, spawn};
-}
+#[doc(hidden)]
+#[deprecated(since = "0.6.2", note = "please use `use actix_web::ws::WsWriter`")]
+pub use ws::WsWriter;

 #[cfg(feature = "openssl")]
 pub(crate) const HAS_OPENSSL: bool = true;
@@ -244,10 +227,10 @@ pub mod dev {
    pub use info::ConnectionInfo;
    pub use json::{JsonBody, JsonConfig};
    pub use param::{FromParam, Params};
-    pub use payload::{Payload, PayloadBuffer};
-    pub use resource::Resource;
+    pub use resource::ResourceHandler;
    pub use route::Route;
-    pub use router::{ResourceDef, ResourceInfo, ResourceType, Router};
+    pub use router::{Resource, ResourceType, Router};
+    pub use with::ExtractorConfig;
 }

 pub mod http {
@@ -260,13 +243,12 @@ pub mod http {
    pub use modhttp::{uri, Error, Extensions, HeaderMap, HttpTryFrom, Uri};

    pub use cookie::{Cookie, CookieBuilder};
+    pub use http_range::HttpRange;

    pub use helpers::NormalizePath;

-    /// Various http headers
    pub mod header {
        pub use header::*;
-        pub use header::{ContentDisposition, DispositionType, DispositionParam, Charset, LanguageTag};
    }
    pub use header::ContentEncoding;
    pub use httpresponse::ConnectionType;
--- a/src/middleware/cors.rs
+++ b/src/middleware/cors.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 //!      constructed backend.
 //!
 //! Cors middleware could be used as parameter for `App::middleware()` or
-//! `Resource::middleware()` methods. But you have to use
+//! `ResourceHandler::middleware()` methods. But you have to use
 //! `Cors::for_app()` method to support *preflight* OPTIONS request.
 //!
 //!
@@ -59,9 +59,7 @@ use httpmessage::HttpMessage;
 use httprequest::HttpRequest;
 use httpresponse::HttpResponse;
 use middleware::{Middleware, Response, Started};
-use resource::Resource;
-use router::ResourceDef;
-use server::Request;
+use resource::ResourceHandler;

 /// A set of errors that can occur during processing CORS
 #[derive(Debug, Fail)]
@@ -209,7 +207,6 @@ impl Default for Cors {
 }

 impl Cors {
-    /// Build a new CORS middleware instance
    pub fn build() -> CorsBuilder<()> {
        CorsBuilder {
            cors: Some(Inner {
@@ -278,16 +275,14 @@ impl Cors {
    /// adds route for *OPTIONS* preflight requests.
    ///
    /// It is possible to register *Cors* middleware with
-    /// `Resource::middleware()` method, but in that case *Cors*
+    /// `ResourceHandler::middleware()` method, but in that case *Cors*
    /// middleware wont be able to handle *OPTIONS* requests.
-    pub fn register<S: 'static>(self, resource: &mut Resource<S>) {
-        resource
-            .method(Method::OPTIONS)
-            .h(|_: &_| HttpResponse::Ok());
+    pub fn register<S: 'static>(self, resource: &mut ResourceHandler<S>) {
+        resource.method(Method::OPTIONS).h(|_| HttpResponse::Ok());
        resource.middleware(self);
    }

-    fn validate_origin(&self, req: &Request) -> Result<(), CorsError> {
+    fn validate_origin<S>(&self, req: &mut HttpRequest<S>) -> Result<(), CorsError> {
        if let Some(hdr) = req.headers().get(header::ORIGIN) {
            if let Ok(origin) = hdr.to_str() {
                return match self.inner.origins {
@@ -307,7 +302,9 @@ impl Cors {
        }
    }

-    fn validate_allowed_method(&self, req: &Request) -> Result<(), CorsError> {
+    fn validate_allowed_method<S>(
+        &self, req: &mut HttpRequest<S>,
+    ) -> Result<(), CorsError> {
        if let Some(hdr) = req.headers().get(header::ACCESS_CONTROL_REQUEST_METHOD) {
            if let Ok(meth) = hdr.to_str() {
                if let Ok(method) = Method::try_from(meth) {
@@ -325,7 +322,9 @@ impl Cors {
        }
    }

-    fn validate_allowed_headers(&self, req: &Request) -> Result<(), CorsError> {
+    fn validate_allowed_headers<S>(
+        &self, req: &mut HttpRequest<S>,
+    ) -> Result<(), CorsError> {
        match self.inner.headers {
            AllOrSome::All => Ok(()),
            AllOrSome::Some(ref allowed_headers) => {
@@ -356,11 +355,11 @@ impl Cors {
 }

 impl<S> Middleware<S> for Cors {
-    fn start(&self, req: &HttpRequest<S>) -> Result<Started> {
+    fn start(&self, req: &mut HttpRequest<S>) -> Result<Started> {
        if self.inner.preflight && Method::OPTIONS == *req.method() {
            self.validate_origin(req)?;
-            self.validate_allowed_method(&req)?;
-            self.validate_allowed_headers(&req)?;
+            self.validate_allowed_method(req)?;
+            self.validate_allowed_headers(req)?;

            // allowed headers
            let headers = if let Some(headers) = self.inner.headers.as_ref() {
@@ -434,7 +433,7 @@ impl<S> Middleware<S> for Cors {
    }

    fn response(
-        &self, req: &HttpRequest<S>, mut resp: HttpResponse,
+        &self, req: &mut HttpRequest<S>, mut resp: HttpResponse,
    ) -> Result<Response> {
        match self.inner.origins {
            AllOrSome::All => {
@@ -516,7 +515,7 @@ pub struct CorsBuilder<S = ()> {
    methods: bool,
    error: Option<http::Error>,
    expose_hdrs: HashSet<HeaderName>,
-    resources: Vec<Resource<S>>,
+    resources: Vec<(String, ResourceHandler<S>)>,
    app: Option<App<S>>,
 }

@@ -796,13 +795,13 @@ impl<S: 'static> CorsBuilder<S> {
    /// ```
    pub fn resource<F, R>(&mut self, path: &str, f: F) -> &mut CorsBuilder<S>
    where
-        F: FnOnce(&mut Resource<S>) -> R + 'static,
+        F: FnOnce(&mut ResourceHandler<S>) -> R + 'static,
    {
        // add resource handler
-        let mut resource = Resource::new(ResourceDef::new(path));
-        f(&mut resource);
+        let mut handler = ResourceHandler::default();
+        f(&mut handler);

-        self.resources.push(resource);
+        self.resources.push((path.to_owned(), handler));
        self
    }

@@ -879,9 +878,9 @@ impl<S: 'static> CorsBuilder<S> {
            .expect("CorsBuilder has to be constructed with Cors::for_app(app)");

        // register resources
-        for mut resource in self.resources.drain(..) {
+        for (path, mut resource) in self.resources.drain(..) {
            cors.clone().register(&mut resource);
-            app.register_resource(resource);
+            app.register_resource(&path, resource);
        }

        app
@@ -945,9 +944,10 @@ mod tests {
    #[test]
    fn validate_origin_allows_all_origins() {
        let cors = Cors::default();
-        let req = TestRequest::with_header("Origin", "https://www.example.com").finish();
+        let mut req =
+            TestRequest::with_header("Origin", "https://www.example.com").finish();

-        assert!(cors.start(&req).ok().unwrap().is_done())
+        assert!(cors.start(&mut req).ok().unwrap().is_done())
    }

    #[test]
@@ -960,20 +960,20 @@ mod tests {
            .allowed_header(header::CONTENT_TYPE)
            .finish();

-        let req = TestRequest::with_header("Origin", "https://www.example.com")
+        let mut req = TestRequest::with_header("Origin", "https://www.example.com")
            .method(Method::OPTIONS)
            .finish();

-        assert!(cors.start(&req).is_err());
+        assert!(cors.start(&mut req).is_err());

-        let req = TestRequest::with_header("Origin", "https://www.example.com")
+        let mut req = TestRequest::with_header("Origin", "https://www.example.com")
            .header(header::ACCESS_CONTROL_REQUEST_METHOD, "put")
            .method(Method::OPTIONS)
            .finish();

-        assert!(cors.start(&req).is_err());
+        assert!(cors.start(&mut req).is_err());

-        let req = TestRequest::with_header("Origin", "https://www.example.com")
+        let mut req = TestRequest::with_header("Origin", "https://www.example.com")
            .header(header::ACCESS_CONTROL_REQUEST_METHOD, "POST")
            .header(
                header::ACCESS_CONTROL_REQUEST_HEADERS,
@@ -982,7 +982,7 @@ mod tests {
            .method(Method::OPTIONS)
            .finish();

-        let resp = cors.start(&req).unwrap().response();
+        let resp = cors.start(&mut req).unwrap().response();
        assert_eq!(
            &b"*"[..],
            resp.headers()
@@ -1006,17 +1006,17 @@ mod tests {
        // as_bytes());

        Rc::get_mut(&mut cors.inner).unwrap().preflight = false;
-        assert!(cors.start(&req).unwrap().is_done());
+        assert!(cors.start(&mut req).unwrap().is_done());
    }

    // #[test]
    // #[should_panic(expected = "MissingOrigin")]
    // fn test_validate_missing_origin() {
-    //    let cors = Cors::build()
+    //    let mut cors = Cors::build()
    //        .allowed_origin("https://www.example.com")
    //        .finish();
    //    let mut req = HttpRequest::default();
-    //    cors.start(&req).unwrap();
+    //    cors.start(&mut req).unwrap();
    // }

    #[test]
@@ -1026,10 +1026,10 @@ mod tests {
            .allowed_origin("https://www.example.com")
            .finish();

-        let req = TestRequest::with_header("Origin", "https://www.unknown.com")
+        let mut req = TestRequest::with_header("Origin", "https://www.unknown.com")
            .method(Method::GET)
            .finish();
-        cors.start(&req).unwrap();
+        cors.start(&mut req).unwrap();
    }

    #[test]
@@ -1038,30 +1038,30 @@ mod tests {
            .allowed_origin("https://www.example.com")
            .finish();

-        let req = TestRequest::with_header("Origin", "https://www.example.com")
+        let mut req = TestRequest::with_header("Origin", "https://www.example.com")
            .method(Method::GET)
            .finish();

-        assert!(cors.start(&req).unwrap().is_done());
+        assert!(cors.start(&mut req).unwrap().is_done());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_no_origin_response() {
        let cors = Cors::build().finish();

-        let req = TestRequest::default().method(Method::GET).finish();
+        let mut req = TestRequest::default().method(Method::GET).finish();
        let resp: HttpResponse = HttpResponse::Ok().into();
-        let resp = cors.response(&req, resp).unwrap().response();
+        let resp = cors.response(&mut req, resp).unwrap().response();
        assert!(
            resp.headers()
                .get(header::ACCESS_CONTROL_ALLOW_ORIGIN)
                .is_none()
        );

-        let req = TestRequest::with_header("Origin", "https://www.example.com")
+        let mut req = TestRequest::with_header("Origin", "https://www.example.com")
            .method(Method::OPTIONS)
            .finish();
-        let resp = cors.response(&req, resp).unwrap().response();
+        let resp = cors.response(&mut req, resp).unwrap().response();
        assert_eq!(
            &b"https://www.example.com"[..],
            resp.headers()
@@ -1082,12 +1082,12 @@ mod tests {
            .allowed_header(header::CONTENT_TYPE)
            .finish();

-        let req = TestRequest::with_header("Origin", "https://www.example.com")
+        let mut req = TestRequest::with_header("Origin", "https://www.example.com")
            .method(Method::OPTIONS)
            .finish();

        let resp: HttpResponse = HttpResponse::Ok().into();
-        let resp = cors.response(&req, resp).unwrap().response();
+        let resp = cors.response(&mut req, resp).unwrap().response();
        assert_eq!(
            &b"*"[..],
            resp.headers()
@@ -1102,7 +1102,7 @@ mod tests {

        let resp: HttpResponse =
            HttpResponse::Ok().header(header::VARY, "Accept").finish();
-        let resp = cors.response(&req, resp).unwrap().response();
+        let resp = cors.response(&mut req, resp).unwrap().response();
        assert_eq!(
            &b"Accept, Origin"[..],
            resp.headers().get(header::VARY).unwrap().as_bytes()
@@ -1113,7 +1113,7 @@ mod tests {
            .allowed_origin("https://www.example.com")
            .finish();
        let resp: HttpResponse = HttpResponse::Ok().into();
-        let resp = cors.response(&req, resp).unwrap().response();
+        let resp = cors.response(&mut req, resp).unwrap().response();
        assert_eq!(
            &b"https://www.example.com"[..],
            resp.headers()
--- a/src/middleware/csrf.rs
+++ b/src/middleware/csrf.rs
@@ -15,25 +15,25 @@
 //!   the allowed origins.
 //!
 //! Use [`CsrfFilter::allow_xhr()`](struct.CsrfFilter.html#method.allow_xhr)
-//! if you want to allow requests with unprotected methods via
+//! if you want to allow requests with unsafe methods via
 //! [CORS](../cors/struct.Cors.html).
 //!
 //! # Example
 //!
 //! ```
 //! # extern crate actix_web;
-//! use actix_web::middleware::csrf;
 //! use actix_web::{http, App, HttpRequest, HttpResponse};
+//! use actix_web::middleware::csrf;
 //!
-//! fn handle_post(_: &HttpRequest) -> &'static str {
+//! fn handle_post(_: HttpRequest) -> &'static str {
 //!     "This action should only be triggered with requests from the same site"
 //! }
 //!
 //! fn main() {
 //!     let app = App::new()
 //!         .middleware(
-//!             csrf::CsrfFilter::new().allowed_origin("https://www.example.com"),
-//!         )
+//!             csrf::CsrfFilter::new()
+//!                 .allowed_origin("https://www.example.com"))
 //!         .resource("/", |r| {
 //!             r.method(http::Method::GET).f(|_| HttpResponse::Ok());
 //!             r.method(http::Method::POST).f(handle_post);
@@ -50,10 +50,10 @@ use std::collections::HashSet;
 use bytes::Bytes;
 use error::{ResponseError, Result};
 use http::{header, HeaderMap, HttpTryFrom, Uri};
+use httpmessage::HttpMessage;
 use httprequest::HttpRequest;
 use httpresponse::HttpResponse;
 use middleware::{Middleware, Started};
-use server::Request;

 /// Potential cross-site request forgery detected.
 #[derive(Debug, Fail)]
@@ -120,12 +120,13 @@ fn origin(headers: &HeaderMap) -> Option<Result<Cow<str>, CsrfError>> {
 /// # Example
 ///
 /// ```
-/// use actix_web::middleware::csrf;
 /// use actix_web::App;
+/// use actix_web::middleware::csrf;
 ///
 /// # fn main() {
-/// let app = App::new()
-///     .middleware(csrf::CsrfFilter::new().allowed_origin("https://www.example.com"));
+///    let app = App::new().middleware(
+///        csrf::CsrfFilter::new()
+///            .allowed_origin("https://www.example.com"));
 /// # }
 /// ```
 #[derive(Default)]
@@ -175,7 +176,7 @@ impl CsrfFilter {
    ///
    /// The filter is conservative by default, but it should be safe to allow
    /// missing `Origin` headers because a cross-site attacker cannot prevent
-    /// the browser from sending `Origin` on unprotected requests.
+    /// the browser from sending `Origin` on unsafe requests.
    pub fn allow_missing_origin(mut self) -> CsrfFilter {
        self.allow_missing_origin = true;
        self
@@ -187,7 +188,7 @@ impl CsrfFilter {
        self
    }

-    fn validate(&self, req: &Request) -> Result<(), CsrfError> {
+    fn validate<S>(&self, req: &mut HttpRequest<S>) -> Result<(), CsrfError> {
        let is_upgrade = req.headers().contains_key(header::UPGRADE);
        let is_safe = req.method().is_safe() && (self.allow_upgrade || !is_upgrade);

@@ -209,7 +210,7 @@ impl CsrfFilter {
 }

 impl<S> Middleware<S> for CsrfFilter {
-    fn start(&self, req: &HttpRequest<S>) -> Result<Started> {
+    fn start(&self, req: &mut HttpRequest<S>) -> Result<Started> {
        self.validate(req)?;
        Ok(Started::Done)
    }
@@ -225,35 +226,35 @@ mod tests {
    fn test_safe() {
        let csrf = CsrfFilter::new().allowed_origin("https://www.example.com");

-        let req = TestRequest::with_header("Origin", "https://www.w3.org")
+        let mut req = TestRequest::with_header("Origin", "https://www.w3.org")
            .method(Method::HEAD)
            .finish();

-        assert!(csrf.start(&req).is_ok());
+        assert!(csrf.start(&mut req).is_ok());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_csrf() {
        let csrf = CsrfFilter::new().allowed_origin("https://www.example.com");

-        let req = TestRequest::with_header("Origin", "https://www.w3.org")
+        let mut req = TestRequest::with_header("Origin", "https://www.w3.org")
            .method(Method::POST)
            .finish();

-        assert!(csrf.start(&req).is_err());
+        assert!(csrf.start(&mut req).is_err());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_referer() {
        let csrf = CsrfFilter::new().allowed_origin("https://www.example.com");

-        let req = TestRequest::with_header(
+        let mut req = TestRequest::with_header(
            "Referer",
            "https://www.example.com/some/path?query=param",
        ).method(Method::POST)
            .finish();

-        assert!(csrf.start(&req).is_ok());
+        assert!(csrf.start(&mut req).is_ok());
    }

    #[test]
@@ -264,13 +265,13 @@ mod tests {
            .allowed_origin("https://www.example.com")
            .allow_upgrade();

-        let req = TestRequest::with_header("Origin", "https://cswsh.com")
+        let mut req = TestRequest::with_header("Origin", "https://cswsh.com")
            .header("Connection", "Upgrade")
            .header("Upgrade", "websocket")
            .method(Method::GET)
            .finish();

-        assert!(strict_csrf.start(&req).is_err());
-        assert!(lax_csrf.start(&req).is_ok());
+        assert!(strict_csrf.start(&mut req).is_err());
+        assert!(lax_csrf.start(&mut req).is_ok());
    }
 }
--- a/src/middleware/defaultheaders.rs
+++ b/src/middleware/defaultheaders.rs
@@ -17,11 +17,12 @@ use middleware::{Middleware, Response};
 ///
 /// fn main() {
 ///     let app = App::new()
-///         .middleware(middleware::DefaultHeaders::new().header("X-Version", "0.2"))
+///         .middleware(
+///             middleware::DefaultHeaders::new()
+///                 .header("X-Version", "0.2"))
 ///         .resource("/test", |r| {
-///             r.method(http::Method::GET).f(|_| HttpResponse::Ok());
-///             r.method(http::Method::HEAD)
-///                 .f(|_| HttpResponse::MethodNotAllowed());
+///              r.method(http::Method::GET).f(|_| HttpResponse::Ok());
+///              r.method(http::Method::HEAD).f(|_| HttpResponse::MethodNotAllowed());
 ///         })
 ///         .finish();
 /// }
@@ -74,7 +75,9 @@ impl DefaultHeaders {
 }

 impl<S> Middleware<S> for DefaultHeaders {
-    fn response(&self, _: &HttpRequest<S>, mut resp: HttpResponse) -> Result<Response> {
+    fn response(
+        &self, _: &mut HttpRequest<S>, mut resp: HttpResponse,
+    ) -> Result<Response> {
        for (key, value) in self.headers.iter() {
            if !resp.headers().contains_key(key) {
                resp.headers_mut().insert(key, value.clone());
@@ -95,23 +98,22 @@ impl<S> Middleware<S> for DefaultHeaders {
 mod tests {
    use super::*;
    use http::header::CONTENT_TYPE;
-    use test::TestRequest;

    #[test]
    fn test_default_headers() {
        let mw = DefaultHeaders::new().header(CONTENT_TYPE, "0001");

-        let req = TestRequest::default().finish();
+        let mut req = HttpRequest::default();

        let resp = HttpResponse::Ok().finish();
-        let resp = match mw.response(&req, resp) {
+        let resp = match mw.response(&mut req, resp) {
            Ok(Response::Done(resp)) => resp,
            _ => panic!(),
        };
        assert_eq!(resp.headers().get(CONTENT_TYPE).unwrap(), "0001");

        let resp = HttpResponse::Ok().header(CONTENT_TYPE, "0002").finish();
-        let resp = match mw.response(&req, resp) {
+        let resp = match mw.response(&mut req, resp) {
            Ok(Response::Done(resp)) => resp,
            _ => panic!(),
        };
--- a/src/middleware/errhandlers.rs
+++ b/src/middleware/errhandlers.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use httprequest::HttpRequest;
 use httpresponse::HttpResponse;
 use middleware::{Middleware, Response};

-type ErrorHandler<S> = Fn(&HttpRequest<S>, HttpResponse) -> Result<Response>;
+type ErrorHandler<S> = Fn(&mut HttpRequest<S>, HttpResponse) -> Result<Response>;

 /// `Middleware` for allowing custom handlers for responses.
 ///
@@ -18,25 +18,23 @@ type ErrorHandler<S> = Fn(&HttpRequest<S>, HttpResponse) -> Result<Response>;
 ///
 /// ```rust
 /// # extern crate actix_web;
-/// use actix_web::middleware::{ErrorHandlers, Response};
 /// use actix_web::{http, App, HttpRequest, HttpResponse, Result};
+/// use actix_web::middleware::{Response, ErrorHandlers};
 ///
-/// fn render_500<S>(_: &HttpRequest<S>, resp: HttpResponse) -> Result<Response> {
-///     let mut builder = resp.into_builder();
-///     builder.header(http::header::CONTENT_TYPE, "application/json");
-///     Ok(Response::Done(builder.into()))
+/// fn render_500<S>(_: &mut HttpRequest<S>, resp: HttpResponse) -> Result<Response> {
+///    let mut builder = resp.into_builder();
+///    builder.header(http::header::CONTENT_TYPE, "application/json");
+///    Ok(Response::Done(builder.into()))
 /// }
 ///
 /// fn main() {
 ///     let app = App::new()
 ///         .middleware(
 ///             ErrorHandlers::new()
-///                 .handler(http::StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, render_500),
-///         )
+///                 .handler(http::StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, render_500))
 ///         .resource("/test", |r| {
-///             r.method(http::Method::GET).f(|_| HttpResponse::Ok());
-///             r.method(http::Method::HEAD)
-///                 .f(|_| HttpResponse::MethodNotAllowed());
+///              r.method(http::Method::GET).f(|_| HttpResponse::Ok());
+///              r.method(http::Method::HEAD).f(|_| HttpResponse::MethodNotAllowed());
 ///         })
 ///         .finish();
 /// }
@@ -62,7 +60,7 @@ impl<S> ErrorHandlers<S> {
    /// Register error handler for specified status code
    pub fn handler<F>(mut self, status: StatusCode, handler: F) -> Self
    where
-        F: Fn(&HttpRequest<S>, HttpResponse) -> Result<Response> + 'static,
+        F: Fn(&mut HttpRequest<S>, HttpResponse) -> Result<Response> + 'static,
    {
        self.handlers.insert(status, Box::new(handler));
        self
@@ -70,7 +68,9 @@ impl<S> ErrorHandlers<S> {
 }

 impl<S: 'static> Middleware<S> for ErrorHandlers<S> {
-    fn response(&self, req: &HttpRequest<S>, resp: HttpResponse) -> Result<Response> {
+    fn response(
+        &self, req: &mut HttpRequest<S>, resp: HttpResponse,
+    ) -> Result<Response> {
        if let Some(handler) = self.handlers.get(&resp.status()) {
            handler(req, resp)
        } else {
@@ -82,14 +82,10 @@ impl<S: 'static> Middleware<S> for ErrorHandlers<S> {
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
    use super::*;
-    use error::{Error, ErrorInternalServerError};
    use http::header::CONTENT_TYPE;
    use http::StatusCode;
-    use httpmessage::HttpMessage;
-    use middleware::Started;
-    use test::{self, TestRequest};

-    fn render_500<S>(_: &HttpRequest<S>, resp: HttpResponse) -> Result<Response> {
+    fn render_500<S>(_: &mut HttpRequest<S>, resp: HttpResponse) -> Result<Response> {
        let mut builder = resp.into_builder();
        builder.header(CONTENT_TYPE, "0001");
        Ok(Response::Done(builder.into()))
@@ -100,7 +96,7 @@ mod tests {
        let mw =
            ErrorHandlers::new().handler(StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, render_500);

-        let mut req = TestRequest::default().finish();
+        let mut req = HttpRequest::default();
        let resp = HttpResponse::InternalServerError().finish();
        let resp = match mw.response(&mut req, resp) {
            Ok(Response::Done(resp)) => resp,
@@ -115,27 +111,4 @@ mod tests {
        };
        assert!(!resp.headers().contains_key(CONTENT_TYPE));
    }
-
-    struct MiddlewareOne;
-
-    impl<S> Middleware<S> for MiddlewareOne {
-        fn start(&self, _: &HttpRequest<S>) -> Result<Started, Error> {
-            Err(ErrorInternalServerError("middleware error"))
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_middleware_start_error() {
-        let mut srv = test::TestServer::new(move |app| {
-            app.middleware(
-                ErrorHandlers::new()
-                    .handler(StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, render_500),
-            ).middleware(MiddlewareOne)
-                .handler(|_| HttpResponse::Ok())
-        });
-
-        let request = srv.get().finish().unwrap();
-        let response = srv.execute(request.send()).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(response.headers().get(CONTENT_TYPE).unwrap(), "0001");
-    }
 }
--- a/src/middleware/identity.rs
+++ b/src/middleware/identity.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 //! [**IdentityService**](struct.IdentityService.html) middleware can be
 //! used with different policies types to store identity information.
 //!
-//! By default, only cookie identity policy is implemented. Other backend
+//! Bu default, only cookie identity policy is implemented. Other backend
 //! implementations can be added separately.
 //!
 //! [**CookieIdentityPolicy**](struct.CookieIdentityPolicy.html)
@@ -62,8 +62,8 @@ use middleware::{Middleware, Response, Started};
 /// The helper trait to obtain your identity from a request.
 ///
 /// ```rust
-/// use actix_web::middleware::identity::RequestIdentity;
 /// use actix_web::*;
+/// use actix_web::middleware::identity::RequestIdentity;
 ///
 /// fn index(req: HttpRequest) -> Result<String> {
 ///     // access request identity
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ use middleware::{Middleware, Response, Started};
 /// }
 ///
 /// fn logout(mut req: HttpRequest) -> HttpResponse {
-///     req.forget(); // <- remove identity
+///     req.forget();                     // <- remove identity
 ///     HttpResponse::Ok().finish()
 /// }
 /// # fn main() {}
@@ -88,31 +88,31 @@ use middleware::{Middleware, Response, Started};
 pub trait RequestIdentity {
    /// Return the claimed identity of the user associated request or
    /// ``None`` if no identity can be found associated with the request.
-    fn identity(&self) -> Option<String>;
+    fn identity(&self) -> Option<&str>;

    /// Remember identity.
-    fn remember(&self, identity: String);
+    fn remember(&mut self, identity: String);

    /// This method is used to 'forget' the current identity on subsequent
    /// requests.
-    fn forget(&self);
+    fn forget(&mut self);
 }

 impl<S> RequestIdentity for HttpRequest<S> {
-    fn identity(&self) -> Option<String> {
+    fn identity(&self) -> Option<&str> {
        if let Some(id) = self.extensions().get::<IdentityBox>() {
-            return id.0.identity().map(|s| s.to_owned());
+            return id.0.identity();
        }
        None
    }

-    fn remember(&self, identity: String) {
+    fn remember(&mut self, identity: String) {
        if let Some(id) = self.extensions_mut().get_mut::<IdentityBox>() {
-            return id.0.as_mut().remember(identity);
+            return id.0.remember(identity);
        }
    }

-    fn forget(&self) {
+    fn forget(&mut self) {
        if let Some(id) = self.extensions_mut().get_mut::<IdentityBox>() {
            return id.0.forget();
        }
@@ -121,15 +121,10 @@ impl<S> RequestIdentity for HttpRequest<S> {

 /// An identity
 pub trait Identity: 'static {
-    /// Return the claimed identity of the user associated request or
-    /// ``None`` if no identity can be found associated with the request.
    fn identity(&self) -> Option<&str>;

-    /// Remember identity.
    fn remember(&mut self, key: String);

-    /// This method is used to 'forget' the current identity on subsequent
-    /// requests.
    fn forget(&mut self);

    /// Write session to storage backend.
@@ -138,30 +133,28 @@ pub trait Identity: 'static {

 /// Identity policy definition.
 pub trait IdentityPolicy<S>: Sized + 'static {
-    /// The associated identity
    type Identity: Identity;
-
-    /// The return type of the middleware
    type Future: Future<Item = Self::Identity, Error = Error>;

    /// Parse the session from request and load data from a service identity.
-    fn from_request(&self, request: &HttpRequest<S>) -> Self::Future;
+    fn from_request(&self, request: &mut HttpRequest<S>) -> Self::Future;
 }

 /// Request identity middleware
 ///
 /// ```rust
+/// # extern crate actix;
 /// # extern crate actix_web;
-/// use actix_web::middleware::identity::{CookieIdentityPolicy, IdentityService};
 /// use actix_web::App;
+/// use actix_web::middleware::identity::{IdentityService, CookieIdentityPolicy};
 ///
 /// fn main() {
-///     let app = App::new().middleware(IdentityService::new(
-///         // <- create identity middleware
-///         CookieIdentityPolicy::new(&[0; 32])    // <- create cookie session backend
+///    let app = App::new().middleware(
+///        IdentityService::new(                      // <- create identity middleware
+///            CookieIdentityPolicy::new(&[0; 32])    // <- create cookie session backend
 ///               .name("auth-cookie")
-///               .secure(false),
-///     ));
+///               .secure(false))
+///    );
 /// }
 /// ```
 pub struct IdentityService<T> {
@@ -177,22 +170,33 @@ impl<T> IdentityService<T> {

 struct IdentityBox(Box<Identity>);

+#[doc(hidden)]
+unsafe impl Send for IdentityBox {}
+#[doc(hidden)]
+unsafe impl Sync for IdentityBox {}
+
 impl<S: 'static, T: IdentityPolicy<S>> Middleware<S> for IdentityService<T> {
-    fn start(&self, req: &HttpRequest<S>) -> Result<Started> {
-        let req = req.clone();
-        let fut = self.backend.from_request(&req).then(move |res| match res {
-            Ok(id) => {
-                req.extensions_mut().insert(IdentityBox(Box::new(id)));
-                FutOk(None)
-            }
-            Err(err) => FutErr(err),
-        });
+    fn start(&self, req: &mut HttpRequest<S>) -> Result<Started> {
+        let mut req = req.clone();
+
+        let fut = self
+            .backend
+            .from_request(&mut req)
+            .then(move |res| match res {
+                Ok(id) => {
+                    req.extensions_mut().insert(IdentityBox(Box::new(id)));
+                    FutOk(None)
+                }
+                Err(err) => FutErr(err),
+            });
        Ok(Started::Future(Box::new(fut)))
    }

-    fn response(&self, req: &HttpRequest<S>, resp: HttpResponse) -> Result<Response> {
-        if let Some(ref mut id) = req.extensions_mut().get_mut::<IdentityBox>() {
-            id.0.as_mut().write(resp)
+    fn response(
+        &self, req: &mut HttpRequest<S>, resp: HttpResponse,
+    ) -> Result<Response> {
+        if let Some(mut id) = req.extensions_mut().remove::<IdentityBox>() {
+            id.0.write(resp)
        } else {
            Ok(Response::Done(resp))
        }
@@ -285,9 +289,9 @@ impl CookieIdentityInner {
        Ok(())
    }

-    fn load<S>(&self, req: &HttpRequest<S>) -> Option<String> {
+    fn load<S>(&self, req: &mut HttpRequest<S>) -> Option<String> {
        if let Ok(cookies) = req.cookies() {
-            for cookie in cookies.iter() {
+            for cookie in cookies {
                if cookie.name() == self.name {
                    let mut jar = CookieJar::new();
                    jar.add_original(cookie.clone());
@@ -314,18 +318,17 @@ impl CookieIdentityInner {
 ///
 /// ```rust
 /// # extern crate actix_web;
-/// use actix_web::middleware::identity::{CookieIdentityPolicy, IdentityService};
 /// use actix_web::App;
+/// use actix_web::middleware::identity::{IdentityService, CookieIdentityPolicy};
 ///
 /// fn main() {
-///     let app = App::new().middleware(IdentityService::new(
-///         // <- create identity middleware
-///         CookieIdentityPolicy::new(&[0; 32])  // <- construct cookie policy
+///    let app = App::new().middleware(
+///        IdentityService::new(                    // <- create identity middleware
+///            CookieIdentityPolicy::new(&[0; 32])  // <- construct cookie policy
 ///                .domain("www.rust-lang.org")
 ///                .name("actix_auth")
 ///                .path("/")
-///                .secure(true),
-///     ));
+///                .secure(true)));
 /// }
 /// ```
 pub struct CookieIdentityPolicy(Rc<CookieIdentityInner>);
@@ -376,7 +379,7 @@ impl<S> IdentityPolicy<S> for CookieIdentityPolicy {
    type Identity = CookieIdentity;
    type Future = FutureResult<CookieIdentity, Error>;

-    fn from_request(&self, req: &HttpRequest<S>) -> Self::Future {
+    fn from_request(&self, req: &mut HttpRequest<S>) -> Self::Future {
        let identity = self.0.load(req);
        FutOk(CookieIdentity {
            identity,
--- a/src/middleware/logger.rs
+++ b/src/middleware/logger.rs
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ use std::collections::HashSet;
 use std::env;
 use std::fmt::{self, Display, Formatter};

+use libc;
 use regex::Regex;
 use time;

@@ -30,8 +31,8 @@ use middleware::{Finished, Middleware, Started};
 /// ```rust
 /// # extern crate actix_web;
 /// extern crate env_logger;
-/// use actix_web::middleware::Logger;
 /// use actix_web::App;
+/// use actix_web::middleware::Logger;
 ///
 /// fn main() {
 ///     std::env::set_var("RUST_LOG", "actix_web=info");
@@ -52,6 +53,8 @@ use middleware::{Finished, Middleware, Started};
 ///
 /// `%t`  Time when the request was started to process
 ///
+/// `%P`  The process ID of the child that serviced the request
+///
 /// `%r`  First line of request
 ///
 /// `%s`  Response status code
@@ -107,7 +110,7 @@ impl Default for Logger {
 struct StartTime(time::Tm);

 impl Logger {
-    fn log<S>(&self, req: &HttpRequest<S>, resp: &HttpResponse) {
+    fn log<S>(&self, req: &mut HttpRequest<S>, resp: &HttpResponse) {
        if let Some(entry_time) = req.extensions().get::<StartTime>() {
            let render = |fmt: &mut Formatter| {
                for unit in &self.format.0 {
@@ -121,14 +124,14 @@ impl Logger {
 }

 impl<S> Middleware<S> for Logger {
-    fn start(&self, req: &HttpRequest<S>) -> Result<Started> {
+    fn start(&self, req: &mut HttpRequest<S>) -> Result<Started> {
        if !self.exclude.contains(req.path()) {
            req.extensions_mut().insert(StartTime(time::now()));
        }
        Ok(Started::Done)
    }

-    fn finish(&self, req: &HttpRequest<S>, resp: &HttpResponse) -> Finished {
+    fn finish(&self, req: &mut HttpRequest<S>, resp: &HttpResponse) -> Finished {
        self.log(req, resp);
        Finished::Done
    }
@@ -178,6 +181,7 @@ impl Format {
                    "%" => FormatText::Percent,
                    "a" => FormatText::RemoteAddr,
                    "t" => FormatText::RequestTime,
+                    "P" => FormatText::Pid,
                    "r" => FormatText::RequestLine,
                    "s" => FormatText::ResponseStatus,
                    "b" => FormatText::ResponseSize,
@@ -201,6 +205,7 @@ impl Format {
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub enum FormatText {
    Str(String),
+    Pid,
    Percent,
    RequestLine,
    RequestTime,
@@ -242,6 +247,7 @@ impl FormatText {
            }
            FormatText::ResponseStatus => resp.status().as_u16().fmt(fmt),
            FormatText::ResponseSize => resp.response_size().fmt(fmt),
+            FormatText::Pid => unsafe { libc::getpid().fmt(fmt) },
            FormatText::Time => {
                let rt = time::now() - entry_time;
                let rt = (rt.num_nanoseconds().unwrap_or(0) as f64) / 1_000_000_000.0;
@@ -308,30 +314,38 @@ impl<'a> fmt::Display for FormatDisplay<'a> {

 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-    use time;
-
    use super::*;
-    use http::{header, StatusCode};
-    use test::TestRequest;
+    use http::header::{self, HeaderMap};
+    use http::{Method, StatusCode, Uri, Version};
+    use std::str::FromStr;
+    use time;

    #[test]
    fn test_logger() {
        let logger = Logger::new("%% %{User-Agent}i %{X-Test}o %{HOME}e %D test");

-        let req = TestRequest::with_header(
+        let mut headers = HeaderMap::new();
+        headers.insert(
            header::USER_AGENT,
            header::HeaderValue::from_static("ACTIX-WEB"),
-        ).finish();
+        );
+        let mut req = HttpRequest::new(
+            Method::GET,
+            Uri::from_str("/").unwrap(),
+            Version::HTTP_11,
+            headers,
+            None,
+        );
        let resp = HttpResponse::build(StatusCode::OK)
            .header("X-Test", "ttt")
            .force_close()
            .finish();

-        match logger.start(&req) {
+        match logger.start(&mut req) {
            Ok(Started::Done) => (),
            _ => panic!(),
        };
-        match logger.finish(&req, &resp) {
+        match logger.finish(&mut req, &resp) {
            Finished::Done => (),
            _ => panic!(),
        }
@@ -350,10 +364,18 @@ mod tests {
    fn test_default_format() {
        let format = Format::default();

-        let req = TestRequest::with_header(
+        let mut headers = HeaderMap::new();
+        headers.insert(
            header::USER_AGENT,
            header::HeaderValue::from_static("ACTIX-WEB"),
-        ).finish();
+        );
+        let req = HttpRequest::new(
+            Method::GET,
+            Uri::from_str("/").unwrap(),
+            Version::HTTP_11,
+            headers,
+            None,
+        );
        let resp = HttpResponse::build(StatusCode::OK).force_close().finish();
        let entry_time = time::now();

@@ -368,7 +390,13 @@ mod tests {
        assert!(s.contains("200 0"));
        assert!(s.contains("ACTIX-WEB"));

-        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/?test").finish();
+        let req = HttpRequest::new(
+            Method::GET,
+            Uri::from_str("/?test").unwrap(),
+            Version::HTTP_11,
+            HeaderMap::new(),
+            None,
+        );
        let resp = HttpResponse::build(StatusCode::OK).force_close().finish();
        let entry_time = time::now();

--- a/src/middleware/mod.rs
+++ b/src/middleware/mod.rs
@@ -51,18 +51,20 @@ pub enum Finished {
 pub trait Middleware<S>: 'static {
    /// Method is called when request is ready. It may return
    /// future, which should resolve before next middleware get called.
-    fn start(&self, req: &HttpRequest<S>) -> Result<Started> {
+    fn start(&self, req: &mut HttpRequest<S>) -> Result<Started> {
        Ok(Started::Done)
    }

    /// Method is called when handler returns response,
    /// but before sending http message to peer.
-    fn response(&self, req: &HttpRequest<S>, resp: HttpResponse) -> Result<Response> {
+    fn response(
+        &self, req: &mut HttpRequest<S>, resp: HttpResponse,
+    ) -> Result<Response> {
        Ok(Response::Done(resp))
    }

    /// Method is called after body stream get sent to peer.
-    fn finish(&self, req: &HttpRequest<S>, resp: &HttpResponse) -> Finished {
+    fn finish(&self, req: &mut HttpRequest<S>, resp: &HttpResponse) -> Finished {
        Finished::Done
    }
 }
--- a/src/middleware/session.rs
+++ b/src/middleware/session.rs
@@ -32,8 +32,9 @@
 //! session data.
 //!
 //! ```rust
+//! # extern crate actix;
 //! # extern crate actix_web;
-//! use actix_web::{actix, server, App, HttpRequest, Result};
+//! use actix_web::{server, App, HttpRequest, Result};
 //! use actix_web::middleware::session::{RequestSession, SessionStorage, CookieSessionBackend};
 //!
 //! fn index(req: HttpRequest) -> Result<&'static str> {
@@ -49,17 +50,17 @@
 //! }
 //!
 //! fn main() {
-//!     actix::System::run(|| {
-//!         server::new(
-//!           || App::new().middleware(
-//!               SessionStorage::new(          // <- create session middleware
-//!                 CookieSessionBackend::signed(&[0; 32]) // <- create signed cookie session backend
-//!                     .secure(false)
-//!              )))
-//!             .bind("127.0.0.1:59880").unwrap()
-//!             .start();
-//! #         actix::System::current().stop();
-//!     });
+//!     let sys = actix::System::new("basic-example");
+//!     server::new(
+//!       || App::new().middleware(
+//!           SessionStorage::new(          // <- create session middleware
+//!             CookieSessionBackend::signed(&[0; 32]) // <- create signed cookie session backend
+//!                 .secure(false)
+//!          )))
+//!         .bind("127.0.0.1:59880").unwrap()
+//!         .start();
+//! #     actix::Arbiter::system().do_send(actix::msgs::SystemExit(0));
+//!     let _ = sys.run();
 //! }
 //! ```
 use std::cell::RefCell;
@@ -68,7 +69,7 @@ use std::marker::PhantomData;
 use std::rc::Rc;
 use std::sync::Arc;

-use cookie::{Cookie, CookieJar, Key, SameSite};
+use cookie::{Cookie, CookieJar, Key};
 use futures::future::{err as FutErr, ok as FutOk, FutureResult};
 use futures::Future;
 use http::header::{self, HeaderValue};
@@ -87,13 +88,13 @@ use middleware::{Middleware, Response, Started};
 /// The helper trait to obtain your session data from a request.
 ///
 /// ```rust
-/// use actix_web::middleware::session::RequestSession;
 /// use actix_web::*;
+/// use actix_web::middleware::session::RequestSession;
 ///
 /// fn index(mut req: HttpRequest) -> Result<&'static str> {
 ///     // access session data
 ///     if let Some(count) = req.session().get::<i32>("counter")? {
-///         req.session().set("counter", count + 1)?;
+///         req.session().set("counter", count+1)?;
 ///     } else {
 ///         req.session().set("counter", 1)?;
 ///     }
@@ -103,7 +104,6 @@ use middleware::{Middleware, Response, Started};
 /// # fn main() {}
 /// ```
 pub trait RequestSession {
-    /// Get the session from the request
    fn session(&self) -> Session;
 }

@@ -123,13 +123,13 @@ impl<S> RequestSession for HttpRequest<S> {
 /// method. `RequestSession` trait is implemented for `HttpRequest`.
 ///
 /// ```rust
-/// use actix_web::middleware::session::RequestSession;
 /// use actix_web::*;
+/// use actix_web::middleware::session::RequestSession;
 ///
 /// fn index(mut req: HttpRequest) -> Result<&'static str> {
 ///     // access session data
 ///     if let Some(count) = req.session().get::<i32>("counter")? {
-///         req.session().set("counter", count + 1)?;
+///         req.session().set("counter", count+1)?;
 ///     } else {
 ///         req.session().set("counter", 1)?;
 ///     }
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ impl Session {
 /// fn index(session: Session) -> Result<&'static str> {
 ///     // access session data
 ///     if let Some(count) = session.get::<i32>("counter")? {
-///         session.set("counter", count + 1)?;
+///         session.set("counter", count+1)?;
 ///     } else {
 ///         session.set("counter", 1)?;
 ///     }
@@ -221,19 +221,25 @@ impl<S> FromRequest<S> for Session {

 struct SessionImplCell(RefCell<Box<SessionImpl>>);

+#[doc(hidden)]
+unsafe impl Send for SessionImplCell {}
+#[doc(hidden)]
+unsafe impl Sync for SessionImplCell {}
+
 /// Session storage middleware
 ///
 /// ```rust
+/// # extern crate actix;
 /// # extern crate actix_web;
-/// use actix_web::middleware::session::{CookieSessionBackend, SessionStorage};
 /// use actix_web::App;
+/// use actix_web::middleware::session::{SessionStorage, CookieSessionBackend};
 ///
 /// fn main() {
-///     let app = App::new().middleware(SessionStorage::new(
-///         // <- create session middleware
-///         CookieSessionBackend::signed(&[0; 32]) // <- create cookie session backend
-///               .secure(false),
-///     ));
+///    let app = App::new().middleware(
+///        SessionStorage::new(                      // <- create session middleware
+///            CookieSessionBackend::signed(&[0; 32]) // <- create cookie session backend
+///               .secure(false))
+///    );
 /// }
 /// ```
 pub struct SessionStorage<T, S>(T, PhantomData<S>);
@@ -246,7 +252,7 @@ impl<S, T: SessionBackend<S>> SessionStorage<T, S> {
 }

 impl<S: 'static, T: SessionBackend<S>> Middleware<S> for SessionStorage<T, S> {
-    fn start(&self, req: &HttpRequest<S>) -> Result<Started> {
+    fn start(&self, req: &mut HttpRequest<S>) -> Result<Started> {
        let mut req = req.clone();

        let fut = self.0.from_request(&mut req).then(move |res| match res {
@@ -260,8 +266,10 @@ impl<S: 'static, T: SessionBackend<S>> Middleware<S> for SessionStorage<T, S> {
        Ok(Started::Future(Box::new(fut)))
    }

-    fn response(&self, req: &HttpRequest<S>, resp: HttpResponse) -> Result<Response> {
-        if let Some(s_box) = req.extensions().get::<Arc<SessionImplCell>>() {
+    fn response(
+        &self, req: &mut HttpRequest<S>, resp: HttpResponse,
+    ) -> Result<Response> {
+        if let Some(s_box) = req.extensions_mut().remove::<Arc<SessionImplCell>>() {
            s_box.0.borrow_mut().write(resp)
        } else {
            Ok(Response::Done(resp))
@@ -359,7 +367,6 @@ struct CookieSessionInner {
    domain: Option<String>,
    secure: bool,
    max_age: Option<Duration>,
-    same_site: Option<SameSite>,
 }

 impl CookieSessionInner {
@@ -372,7 +379,6 @@ impl CookieSessionInner {
            domain: None,
            secure: true,
            max_age: None,
-            same_site: None,
        }
    }

@@ -398,10 +404,6 @@ impl CookieSessionInner {
            cookie.set_max_age(max_age);
        }

-        if let Some(same_site) = self.same_site {
-            cookie.set_same_site(same_site);
-        }
-
        let mut jar = CookieJar::new();

        match self.security {
@@ -410,7 +412,7 @@ impl CookieSessionInner {
        }

        for cookie in jar.delta() {
-            let val = HeaderValue::from_str(&cookie.encoded().to_string())?;
+            let val = HeaderValue::from_str(&cookie.to_string())?;
            resp.headers_mut().append(header::SET_COOKIE, val);
        }

@@ -419,7 +421,7 @@ impl CookieSessionInner {

    fn load<S>(&self, req: &mut HttpRequest<S>) -> HashMap<String, String> {
        if let Ok(cookies) = req.cookies() {
-            for cookie in cookies.iter() {
+            for cookie in cookies {
                if cookie.name() == self.name {
                    let mut jar = CookieJar::new();
                    jar.add_original(cookie.clone());
@@ -464,9 +466,6 @@ impl CookieSessionInner {
 /// all session data is lost. The constructors will panic if the key is less
 /// than 32 bytes in length.
 ///
-/// The backend relies on `cookie` crate to create and read cookies.
-/// By default all cookies are percent encoded, but certain symbols may
-/// cause troubles when reading cookie, if they are not properly percent encoded.
 ///
 /// # Example
 ///
@@ -532,12 +531,6 @@ impl CookieSessionBackend {
        self
    }

-    /// Sets the `same_site` field in the session cookie being built.
-    pub fn same_site(mut self, value: SameSite) -> CookieSessionBackend {
-        Rc::get_mut(&mut self.0).unwrap().same_site = Some(value);
-        self
-    }
-
    /// Sets the `max-age` field in the session cookie being built.
    pub fn max_age(mut self, value: Duration) -> CookieSessionBackend {
        Rc::get_mut(&mut self.0).unwrap().max_age = Some(value);
--- a/src/multipart.rs
+++ b/src/multipart.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 //! Multipart requests support
-use std::cell::{RefCell, UnsafeCell};
+use std::cell::RefCell;
 use std::marker::PhantomData;
 use std::rc::Rc;
 use std::{cmp, fmt};
@@ -7,13 +7,13 @@ use std::{cmp, fmt};
 use bytes::Bytes;
 use futures::task::{current as current_task, Task};
 use futures::{Async, Poll, Stream};
-use http::header::{self, ContentDisposition, HeaderMap, HeaderName, HeaderValue};
+use http::header::{self, HeaderMap, HeaderName, HeaderValue};
 use http::HttpTryFrom;
 use httparse;
 use mime;

 use error::{MultipartError, ParseError, PayloadError};
-use payload::PayloadBuffer;
+use payload::PayloadHelper;

 const MAX_HEADERS: usize = 32;

@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ where
                safety: Safety::new(),
                inner: Some(Rc::new(RefCell::new(InnerMultipart {
                    boundary,
-                    payload: PayloadRef::new(PayloadBuffer::new(stream)),
+                    payload: PayloadRef::new(PayloadHelper::new(stream)),
                    state: InnerState::FirstBoundary,
                    item: InnerMultipartItem::None,
                }))),
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ impl<S> InnerMultipart<S>
 where
    S: Stream<Item = Bytes, Error = PayloadError>,
 {
-    fn read_headers(payload: &mut PayloadBuffer<S>) -> Poll<HeaderMap, MultipartError> {
+    fn read_headers(payload: &mut PayloadHelper<S>) -> Poll<HeaderMap, MultipartError> {
        match payload.read_until(b"\r\n\r\n")? {
            Async::NotReady => Ok(Async::NotReady),
            Async::Ready(None) => Err(MultipartError::Incomplete),
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ where
    }

    fn read_boundary(
-        payload: &mut PayloadBuffer<S>, boundary: &str,
+        payload: &mut PayloadHelper<S>, boundary: &str,
    ) -> Poll<bool, MultipartError> {
        // TODO: need to read epilogue
        match payload.readline()? {
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ where
    }

    fn skip_until_boundary(
-        payload: &mut PayloadBuffer<S>, boundary: &str,
+        payload: &mut PayloadHelper<S>, boundary: &str,
    ) -> Poll<bool, MultipartError> {
        let mut eof = false;
        loop {
@@ -399,28 +399,13 @@ where
        }
    }

-    /// Get a map of headers
    pub fn headers(&self) -> &HeaderMap {
        &self.headers
    }

-    /// Get the content type of the field
    pub fn content_type(&self) -> &mime::Mime {
        &self.ct
    }
-
-    /// Get the content disposition of the field, if it exists
-    pub fn content_disposition(&self) -> Option<ContentDisposition> {
-        // RFC 7578: 'Each part MUST contain a Content-Disposition header field
-        // where the disposition type is "form-data".'
-        if let Some(content_disposition) =
-            self.headers.get(::http::header::CONTENT_DISPOSITION)
-        {
-            ContentDisposition::from_raw(content_disposition).ok()
-        } else {
-            None
-        }
-    }
 }

 impl<S> Stream for Field<S>
@@ -490,7 +475,7 @@ where
    /// Reads body part content chunk of the specified size.
    /// The body part must has `Content-Length` header with proper value.
    fn read_len(
-        payload: &mut PayloadBuffer<S>, size: &mut u64,
+        payload: &mut PayloadHelper<S>, size: &mut u64,
    ) -> Poll<Option<Bytes>, MultipartError> {
        if *size == 0 {
            Ok(Async::Ready(None))
@@ -503,7 +488,7 @@ where
                    *size -= len;
                    let ch = chunk.split_to(len as usize);
                    if !chunk.is_empty() {
-                        payload.unprocessed(chunk);
+                        payload.unread_data(chunk);
                    }
                    Ok(Async::Ready(Some(ch)))
                }
@@ -515,14 +500,14 @@ where
    /// Reads content chunk of body part with unknown length.
    /// The `Content-Length` header for body part is not necessary.
    fn read_stream(
-        payload: &mut PayloadBuffer<S>, boundary: &str,
+        payload: &mut PayloadHelper<S>, boundary: &str,
    ) -> Poll<Option<Bytes>, MultipartError> {
        match payload.read_until(b"\r")? {
            Async::NotReady => Ok(Async::NotReady),
            Async::Ready(None) => Err(MultipartError::Incomplete),
            Async::Ready(Some(mut chunk)) => {
                if chunk.len() == 1 {
-                    payload.unprocessed(chunk);
+                    payload.unread_data(chunk);
                    match payload.read_exact(boundary.len() + 4)? {
                        Async::NotReady => Ok(Async::NotReady),
                        Async::Ready(None) => Err(MultipartError::Incomplete),
@@ -531,12 +516,12 @@ where
                                && &chunk[2..4] == b"--"
                                && &chunk[4..] == boundary.as_bytes()
                            {
-                                payload.unprocessed(chunk);
+                                payload.unread_data(chunk);
                                Ok(Async::Ready(None))
                            } else {
                                // \r might be part of data stream
                                let ch = chunk.split_to(1);
-                                payload.unprocessed(chunk);
+                                payload.unread_data(chunk);
                                Ok(Async::Ready(Some(ch)))
                            }
                        }
@@ -544,7 +529,7 @@ where
                } else {
                    let to = chunk.len() - 1;
                    let ch = chunk.split_to(to);
-                    payload.unprocessed(chunk);
+                    payload.unread_data(chunk);
                    Ok(Async::Ready(Some(ch)))
                }
            }
@@ -592,27 +577,26 @@ where
 }

 struct PayloadRef<S> {
-    payload: Rc<UnsafeCell<PayloadBuffer<S>>>,
+    payload: Rc<PayloadHelper<S>>,
 }

 impl<S> PayloadRef<S>
 where
    S: Stream<Item = Bytes, Error = PayloadError>,
 {
-    fn new(payload: PayloadBuffer<S>) -> PayloadRef<S> {
+    fn new(payload: PayloadHelper<S>) -> PayloadRef<S> {
        PayloadRef {
-            payload: Rc::new(payload.into()),
+            payload: Rc::new(payload),
        }
    }

-    fn get_mut<'a, 'b>(&'a self, s: &'b Safety) -> Option<&'a mut PayloadBuffer<S>>
+    fn get_mut<'a, 'b>(&'a self, s: &'b Safety) -> Option<&'a mut PayloadHelper<S>>
    where
        'a: 'b,
    {
-        // Unsafe: Invariant is inforced by Safety Safety is used as ref counter,
-        // only top most ref can have mutable access to payload.
        if s.current() {
-            let payload: &mut PayloadBuffer<S> = unsafe { &mut *self.payload.get() };
+            let payload: &mut PayloadHelper<S> =
+                unsafe { &mut *(self.payload.as_ref() as *const _ as *mut _) };
            Some(payload)
        } else {
            None
@@ -682,7 +666,7 @@ mod tests {
    use bytes::Bytes;
    use futures::future::{lazy, result};
    use payload::{Payload, PayloadWriter};
-    use tokio::runtime::current_thread::Runtime;
+    use tokio_core::reactor::Core;

    #[test]
    fn test_boundary() {
@@ -729,15 +713,14 @@ mod tests {

    #[test]
    fn test_multipart() {
-        Runtime::new()
+        Core::new()
            .unwrap()
-            .block_on(lazy(|| {
+            .run(lazy(|| {
                let (mut sender, payload) = Payload::new(false);

                let bytes = Bytes::from(
                "testasdadsad\r\n\
                 --abbc761f78ff4d7cb7573b5a23f96ef0\r\n\
-                 Content-Disposition: form-data; name=\"file\"; filename=\"fn.txt\"\r\n\
                 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\r\nContent-Length: 4\r\n\r\n\
                 test\r\n\
                 --abbc761f78ff4d7cb7573b5a23f96ef0\r\n\
@@ -753,18 +736,6 @@ mod tests {
                match multipart.poll() {
                    Ok(Async::Ready(Some(item))) => match item {
                        MultipartItem::Field(mut field) => {
-                            {
-                                use http::header::{DispositionParam, DispositionType};
-                                let cd = field.content_disposition().unwrap();
-                                assert_eq!(
-                                    cd.disposition,
-                                    DispositionType::Ext("form-data".into())
-                                );
-                                assert_eq!(
-                                    cd.parameters[0],
-                                    DispositionParam::Ext("name".into(), "file".into())
-                                );
-                            }
                            assert_eq!(field.content_type().type_(), mime::TEXT);
                            assert_eq!(field.content_type().subtype(), mime::PLAIN);

--- a/src/param.rs
+++ b/src/param.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,13 @@
-use std;
-use std::ops::Index;
-use std::path::PathBuf;
-use std::rc::Rc;
-use std::str::FromStr;
-
 use http::StatusCode;
 use smallvec::SmallVec;
+use std;
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::ops::Index;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+use std::slice::Iter;
+use std::str::FromStr;

 use error::{InternalError, ResponseError, UriSegmentError};
-use uri::Url;

 /// A trait to abstract the idea of creating a new instance of a type from a
 /// path parameter.
@@ -20,92 +19,72 @@ pub trait FromParam: Sized {
    fn from_param(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err>;
 }

-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub(crate) enum ParamItem {
-    Static(&'static str),
-    UrlSegment(u16, u16),
-}
-
 /// Route match information
 ///
 /// If resource path contains variable patterns, `Params` stores this variables.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct Params {
-    url: Url,
-    pub(crate) tail: u16,
-    pub(crate) segments: SmallVec<[(Rc<String>, ParamItem); 3]>,
-}
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Params<'a>(SmallVec<[(Cow<'a, str>, Cow<'a, str>); 3]>);

-impl Params {
-    pub(crate) fn new() -> Params {
-        Params {
-            url: Url::default(),
-            tail: 0,
-            segments: SmallVec::new(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn with_url(url: &Url) -> Params {
-        Params {
-            url: url.clone(),
-            tail: 0,
-            segments: SmallVec::new(),
-        }
+impl<'a> Params<'a> {
+    pub(crate) fn new() -> Params<'a> {
+        Params(SmallVec::new())
    }

    pub(crate) fn clear(&mut self) {
-        self.segments.clear();
+        self.0.clear();
    }

-    pub(crate) fn set_tail(&mut self, tail: u16) {
-        self.tail = tail;
+    pub(crate) fn add<N, V>(&mut self, name: N, value: V)
+    where
+        N: Into<Cow<'a, str>>,
+        V: Into<Cow<'a, str>>,
+    {
+        self.0.push((name.into(), value.into()));
    }

-    pub(crate) fn set_url(&mut self, url: Url) {
-        self.url = url;
+    pub(crate) fn set<N, V>(&mut self, name: N, value: V)
+    where
+        N: Into<Cow<'a, str>>,
+        V: Into<Cow<'a, str>>,
+    {
+        let name = name.into();
+        let value = value.into();
+        for item in &mut self.0 {
+            if item.0 == name {
+                item.1 = value;
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+        self.0.push((name, value));
    }

-    pub(crate) fn add(&mut self, name: Rc<String>, value: ParamItem) {
-        self.segments.push((name, value));
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn add_static(&mut self, name: &str, value: &'static str) {
-        self.segments
-            .push((Rc::new(name.to_string()), ParamItem::Static(value)));
+    pub(crate) fn remove(&mut self, name: &str) {
+        for idx in (0..self.0.len()).rev() {
+            if self.0[idx].0 == name {
+                self.0.remove(idx);
+                return;
+            }
+        }
    }

    /// Check if there are any matched patterns
    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
-        self.segments.is_empty()
+        self.0.is_empty()
    }

    /// Check number of extracted parameters
    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
-        self.segments.len()
+        self.0.len()
    }

    /// Get matched parameter by name without type conversion
-    pub fn get(&self, key: &str) -> Option<&str> {
-        for item in self.segments.iter() {
-            if key == item.0.as_str() {
-                return match item.1 {
-                    ParamItem::Static(ref s) => Some(&s),
-                    ParamItem::UrlSegment(s, e) => {
-                        Some(&self.url.path()[(s as usize)..(e as usize)])
-                    }
-                };
+    pub fn get(&'a self, key: &str) -> Option<&'a str> {
+        for item in self.0.iter() {
+            if key == item.0 {
+                return Some(item.1.as_ref());
            }
        }
-        if key == "tail" {
-            Some(&self.url.path()[(self.tail as usize)..])
-        } else {
-            None
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Get unprocessed part of path
-    pub fn unprocessed(&self) -> &str {
-        &self.url.path()[(self.tail as usize)..]
+        None
    }

    /// Get matched `FromParam` compatible parameter by name.
@@ -117,12 +96,12 @@ impl Params {
    /// # extern crate actix_web;
    /// # use actix_web::*;
    /// fn index(req: HttpRequest) -> Result<String> {
-    ///     let ivalue: isize = req.match_info().query("val")?;
-    ///     Ok(format!("isuze value: {:?}", ivalue))
+    ///    let ivalue: isize = req.match_info().query("val")?;
+    ///    Ok(format!("isuze value: {:?}", ivalue))
    /// }
    /// # fn main() {}
    /// ```
-    pub fn query<T: FromParam>(&self, key: &str) -> Result<T, <T as FromParam>::Err> {
+    pub fn query<T: FromParam>(&'a self, key: &str) -> Result<T, <T as FromParam>::Err> {
        if let Some(s) = self.get(key) {
            T::from_param(s)
        } else {
@@ -131,57 +110,25 @@ impl Params {
    }

    /// Return iterator to items in parameter container
-    pub fn iter(&self) -> ParamsIter {
-        ParamsIter {
-            idx: 0,
-            params: self,
-        }
+    pub fn iter(&self) -> Iter<(Cow<'a, str>, Cow<'a, str>)> {
+        self.0.iter()
    }
 }

-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct ParamsIter<'a> {
-    idx: usize,
-    params: &'a Params,
-}
-
-impl<'a> Iterator for ParamsIter<'a> {
-    type Item = (&'a str, &'a str);
-
-    #[inline]
-    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<(&'a str, &'a str)> {
-        if self.idx < self.params.len() {
-            let idx = self.idx;
-            let res = match self.params.segments[idx].1 {
-                ParamItem::Static(ref s) => &s,
-                ParamItem::UrlSegment(s, e) => {
-                    &self.params.url.path()[(s as usize)..(e as usize)]
-                }
-            };
-            self.idx += 1;
-            return Some((&self.params.segments[idx].0, res));
-        }
-        None
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'a> Index<&'a str> for Params {
+impl<'a, 'b, 'c: 'a> Index<&'b str> for &'c Params<'a> {
    type Output = str;

-    fn index(&self, name: &'a str) -> &str {
+    fn index(&self, name: &'b str) -> &str {
        self.get(name)
            .expect("Value for parameter is not available")
    }
 }

-impl Index<usize> for Params {
+impl<'a, 'c: 'a> Index<usize> for &'c Params<'a> {
    type Output = str;

    fn index(&self, idx: usize) -> &str {
-        match self.segments[idx].1 {
-            ParamItem::Static(ref s) => &s,
-            ParamItem::UrlSegment(s, e) => &self.url.path()[(s as usize)..(e as usize)],
-        }
+        self.0[idx].1.as_ref()
    }
 }

--- a/src/payload.rs
+++ b/src/payload.rs
@@ -59,14 +59,20 @@ impl Payload {
        }
    }

+    /// Indicates EOF of payload
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn eof(&self) -> bool {
+        self.inner.borrow().eof()
+    }
+
    /// Length of the data in this payload
-    #[cfg(test)]
+    #[inline]
    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
        self.inner.borrow().len()
    }

    /// Is payload empty
-    #[cfg(test)]
+    #[inline]
    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
        self.inner.borrow().len() == 0
    }
@@ -219,7 +225,12 @@ impl Inner {
        }
    }

-    #[cfg(test)]
+    #[inline]
+    fn eof(&self) -> bool {
+        self.items.is_empty() && self.eof
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
    fn len(&self) -> usize {
        self.len
    }
@@ -280,20 +291,18 @@ impl Inner {
    }
 }

-/// Payload buffer
-pub struct PayloadBuffer<S> {
+pub struct PayloadHelper<S> {
    len: usize,
    items: VecDeque<Bytes>,
    stream: S,
 }

-impl<S> PayloadBuffer<S>
+impl<S> PayloadHelper<S>
 where
    S: Stream<Item = Bytes, Error = PayloadError>,
 {
-    /// Create new `PayloadBuffer` instance
    pub fn new(stream: S) -> Self {
-        PayloadBuffer {
+        PayloadHelper {
            len: 0,
            items: VecDeque::new(),
            stream,
@@ -318,7 +327,6 @@ where
        })
    }

-    /// Read first available chunk of bytes
    #[inline]
    pub fn readany(&mut self) -> Poll<Option<Bytes>, PayloadError> {
        if let Some(data) = self.items.pop_front() {
@@ -333,7 +341,6 @@ where
        }
    }

-    /// Check if buffer contains enough bytes
    #[inline]
    pub fn can_read(&mut self, size: usize) -> Poll<Option<bool>, PayloadError> {
        if size <= self.len {
@@ -347,7 +354,6 @@ where
        }
    }

-    /// Return reference to the first chunk of data
    #[inline]
    pub fn get_chunk(&mut self) -> Poll<Option<&[u8]>, PayloadError> {
        if self.items.is_empty() {
@@ -363,7 +369,6 @@ where
        }
    }

-    /// Read exact number of bytes
    #[inline]
    pub fn read_exact(&mut self, size: usize) -> Poll<Option<Bytes>, PayloadError> {
        if size <= self.len {
@@ -398,9 +403,8 @@ where
        }
    }

-    /// Remove specified amount if bytes from buffer
    #[inline]
-    pub fn drop_bytes(&mut self, size: usize) {
+    pub fn drop_payload(&mut self, size: usize) {
        if size <= self.len {
            self.len -= size;

@@ -417,7 +421,6 @@ where
        }
    }

-    /// Copy buffered data
    pub fn copy(&mut self, size: usize) -> Poll<Option<BytesMut>, PayloadError> {
        if size <= self.len {
            let mut buf = BytesMut::with_capacity(size);
@@ -439,7 +442,6 @@ where
        }
    }

-    /// Read until specified ending
    pub fn read_until(&mut self, line: &[u8]) -> Poll<Option<Bytes>, PayloadError> {
        let mut idx = 0;
        let mut num = 0;
@@ -495,18 +497,16 @@ where
        }
    }

-    /// Read bytes until new line delimiter
    pub fn readline(&mut self) -> Poll<Option<Bytes>, PayloadError> {
        self.read_until(b"\n")
    }

-    /// Put unprocessed data back to the buffer
-    pub fn unprocessed(&mut self, data: Bytes) {
+    pub fn unread_data(&mut self, data: Bytes) {
        self.len += data.len();
        self.items.push_front(data);
    }

-    /// Get remaining data from the buffer
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
    pub fn remaining(&mut self) -> Bytes {
        self.items
            .iter_mut()
@@ -524,7 +524,7 @@ mod tests {
    use failure::Fail;
    use futures::future::{lazy, result};
    use std::io;
-    use tokio::runtime::current_thread::Runtime;
+    use tokio_core::reactor::Core;

    #[test]
    fn test_error() {
@@ -542,11 +542,11 @@ mod tests {

    #[test]
    fn test_basic() {
-        Runtime::new()
+        Core::new()
            .unwrap()
-            .block_on(lazy(|| {
+            .run(lazy(|| {
                let (_, payload) = Payload::new(false);
-                let mut payload = PayloadBuffer::new(payload);
+                let mut payload = PayloadHelper::new(payload);

                assert_eq!(payload.len, 0);
                assert_eq!(Async::NotReady, payload.readany().ok().unwrap());
@@ -559,11 +559,11 @@ mod tests {

    #[test]
    fn test_eof() {
-        Runtime::new()
+        Core::new()
            .unwrap()
-            .block_on(lazy(|| {
+            .run(lazy(|| {
                let (mut sender, payload) = Payload::new(false);
-                let mut payload = PayloadBuffer::new(payload);
+                let mut payload = PayloadHelper::new(payload);

                assert_eq!(Async::NotReady, payload.readany().ok().unwrap());
                sender.feed_data(Bytes::from("data"));
@@ -584,11 +584,11 @@ mod tests {

    #[test]
    fn test_err() {
-        Runtime::new()
+        Core::new()
            .unwrap()
-            .block_on(lazy(|| {
+            .run(lazy(|| {
                let (mut sender, payload) = Payload::new(false);
-                let mut payload = PayloadBuffer::new(payload);
+                let mut payload = PayloadHelper::new(payload);

                assert_eq!(Async::NotReady, payload.readany().ok().unwrap());

@@ -602,11 +602,11 @@ mod tests {

    #[test]
    fn test_readany() {
-        Runtime::new()
+        Core::new()
            .unwrap()
-            .block_on(lazy(|| {
+            .run(lazy(|| {
                let (mut sender, payload) = Payload::new(false);
-                let mut payload = PayloadBuffer::new(payload);
+                let mut payload = PayloadHelper::new(payload);

                sender.feed_data(Bytes::from("line1"));
                sender.feed_data(Bytes::from("line2"));
@@ -631,11 +631,11 @@ mod tests {

    #[test]
    fn test_readexactly() {
-        Runtime::new()
+        Core::new()
            .unwrap()
-            .block_on(lazy(|| {
+            .run(lazy(|| {
                let (mut sender, payload) = Payload::new(false);
-                let mut payload = PayloadBuffer::new(payload);
+                let mut payload = PayloadHelper::new(payload);

                assert_eq!(Async::NotReady, payload.read_exact(2).ok().unwrap());

@@ -665,11 +665,11 @@ mod tests {

    #[test]
    fn test_readuntil() {
-        Runtime::new()
+        Core::new()
            .unwrap()
-            .block_on(lazy(|| {
+            .run(lazy(|| {
                let (mut sender, payload) = Payload::new(false);
-                let mut payload = PayloadBuffer::new(payload);
+                let mut payload = PayloadHelper::new(payload);

                assert_eq!(Async::NotReady, payload.read_until(b"ne").ok().unwrap());

@@ -699,9 +699,9 @@ mod tests {

    #[test]
    fn test_unread_data() {
-        Runtime::new()
+        Core::new()
            .unwrap()
-            .block_on(lazy(|| {
+            .run(lazy(|| {
                let (_, mut payload) = Payload::new(false);

                payload.unread_data(Bytes::from("data"));
--- a/src/pipeline.rs
+++ b/src/pipeline.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
+use std::cell::UnsafeCell;
 use std::marker::PhantomData;
 use std::rc::Rc;
 use std::{io, mem};

-use futures::sync::oneshot;
+use futures::unsync::oneshot;
 use futures::{Async, Future, Poll, Stream};
 use log::Level::Debug;

+use application::Inner;
 use body::{Body, BodyStream};
 use context::{ActorHttpContext, Frame};
 use error::Error;
@@ -16,19 +18,22 @@ use httpresponse::HttpResponse;
 use middleware::{Finished, Middleware, Response, Started};
 use server::{HttpHandlerTask, Writer, WriterState};

-#[doc(hidden)]
-pub trait PipelineHandler<S> {
-    fn encoding(&self) -> ContentEncoding;
-
-    fn handle(&self, &HttpRequest<S>) -> AsyncResult<HttpResponse>;
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub(crate) enum HandlerType {
+    Normal(usize),
+    Handler(usize),
+    Default,
 }

-#[doc(hidden)]
-pub struct Pipeline<S: 'static, H>(
-    PipelineInfo<S>,
-    PipelineState<S, H>,
-    Rc<Vec<Box<Middleware<S>>>>,
-);
+pub(crate) trait PipelineHandler<S> {
+    fn encoding(&self) -> ContentEncoding;
+
+    fn handle(
+        &mut self, req: HttpRequest<S>, htype: HandlerType,
+    ) -> AsyncResult<HttpResponse>;
+}
+
+pub(crate) struct Pipeline<S, H>(PipelineInfo<S>, PipelineState<S, H>);

 enum PipelineState<S, H> {
    None,
@@ -49,14 +54,12 @@ impl<S: 'static, H: PipelineHandler<S>> PipelineState<S, H> {
        }
    }

-    fn poll(
-        &mut self, info: &mut PipelineInfo<S>, mws: &[Box<Middleware<S>>],
-    ) -> Option<PipelineState<S, H>> {
+    fn poll(&mut self, info: &mut PipelineInfo<S>) -> Option<PipelineState<S, H>> {
        match *self {
-            PipelineState::Starting(ref mut state) => state.poll(info, mws),
-            PipelineState::Handler(ref mut state) => state.poll(info, mws),
-            PipelineState::RunMiddlewares(ref mut state) => state.poll(info, mws),
-            PipelineState::Finishing(ref mut state) => state.poll(info, mws),
+            PipelineState::Starting(ref mut state) => state.poll(info),
+            PipelineState::Handler(ref mut state) => state.poll(info),
+            PipelineState::RunMiddlewares(ref mut state) => state.poll(info),
+            PipelineState::Finishing(ref mut state) => state.poll(info),
            PipelineState::Completed(ref mut state) => state.poll(info),
            PipelineState::Response(_) | PipelineState::None | PipelineState::Error => {
                None
@@ -65,16 +68,43 @@ impl<S: 'static, H: PipelineHandler<S>> PipelineState<S, H> {
    }
 }

-struct PipelineInfo<S: 'static> {
-    req: HttpRequest<S>,
+struct PipelineInfo<S> {
+    req: UnsafeCell<HttpRequest<S>>,
    count: u16,
+    mws: Rc<Vec<Box<Middleware<S>>>>,
    context: Option<Box<ActorHttpContext>>,
    error: Option<Error>,
    disconnected: Option<bool>,
    encoding: ContentEncoding,
 }

-impl<S: 'static> PipelineInfo<S> {
+impl<S> PipelineInfo<S> {
+    fn new(req: HttpRequest<S>) -> PipelineInfo<S> {
+        PipelineInfo {
+            req: UnsafeCell::new(req),
+            count: 0,
+            mws: Rc::new(Vec::new()),
+            error: None,
+            context: None,
+            disconnected: None,
+            encoding: ContentEncoding::Auto,
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn req(&self) -> &HttpRequest<S> {
+        unsafe { &*self.req.get() }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    #[cfg_attr(feature = "cargo-clippy", allow(mut_from_ref))]
+    fn req_mut(&self) -> &mut HttpRequest<S> {
+        #[allow(mutable_transmutes)]
+        unsafe {
+            &mut *self.req.get()
+        }
+    }
+
    fn poll_context(&mut self) -> Poll<(), Error> {
        if let Some(ref mut context) = self.context {
            match context.poll() {
@@ -90,19 +120,30 @@ impl<S: 'static> PipelineInfo<S> {

 impl<S: 'static, H: PipelineHandler<S>> Pipeline<S, H> {
    pub fn new(
-        req: HttpRequest<S>, mws: Rc<Vec<Box<Middleware<S>>>>, handler: Rc<H>,
+        req: HttpRequest<S>, mws: Rc<Vec<Box<Middleware<S>>>>,
+        handler: Rc<UnsafeCell<H>>, htype: HandlerType,
    ) -> Pipeline<S, H> {
        let mut info = PipelineInfo {
-            req,
+            mws,
+            req: UnsafeCell::new(req),
            count: 0,
            error: None,
            context: None,
            disconnected: None,
-            encoding: handler.encoding(),
+            encoding: unsafe { &*handler.get() }.encoding(),
        };
-        let state = StartMiddlewares::init(&mut info, &mws, handler);
+        let state = StartMiddlewares::init(&mut info, handler, htype);

-        Pipeline(info, state, mws)
+        Pipeline(info, state)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Pipeline<(), Inner<()>> {
+    pub fn error<R: Into<HttpResponse>>(err: R) -> Box<HttpHandlerTask> {
+        Box::new(Pipeline::<(), Inner<()>>(
+            PipelineInfo::new(HttpRequest::default()),
+            ProcessResponse::init(err.into()),
+        ))
    }
 }

@@ -127,12 +168,13 @@ impl<S: 'static, H: PipelineHandler<S>> HttpHandlerTask for Pipeline<S, H> {
    }

    fn poll_io(&mut self, io: &mut Writer) -> Poll<bool, Error> {
-        let mut state = mem::replace(&mut self.1, PipelineState::None);
+        let info: &mut PipelineInfo<_> = unsafe { &mut *(&mut self.0 as *mut _) };

        loop {
-            if state.is_response() {
+            if self.1.is_response() {
+                let state = mem::replace(&mut self.1, PipelineState::None);
                if let PipelineState::Response(st) = state {
-                    match st.poll_io(io, &mut self.0, &self.2) {
+                    match st.poll_io(io, info) {
                        Ok(state) => {
                            self.1 = state;
                            if let Some(error) = self.0.error.take() {
@@ -148,7 +190,7 @@ impl<S: 'static, H: PipelineHandler<S>> HttpHandlerTask for Pipeline<S, H> {
                    }
                }
            }
-            match state {
+            match self.1 {
                PipelineState::None => return Ok(Async::Ready(true)),
                PipelineState::Error => {
                    return Err(
@@ -158,32 +200,27 @@ impl<S: 'static, H: PipelineHandler<S>> HttpHandlerTask for Pipeline<S, H> {
                _ => (),
            }

-            match state.poll(&mut self.0, &self.2) {
-                Some(st) => state = st,
-                None => {
-                    return {
-                        self.1 = state;
-                        Ok(Async::NotReady)
-                    }
-                }
+            match self.1.poll(info) {
+                Some(state) => self.1 = state,
+                None => return Ok(Async::NotReady),
            }
        }
    }

-    fn poll_completed(&mut self) -> Poll<(), Error> {
-        let mut state = mem::replace(&mut self.1, PipelineState::None);
+    fn poll(&mut self) -> Poll<(), Error> {
+        let info: &mut PipelineInfo<_> = unsafe { &mut *(&mut self.0 as *mut _) };
+
        loop {
-            match state {
+            match self.1 {
                PipelineState::None | PipelineState::Error => {
                    return Ok(Async::Ready(()))
                }
                _ => (),
            }

-            if let Some(st) = state.poll(&mut self.0, &self.2) {
-                state = st;
-            } else {
+            if let Some(state) = self.1.poll(info) {
                self.1 = state;
+            } else {
                return Ok(Async::NotReady);
            }
        }
@@ -194,88 +231,76 @@ type Fut = Box<Future<Item = Option<HttpResponse>, Error = Error>>;

 /// Middlewares start executor
 struct StartMiddlewares<S, H> {
-    hnd: Rc<H>,
+    hnd: Rc<UnsafeCell<H>>,
+    htype: HandlerType,
    fut: Option<Fut>,
    _s: PhantomData<S>,
 }

 impl<S: 'static, H: PipelineHandler<S>> StartMiddlewares<S, H> {
    fn init(
-        info: &mut PipelineInfo<S>, mws: &[Box<Middleware<S>>], hnd: Rc<H>,
+        info: &mut PipelineInfo<S>, hnd: Rc<UnsafeCell<H>>, htype: HandlerType,
    ) -> PipelineState<S, H> {
        // execute middlewares, we need this stage because middlewares could be
        // non-async and we can move to next state immediately
-        let len = mws.len() as u16;
-
+        let len = info.mws.len() as u16;
        loop {
            if info.count == len {
-                let reply = hnd.handle(&info.req);
-                return WaitingResponse::init(info, mws, reply);
+                let reply = unsafe { &mut *hnd.get() }.handle(info.req().clone(), htype);
+                return WaitingResponse::init(info, reply);
            } else {
-                match mws[info.count as usize].start(&info.req) {
+                match info.mws[info.count as usize].start(info.req_mut()) {
                    Ok(Started::Done) => info.count += 1,
                    Ok(Started::Response(resp)) => {
-                        return RunMiddlewares::init(info, mws, resp);
+                        return RunMiddlewares::init(info, resp)
                    }
                    Ok(Started::Future(fut)) => {
                        return PipelineState::Starting(StartMiddlewares {
                            hnd,
+                            htype,
                            fut: Some(fut),
                            _s: PhantomData,
                        })
                    }
-                    Err(err) => {
-                        return RunMiddlewares::init(info, mws, err.into());
-                    }
+                    Err(err) => return RunMiddlewares::init(info, err.into()),
                }
            }
        }
    }

-    fn poll(
-        &mut self, info: &mut PipelineInfo<S>, mws: &[Box<Middleware<S>>],
-    ) -> Option<PipelineState<S, H>> {
-        let len = mws.len() as u16;
-
+    fn poll(&mut self, info: &mut PipelineInfo<S>) -> Option<PipelineState<S, H>> {
+        let len = info.mws.len() as u16;
        'outer: loop {
            match self.fut.as_mut().unwrap().poll() {
-                Ok(Async::NotReady) => {
-                    return None;
-                }
+                Ok(Async::NotReady) => return None,
                Ok(Async::Ready(resp)) => {
                    info.count += 1;
                    if let Some(resp) = resp {
-                        return Some(RunMiddlewares::init(info, mws, resp));
+                        return Some(RunMiddlewares::init(info, resp));
                    }
                    loop {
                        if info.count == len {
-                            let reply = self.hnd.handle(&info.req);
-                            return Some(WaitingResponse::init(info, mws, reply));
+                            let reply = unsafe { &mut *self.hnd.get() }
+                                .handle(info.req().clone(), self.htype);
+                            return Some(WaitingResponse::init(info, reply));
                        } else {
-                            let res = mws[info.count as usize].start(&info.req);
-                            match res {
+                            match info.mws[info.count as usize].start(info.req_mut()) {
                                Ok(Started::Done) => info.count += 1,
                                Ok(Started::Response(resp)) => {
-                                    return Some(RunMiddlewares::init(info, mws, resp));
+                                    return Some(RunMiddlewares::init(info, resp));
                                }
                                Ok(Started::Future(fut)) => {
                                    self.fut = Some(fut);
                                    continue 'outer;
                                }
                                Err(err) => {
-                                    return Some(RunMiddlewares::init(
-                                        info,
-                                        mws,
-                                        err.into(),
-                                    ));
+                                    return Some(RunMiddlewares::init(info, err.into()))
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
-                Err(err) => {
-                    return Some(RunMiddlewares::init(info, mws, err.into()));
-                }
+                Err(err) => return Some(RunMiddlewares::init(info, err.into())),
            }
        }
    }
@@ -291,12 +316,11 @@ struct WaitingResponse<S, H> {
 impl<S: 'static, H> WaitingResponse<S, H> {
    #[inline]
    fn init(
-        info: &mut PipelineInfo<S>, mws: &[Box<Middleware<S>>],
-        reply: AsyncResult<HttpResponse>,
+        info: &mut PipelineInfo<S>, reply: AsyncResult<HttpResponse>,
    ) -> PipelineState<S, H> {
        match reply.into() {
-            AsyncResultItem::Ok(resp) => RunMiddlewares::init(info, mws, resp),
-            AsyncResultItem::Err(err) => RunMiddlewares::init(info, mws, err.into()),
+            AsyncResultItem::Err(err) => RunMiddlewares::init(info, err.into()),
+            AsyncResultItem::Ok(resp) => RunMiddlewares::init(info, resp),
            AsyncResultItem::Future(fut) => PipelineState::Handler(WaitingResponse {
                fut,
                _s: PhantomData,
@@ -305,13 +329,11 @@ impl<S: 'static, H> WaitingResponse<S, H> {
        }
    }

-    fn poll(
-        &mut self, info: &mut PipelineInfo<S>, mws: &[Box<Middleware<S>>],
-    ) -> Option<PipelineState<S, H>> {
+    fn poll(&mut self, info: &mut PipelineInfo<S>) -> Option<PipelineState<S, H>> {
        match self.fut.poll() {
            Ok(Async::NotReady) => None,
-            Ok(Async::Ready(resp)) => Some(RunMiddlewares::init(info, mws, resp)),
-            Err(err) => Some(RunMiddlewares::init(info, mws, err.into())),
+            Ok(Async::Ready(response)) => Some(RunMiddlewares::init(info, response)),
+            Err(err) => Some(RunMiddlewares::init(info, err.into())),
        }
    }
 }
@@ -326,18 +348,15 @@ struct RunMiddlewares<S, H> {

 impl<S: 'static, H> RunMiddlewares<S, H> {
    #[inline]
-    fn init(
-        info: &mut PipelineInfo<S>, mws: &[Box<Middleware<S>>], mut resp: HttpResponse,
-    ) -> PipelineState<S, H> {
+    fn init(info: &mut PipelineInfo<S>, mut resp: HttpResponse) -> PipelineState<S, H> {
        if info.count == 0 {
            return ProcessResponse::init(resp);
        }
        let mut curr = 0;
-        let len = mws.len();
+        let len = info.mws.len();

        loop {
-            let state = mws[curr].response(&info.req, resp);
-            resp = match state {
+            resp = match info.mws[curr].response(info.req_mut(), resp) {
                Err(err) => {
                    info.count = (curr + 1) as u16;
                    return ProcessResponse::init(err.into());
@@ -356,16 +375,14 @@ impl<S: 'static, H> RunMiddlewares<S, H> {
                        fut: Some(fut),
                        _s: PhantomData,
                        _h: PhantomData,
-                    });
+                    })
                }
            };
        }
    }

-    fn poll(
-        &mut self, info: &mut PipelineInfo<S>, mws: &[Box<Middleware<S>>],
-    ) -> Option<PipelineState<S, H>> {
-        let len = mws.len();
+    fn poll(&mut self, info: &mut PipelineInfo<S>) -> Option<PipelineState<S, H>> {
+        let len = info.mws.len();

        loop {
            // poll latest fut
@@ -382,8 +399,7 @@ impl<S: 'static, H> RunMiddlewares<S, H> {
                if self.curr == len {
                    return Some(ProcessResponse::init(resp));
                } else {
-                    let state = mws[self.curr].response(&info.req, resp);
-                    match state {
+                    match info.mws[self.curr].response(info.req_mut(), resp) {
                        Err(err) => return Some(ProcessResponse::init(err.into())),
                        Ok(Response::Done(r)) => {
                            self.curr += 1;
@@ -453,7 +469,6 @@ impl<S: 'static, H> ProcessResponse<S, H> {

    fn poll_io(
        mut self, io: &mut Writer, info: &mut PipelineInfo<S>,
-        mws: &[Box<Middleware<S>>],
    ) -> Result<PipelineState<S, H>, PipelineState<S, H>> {
        loop {
            if self.drain.is_none() && self.running != RunningState::Paused {
@@ -464,16 +479,19 @@ impl<S: 'static, H> ProcessResponse<S, H> {
                            let encoding =
                                self.resp.content_encoding().unwrap_or(info.encoding);

-                            let result =
-                                match io.start(&info.req, &mut self.resp, encoding) {
-                                    Ok(res) => res,
-                                    Err(err) => {
-                                        info.error = Some(err.into());
-                                        return Ok(FinishingMiddlewares::init(
-                                            info, mws, self.resp,
-                                        ));
-                                    }
-                                };
+                            let result = match io.start(
+                                info.req_mut().get_inner(),
+                                &mut self.resp,
+                                encoding,
+                            ) {
+                                Ok(res) => res,
+                                Err(err) => {
+                                    info.error = Some(err.into());
+                                    return Ok(FinishingMiddlewares::init(
+                                        info, self.resp,
+                                    ));
+                                }
+                            };

                            if let Some(err) = self.resp.error() {
                                if self.resp.status().is_server_error() {
@@ -512,18 +530,18 @@ impl<S: 'static, H> ProcessResponse<S, H> {
                                if let Err(err) = io.write_eof() {
                                    info.error = Some(err.into());
                                    return Ok(FinishingMiddlewares::init(
-                                        info, mws, self.resp,
+                                        info, self.resp,
                                    ));
                                }
                                break;
                            }
                            Ok(Async::Ready(Some(chunk))) => {
                                self.iostate = IOState::Payload(body);
-                                match io.write(&chunk.into()) {
+                                match io.write(chunk.into()) {
                                    Err(err) => {
                                        info.error = Some(err.into());
                                        return Ok(FinishingMiddlewares::init(
-                                            info, mws, self.resp,
+                                            info, self.resp,
                                        ));
                                    }
                                    Ok(result) => result,
@@ -535,9 +553,7 @@ impl<S: 'static, H> ProcessResponse<S, H> {
                            }
                            Err(err) => {
                                info.error = Some(err);
-                                return Ok(FinishingMiddlewares::init(
-                                    info, mws, self.resp,
-                                ));
+                                return Ok(FinishingMiddlewares::init(info, self.resp));
                            }
                        },
                        IOState::Actor(mut ctx) => {
@@ -559,20 +575,19 @@ impl<S: 'static, H> ProcessResponse<S, H> {
                                                    info.error = Some(err.into());
                                                    return Ok(
                                                        FinishingMiddlewares::init(
-                                                            info, mws, self.resp,
+                                                            info, self.resp,
                                                        ),
                                                    );
                                                }
                                                break 'inner;
                                            }
                                            Frame::Chunk(Some(chunk)) => {
-                                                match io.write(&chunk) {
+                                                match io.write(chunk) {
                                                    Err(err) => {
-                                                        info.context = Some(ctx);
                                                        info.error = Some(err.into());
                                                        return Ok(
                                                            FinishingMiddlewares::init(
-                                                                info, mws, self.resp,
+                                                                info, self.resp,
                                                            ),
                                                        );
                                                    }
@@ -595,10 +610,9 @@ impl<S: 'static, H> ProcessResponse<S, H> {
                                    break;
                                }
                                Err(err) => {
-                                    info.context = Some(ctx);
                                    info.error = Some(err);
                                    return Ok(FinishingMiddlewares::init(
-                                        info, mws, self.resp,
+                                        info, self.resp,
                                    ));
                                }
                            }
@@ -631,14 +645,8 @@ impl<S: 'static, H> ProcessResponse<S, H> {
                    }
                    Ok(Async::NotReady) => return Err(PipelineState::Response(self)),
                    Err(err) => {
-                        if let IOState::Actor(mut ctx) =
-                            mem::replace(&mut self.iostate, IOState::Done)
-                        {
-                            ctx.disconnected();
-                            info.context = Some(ctx);
-                        }
                        info.error = Some(err.into());
-                        return Ok(FinishingMiddlewares::init(info, mws, self.resp));
+                        return Ok(FinishingMiddlewares::init(info, self.resp));
                    }
                }
            }
@@ -652,11 +660,11 @@ impl<S: 'static, H> ProcessResponse<S, H> {
                    Ok(_) => (),
                    Err(err) => {
                        info.error = Some(err.into());
-                        return Ok(FinishingMiddlewares::init(info, mws, self.resp));
+                        return Ok(FinishingMiddlewares::init(info, self.resp));
                    }
                }
                self.resp.set_response_size(io.written());
-                Ok(FinishingMiddlewares::init(info, mws, self.resp))
+                Ok(FinishingMiddlewares::init(info, self.resp))
            }
            _ => Err(PipelineState::Response(self)),
        }
@@ -665,7 +673,7 @@ impl<S: 'static, H> ProcessResponse<S, H> {

 /// Middlewares start executor
 struct FinishingMiddlewares<S, H> {
-    resp: Option<HttpResponse>,
+    resp: HttpResponse,
    fut: Option<Box<Future<Item = (), Error = Error>>>,
    _s: PhantomData<S>,
    _h: PhantomData<H>,
@@ -673,20 +681,17 @@ struct FinishingMiddlewares<S, H> {

 impl<S: 'static, H> FinishingMiddlewares<S, H> {
    #[inline]
-    fn init(
-        info: &mut PipelineInfo<S>, mws: &[Box<Middleware<S>>], resp: HttpResponse,
-    ) -> PipelineState<S, H> {
+    fn init(info: &mut PipelineInfo<S>, resp: HttpResponse) -> PipelineState<S, H> {
        if info.count == 0 {
-            resp.release();
            Completed::init(info)
        } else {
            let mut state = FinishingMiddlewares {
-                resp: Some(resp),
+                resp,
                fut: None,
                _s: PhantomData,
                _h: PhantomData,
            };
-            if let Some(st) = state.poll(info, mws) {
+            if let Some(st) = state.poll(info) {
                st
            } else {
                PipelineState::Finishing(state)
@@ -694,9 +699,7 @@ impl<S: 'static, H> FinishingMiddlewares<S, H> {
        }
    }

-    fn poll(
-        &mut self, info: &mut PipelineInfo<S>, mws: &[Box<Middleware<S>>],
-    ) -> Option<PipelineState<S, H>> {
+    fn poll(&mut self, info: &mut PipelineInfo<S>) -> Option<PipelineState<S, H>> {
        loop {
            // poll latest fut
            let not_ready = if let Some(ref mut fut) = self.fut {
@@ -716,17 +719,13 @@ impl<S: 'static, H> FinishingMiddlewares<S, H> {
            }
            self.fut = None;
            if info.count == 0 {
-                self.resp.take().unwrap().release();
                return Some(Completed::init(info));
            }

            info.count -= 1;
-            let state =
-                mws[info.count as usize].finish(&info.req, self.resp.as_ref().unwrap());
-            match state {
+            match info.mws[info.count as usize].finish(info.req_mut(), &self.resp) {
                Finished::Done => {
                    if info.count == 0 {
-                        self.resp.take().unwrap().release();
                        return Some(Completed::init(info));
                    }
                }
@@ -751,13 +750,7 @@ impl<S, H> Completed<S, H> {
        if info.context.is_none() {
            PipelineState::None
        } else {
-            match info.poll_context() {
-                Ok(Async::NotReady) => {
-                    PipelineState::Completed(Completed(PhantomData, PhantomData))
-                }
-                Ok(Async::Ready(())) => PipelineState::None,
-                Err(_) => PipelineState::Error,
-            }
+            PipelineState::Completed(Completed(PhantomData, PhantomData))
        }
    }

@@ -770,3 +763,68 @@ impl<S, H> Completed<S, H> {
        }
    }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use actix::*;
+    use context::HttpContext;
+    use futures::future::{lazy, result};
+    use tokio_core::reactor::Core;
+
+    impl<S, H> PipelineState<S, H> {
+        fn is_none(&self) -> Option<bool> {
+            if let PipelineState::None = *self {
+                Some(true)
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        }
+        fn completed(self) -> Option<Completed<S, H>> {
+            if let PipelineState::Completed(c) = self {
+                Some(c)
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    struct MyActor;
+    impl Actor for MyActor {
+        type Context = HttpContext<MyActor>;
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_completed() {
+        Core::new()
+            .unwrap()
+            .run(lazy(|| {
+                let mut info = PipelineInfo::new(HttpRequest::default());
+                Completed::<(), Inner<()>>::init(&mut info)
+                    .is_none()
+                    .unwrap();
+
+                let req = HttpRequest::default();
+                let mut ctx = HttpContext::new(req.clone(), MyActor);
+                let addr: Addr<Unsync, _> = ctx.address();
+                let mut info = PipelineInfo::new(req);
+                info.context = Some(Box::new(ctx));
+                let mut state = Completed::<(), Inner<()>>::init(&mut info)
+                    .completed()
+                    .unwrap();
+
+                assert!(state.poll(&mut info).is_none());
+                let pp = Pipeline(info, PipelineState::Completed(state));
+                assert!(!pp.is_done());
+
+                let Pipeline(mut info, st) = pp;
+                let mut st = st.completed().unwrap();
+                drop(addr);
+
+                assert!(st.poll(&mut info).unwrap().is_none().unwrap());
+
+                result(Ok::<_, ()>(()))
+            }))
+            .unwrap();
+    }
+}
--- a/src/pred.rs
+++ b/src/pred.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 //! Route match predicates
 #![allow(non_snake_case)]
-use std::marker::PhantomData;
-
 use http;
 use http::{header, HttpTryFrom};
-use server::message::Request;
+use httpmessage::HttpMessage;
+use httprequest::HttpRequest;
+use std::marker::PhantomData;

 /// Trait defines resource route predicate.
 /// Predicate can modify request object. It is also possible to
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ use server::message::Request;
 /// Extensions container available via `HttpRequest::extensions()` method.
 pub trait Predicate<S> {
    /// Check if request matches predicate
-    fn check(&self, &Request, &S) -> bool;
+    fn check(&self, &mut HttpRequest<S>) -> bool;
 }

 /// Return predicate that matches if any of supplied predicate matches.
@@ -22,11 +22,10 @@ pub trait Predicate<S> {
 /// use actix_web::{pred, App, HttpResponse};
 ///
 /// fn main() {
-///     App::new().resource("/index.html", |r| {
-///         r.route()
+///     App::new()
+///         .resource("/index.html", |r| r.route()
 ///             .filter(pred::Any(pred::Get()).or(pred::Post()))
-///             .f(|r| HttpResponse::MethodNotAllowed())
-///     });
+///             .f(|r| HttpResponse::MethodNotAllowed()));
 /// }
 /// ```
 pub fn Any<S: 'static, P: Predicate<S> + 'static>(pred: P) -> AnyPredicate<S> {
@@ -45,9 +44,9 @@ impl<S> AnyPredicate<S> {
 }

 impl<S: 'static> Predicate<S> for AnyPredicate<S> {
-    fn check(&self, req: &Request, state: &S) -> bool {
+    fn check(&self, req: &mut HttpRequest<S>) -> bool {
        for p in &self.0 {
-            if p.check(req, state) {
+            if p.check(req) {
                return true;
            }
        }
@@ -62,14 +61,11 @@ impl<S: 'static> Predicate<S> for AnyPredicate<S> {
 /// use actix_web::{pred, App, HttpResponse};
 ///
 /// fn main() {
-///     App::new().resource("/index.html", |r| {
-///         r.route()
-///             .filter(
-///                 pred::All(pred::Get())
-///                     .and(pred::Header("content-type", "text/plain")),
-///             )
-///             .f(|_| HttpResponse::MethodNotAllowed())
-///     });
+///     App::new()
+///         .resource("/index.html", |r| r.route()
+///            .filter(pred::All(pred::Get())
+///                 .and(pred::Header("content-type", "plain/text")))
+///            .f(|_| HttpResponse::MethodNotAllowed()));
 /// }
 /// ```
 pub fn All<S: 'static, P: Predicate<S> + 'static>(pred: P) -> AllPredicate<S> {
@@ -88,9 +84,9 @@ impl<S> AllPredicate<S> {
 }

 impl<S: 'static> Predicate<S> for AllPredicate<S> {
-    fn check(&self, req: &Request, state: &S) -> bool {
+    fn check(&self, req: &mut HttpRequest<S>) -> bool {
        for p in &self.0 {
-            if !p.check(req, state) {
+            if !p.check(req) {
                return false;
            }
        }
@@ -107,8 +103,8 @@ pub fn Not<S: 'static, P: Predicate<S> + 'static>(pred: P) -> NotPredicate<S> {
 pub struct NotPredicate<S>(Box<Predicate<S>>);

 impl<S: 'static> Predicate<S> for NotPredicate<S> {
-    fn check(&self, req: &Request, state: &S) -> bool {
-        !self.0.check(req, state)
+    fn check(&self, req: &mut HttpRequest<S>) -> bool {
+        !self.0.check(req)
    }
 }

@@ -117,7 +113,7 @@ impl<S: 'static> Predicate<S> for NotPredicate<S> {
 pub struct MethodPredicate<S>(http::Method, PhantomData<S>);

 impl<S: 'static> Predicate<S> for MethodPredicate<S> {
-    fn check(&self, req: &Request, _: &S) -> bool {
+    fn check(&self, req: &mut HttpRequest<S>) -> bool {
        *req.method() == self.0
    }
 }
@@ -188,7 +184,7 @@ pub fn Header<S: 'static>(
 pub struct HeaderPredicate<S>(header::HeaderName, header::HeaderValue, PhantomData<S>);

 impl<S: 'static> Predicate<S> for HeaderPredicate<S> {
-    fn check(&self, req: &Request, _: &S) -> bool {
+    fn check(&self, req: &mut HttpRequest<S>) -> bool {
        if let Some(val) = req.headers().get(&self.0) {
            return val == self.1;
        }
@@ -225,7 +221,7 @@ impl<S> HostPredicate<S> {
 }

 impl<S: 'static> Predicate<S> for HostPredicate<S> {
-    fn check(&self, req: &Request, _: &S) -> bool {
+    fn check(&self, req: &mut HttpRequest<S>) -> bool {
        let info = req.connection_info();
        if let Some(ref scheme) = self.1 {
            self.0 == info.host() && scheme == info.scheme()
@@ -238,92 +234,167 @@ impl<S: 'static> Predicate<S> for HostPredicate<S> {
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
    use super::*;
-    use http::{header, Method};
-    use test::TestRequest;
+    use http::header::{self, HeaderMap};
+    use http::{Method, Uri, Version};
+    use std::str::FromStr;

    #[test]
    fn test_header() {
-        let req = TestRequest::with_header(
+        let mut headers = HeaderMap::new();
+        headers.insert(
            header::TRANSFER_ENCODING,
            header::HeaderValue::from_static("chunked"),
-        ).finish();
+        );
+        let mut req = HttpRequest::new(
+            Method::GET,
+            Uri::from_str("/").unwrap(),
+            Version::HTTP_11,
+            headers,
+            None,
+        );

        let pred = Header("transfer-encoding", "chunked");
-        assert!(pred.check(&req, req.state()));
+        assert!(pred.check(&mut req));

        let pred = Header("transfer-encoding", "other");
-        assert!(!pred.check(&req, req.state()));
+        assert!(!pred.check(&mut req));

        let pred = Header("content-type", "other");
-        assert!(!pred.check(&req, req.state()));
+        assert!(!pred.check(&mut req));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_host() {
-        let req = TestRequest::default()
-            .header(
-                header::HOST,
-                header::HeaderValue::from_static("www.rust-lang.org"),
-            )
-            .finish();
+        let mut headers = HeaderMap::new();
+        headers.insert(
+            header::HOST,
+            header::HeaderValue::from_static("www.rust-lang.org"),
+        );
+        let mut req = HttpRequest::new(
+            Method::GET,
+            Uri::from_str("/").unwrap(),
+            Version::HTTP_11,
+            headers,
+            None,
+        );

        let pred = Host("www.rust-lang.org");
-        assert!(pred.check(&req, req.state()));
+        assert!(pred.check(&mut req));

        let pred = Host("localhost");
-        assert!(!pred.check(&req, req.state()));
+        assert!(!pred.check(&mut req));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_methods() {
-        let req = TestRequest::default().finish();
-        let req2 = TestRequest::default().method(Method::POST).finish();
+        let mut req = HttpRequest::new(
+            Method::GET,
+            Uri::from_str("/").unwrap(),
+            Version::HTTP_11,
+            HeaderMap::new(),
+            None,
+        );
+        let mut req2 = HttpRequest::new(
+            Method::POST,
+            Uri::from_str("/").unwrap(),
+            Version::HTTP_11,
+            HeaderMap::new(),
+            None,
+        );

-        assert!(Get().check(&req, req.state()));
-        assert!(!Get().check(&req2, req2.state()));
-        assert!(Post().check(&req2, req2.state()));
-        assert!(!Post().check(&req, req.state()));
+        assert!(Get().check(&mut req));
+        assert!(!Get().check(&mut req2));
+        assert!(Post().check(&mut req2));
+        assert!(!Post().check(&mut req));

-        let r = TestRequest::default().method(Method::PUT).finish();
-        assert!(Put().check(&r, r.state()));
-        assert!(!Put().check(&req, req.state()));
+        let mut r = HttpRequest::new(
+            Method::PUT,
+            Uri::from_str("/").unwrap(),
+            Version::HTTP_11,
+            HeaderMap::new(),
+            None,
+        );
+        assert!(Put().check(&mut r));
+        assert!(!Put().check(&mut req));

-        let r = TestRequest::default().method(Method::DELETE).finish();
-        assert!(Delete().check(&r, r.state()));
-        assert!(!Delete().check(&req, req.state()));
+        let mut r = HttpRequest::new(
+            Method::DELETE,
+            Uri::from_str("/").unwrap(),
+            Version::HTTP_11,
+            HeaderMap::new(),
+            None,
+        );
+        assert!(Delete().check(&mut r));
+        assert!(!Delete().check(&mut req));

-        let r = TestRequest::default().method(Method::HEAD).finish();
-        assert!(Head().check(&r, r.state()));
-        assert!(!Head().check(&req, req.state()));
+        let mut r = HttpRequest::new(
+            Method::HEAD,
+            Uri::from_str("/").unwrap(),
+            Version::HTTP_11,
+            HeaderMap::new(),
+            None,
+        );
+        assert!(Head().check(&mut r));
+        assert!(!Head().check(&mut req));

-        let r = TestRequest::default().method(Method::OPTIONS).finish();
-        assert!(Options().check(&r, r.state()));
-        assert!(!Options().check(&req, req.state()));
+        let mut r = HttpRequest::new(
+            Method::OPTIONS,
+            Uri::from_str("/").unwrap(),
+            Version::HTTP_11,
+            HeaderMap::new(),
+            None,
+        );
+        assert!(Options().check(&mut r));
+        assert!(!Options().check(&mut req));

-        let r = TestRequest::default().method(Method::CONNECT).finish();
-        assert!(Connect().check(&r, r.state()));
-        assert!(!Connect().check(&req, req.state()));
+        let mut r = HttpRequest::new(
+            Method::CONNECT,
+            Uri::from_str("/").unwrap(),
+            Version::HTTP_11,
+            HeaderMap::new(),
+            None,
+        );
+        assert!(Connect().check(&mut r));
+        assert!(!Connect().check(&mut req));

-        let r = TestRequest::default().method(Method::PATCH).finish();
-        assert!(Patch().check(&r, r.state()));
-        assert!(!Patch().check(&req, req.state()));
+        let mut r = HttpRequest::new(
+            Method::PATCH,
+            Uri::from_str("/").unwrap(),
+            Version::HTTP_11,
+            HeaderMap::new(),
+            None,
+        );
+        assert!(Patch().check(&mut r));
+        assert!(!Patch().check(&mut req));

-        let r = TestRequest::default().method(Method::TRACE).finish();
-        assert!(Trace().check(&r, r.state()));
-        assert!(!Trace().check(&req, req.state()));
+        let mut r = HttpRequest::new(
+            Method::TRACE,
+            Uri::from_str("/").unwrap(),
+            Version::HTTP_11,
+            HeaderMap::new(),
+            None,
+        );
+        assert!(Trace().check(&mut r));
+        assert!(!Trace().check(&mut req));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_preds() {
-        let r = TestRequest::default().method(Method::TRACE).finish();
+        let mut r = HttpRequest::new(
+            Method::TRACE,
+            Uri::from_str("/").unwrap(),
+            Version::HTTP_11,
+            HeaderMap::new(),
+            None,
+        );

-        assert!(Not(Get()).check(&r, r.state()));
-        assert!(!Not(Trace()).check(&r, r.state()));
+        assert!(Not(Get()).check(&mut r));
+        assert!(!Not(Trace()).check(&mut r));

-        assert!(All(Trace()).and(Trace()).check(&r, r.state()));
-        assert!(!All(Get()).and(Trace()).check(&r, r.state()));
+        assert!(All(Trace()).and(Trace()).check(&mut r));
+        assert!(!All(Get()).and(Trace()).check(&mut r));

-        assert!(Any(Get()).or(Trace()).check(&r, r.state()));
-        assert!(!Any(Get()).or(Get()).check(&r, r.state()));
+        assert!(Any(Get()).or(Trace()).check(&mut r));
+        assert!(!Any(Get()).or(Get()).check(&mut r));
    }
 }
--- a/src/resource.rs
+++ b/src/resource.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-use std::ops::Deref;
+use std::marker::PhantomData;
 use std::rc::Rc;

 use futures::Future;
-use http::Method;
+use http::{Method, StatusCode};
 use smallvec::SmallVec;

 use error::Error;
@@ -12,10 +12,6 @@ use httpresponse::HttpResponse;
 use middleware::Middleware;
 use pred;
 use route::Route;
-use router::ResourceDef;
-
-#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
-pub(crate) struct RouteId(usize);

 /// *Resource* is an entry in route table which corresponds to requested URL.
 ///
@@ -37,39 +33,45 @@ pub(crate) struct RouteId(usize);
 ///             "/", |r| r.method(http::Method::GET).f(|r| HttpResponse::Ok()))
 ///         .finish();
 /// }
-pub struct Resource<S = ()> {
-    rdef: ResourceDef,
+pub struct ResourceHandler<S = ()> {
+    name: String,
+    state: PhantomData<S>,
    routes: SmallVec<[Route<S>; 3]>,
    middlewares: Rc<Vec<Box<Middleware<S>>>>,
 }

-impl<S> Resource<S> {
-    /// Create new resource with specified resource definition
-    pub fn new(rdef: ResourceDef) -> Self {
-        Resource {
-            rdef,
+impl<S> Default for ResourceHandler<S> {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        ResourceHandler {
+            name: String::new(),
+            state: PhantomData,
+            routes: SmallVec::new(),
+            middlewares: Rc::new(Vec::new()),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<S> ResourceHandler<S> {
+    pub(crate) fn default_not_found() -> Self {
+        ResourceHandler {
+            name: String::new(),
+            state: PhantomData,
            routes: SmallVec::new(),
            middlewares: Rc::new(Vec::new()),
        }
    }

-    /// Name of the resource
-    pub(crate) fn get_name(&self) -> &str {
-        self.rdef.name()
-    }
-
    /// Set resource name
-    pub fn name(&mut self, name: &str) {
-        self.rdef.set_name(name);
+    pub fn name<T: Into<String>>(&mut self, name: T) {
+        self.name = name.into();
    }

-    /// Resource definition
-    pub fn rdef(&self) -> &ResourceDef {
-        &self.rdef
+    pub(crate) fn get_name(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.name
    }
 }

-impl<S: 'static> Resource<S> {
+impl<S: 'static> ResourceHandler<S> {
    /// Register a new route and return mutable reference to *Route* object.
    /// *Route* is used for route configuration, i.e. adding predicates,
    /// setting up handler.
@@ -80,12 +82,11 @@ impl<S: 'static> Resource<S> {
    ///
    /// fn main() {
    ///     let app = App::new()
-    ///         .resource("/", |r| {
-    ///             r.route()
-    ///                 .filter(pred::Any(pred::Get()).or(pred::Put()))
-    ///                 .filter(pred::Header("Content-Type", "text/plain"))
-    ///                 .f(|r| HttpResponse::Ok())
-    ///         })
+    ///         .resource(
+    ///             "/", |r| r.route()
+    ///                  .filter(pred::Any(pred::Get()).or(pred::Put()))
+    ///                  .filter(pred::Header("Content-Type", "text/plain"))
+    ///                  .f(|r| HttpResponse::Ok()))
    ///         .finish();
    /// }
    /// ```
@@ -126,21 +127,10 @@ impl<S: 'static> Resource<S> {

    /// Register a new route and add method check to route.
    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # extern crate actix_web;
-    /// use actix_web::*;
-    /// fn index(req: &HttpRequest) -> HttpResponse { unimplemented!() }
-    ///
-    /// App::new().resource("/", |r| r.method(http::Method::GET).f(index));
-    /// ```
-    ///
    /// This is shortcut for:
    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # extern crate actix_web;
-    /// # use actix_web::*;
-    /// # fn index(req: &HttpRequest) -> HttpResponse { unimplemented!() }
-    /// App::new().resource("/", |r| r.route().filter(pred::Get()).f(index));
+    /// ```rust,ignore
+    /// Application::resource("/", |r| r.route().filter(pred::Get()).f(index)
    /// ```
    pub fn method(&mut self, method: Method) -> &mut Route<S> {
        self.routes.push(Route::default());
@@ -149,21 +139,10 @@ impl<S: 'static> Resource<S> {

    /// Register a new route and add handler object.
    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # extern crate actix_web;
-    /// use actix_web::*;
-    /// fn handler(req: &HttpRequest) -> HttpResponse { unimplemented!() }
-    ///
-    /// App::new().resource("/", |r| r.h(handler));
-    /// ```
-    ///
    /// This is shortcut for:
    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # extern crate actix_web;
-    /// # use actix_web::*;
-    /// # fn handler(req: &HttpRequest) -> HttpResponse { unimplemented!() }
-    /// App::new().resource("/", |r| r.route().h(handler));
+    /// ```rust,ignore
+    /// Application::resource("/", |r| r.route().h(handler)
    /// ```
    pub fn h<H: Handler<S>>(&mut self, handler: H) {
        self.routes.push(Route::default());
@@ -172,25 +151,14 @@ impl<S: 'static> Resource<S> {

    /// Register a new route and add handler function.
    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # extern crate actix_web;
-    /// use actix_web::*;
-    /// fn index(req: &HttpRequest) -> HttpResponse { unimplemented!() }
-    ///
-    /// App::new().resource("/", |r| r.f(index));
-    /// ```
-    ///
    /// This is shortcut for:
    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # extern crate actix_web;
-    /// # use actix_web::*;
-    /// # fn index(req: &HttpRequest) -> HttpResponse { unimplemented!() }
-    /// App::new().resource("/", |r| r.route().f(index));
+    /// ```rust,ignore
+    /// Application::resource("/", |r| r.route().f(index)
    /// ```
    pub fn f<F, R>(&mut self, handler: F)
    where
-        F: Fn(&HttpRequest<S>) -> R + 'static,
+        F: Fn(HttpRequest<S>) -> R + 'static,
        R: Responder + 'static,
    {
        self.routes.push(Route::default());
@@ -199,21 +167,10 @@ impl<S: 'static> Resource<S> {

    /// Register a new route and add handler.
    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # extern crate actix_web;
-    /// use actix_web::*;
-    /// fn index(req: HttpRequest) -> HttpResponse { unimplemented!() }
-    ///
-    /// App::new().resource("/", |r| r.with(index));
-    /// ```
-    ///
    /// This is shortcut for:
    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # extern crate actix_web;
-    /// # use actix_web::*;
-    /// # fn index(req: HttpRequest) -> HttpResponse { unimplemented!() }
-    /// App::new().resource("/", |r| r.route().with(index));
+    /// ```rust,ignore
+    /// Application::resource("/", |r| r.route().with(index)
    /// ```
    pub fn with<T, F, R>(&mut self, handler: F)
    where
@@ -227,30 +184,10 @@ impl<S: 'static> Resource<S> {

    /// Register a new route and add async handler.
    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # extern crate actix_web;
-    /// # extern crate futures;
-    /// use actix_web::*;
-    /// use futures::future::Future;
-    ///
-    /// fn index(req: HttpRequest) -> Box<Future<Item=HttpResponse, Error=Error>> {
-    ///     unimplemented!()
-    /// }
-    ///
-    /// App::new().resource("/", |r| r.with_async(index));
-    /// ```
-    ///
    /// This is shortcut for:
    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # extern crate actix_web;
-    /// # extern crate futures;
-    /// # use actix_web::*;
-    /// # use futures::future::Future;
-    /// # fn index(req: HttpRequest) -> Box<Future<Item=HttpResponse, Error=Error>> {
-    /// #     unimplemented!()
-    /// # }
-    /// App::new().resource("/", |r| r.route().with_async(index));
+    /// ```rust,ignore
+    /// Application::resource("/", |r| r.route().with_async(index)
    /// ```
    pub fn with_async<T, F, R, I, E>(&mut self, handler: F)
    where
@@ -277,47 +214,22 @@ impl<S: 'static> Resource<S> {
            .push(Box::new(mw));
    }

-    #[inline]
-    pub(crate) fn get_route_id(&self, req: &HttpRequest<S>) -> Option<RouteId> {
-        for idx in 0..self.routes.len() {
-            if (&self.routes[idx]).check(req) {
-                return Some(RouteId(idx));
+    pub(crate) fn handle(
+        &mut self, mut req: HttpRequest<S>, default: Option<&mut ResourceHandler<S>>,
+    ) -> AsyncResult<HttpResponse> {
+        for route in &mut self.routes {
+            if route.check(&mut req) {
+                return if self.middlewares.is_empty() {
+                    route.handle(req)
+                } else {
+                    route.compose(req, Rc::clone(&self.middlewares))
+                };
            }
        }
-        None
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub(crate) fn handle(
-        &self, id: RouteId, req: &HttpRequest<S>,
-    ) -> AsyncResult<HttpResponse> {
-        if self.middlewares.is_empty() {
-            (&self.routes[id.0]).handle(req)
+        if let Some(resource) = default {
+            resource.handle(req, None)
        } else {
-            (&self.routes[id.0]).compose(req.clone(), Rc::clone(&self.middlewares))
+            AsyncResult::ok(HttpResponse::new(StatusCode::NOT_FOUND))
        }
    }
 }
-
-/// Default resource
-pub struct DefaultResource<S>(Rc<Resource<S>>);
-
-impl<S> Deref for DefaultResource<S> {
-    type Target = Resource<S>;
-
-    fn deref(&self) -> &Resource<S> {
-        self.0.as_ref()
-    }
-}
-
-impl<S> Clone for DefaultResource<S> {
-    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
-        DefaultResource(self.0.clone())
-    }
-}
-
-impl<S> From<Resource<S>> for DefaultResource<S> {
-    fn from(res: Resource<S>) -> Self {
-        DefaultResource(Rc::new(res))
-    }
-}
--- a/src/route.rs
+++ b/src/route.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+use std::cell::UnsafeCell;
 use std::marker::PhantomData;
 use std::rc::Rc;

@@ -16,7 +17,7 @@ use middleware::{
    Started as MiddlewareStarted,
 };
 use pred::Predicate;
-use with::{With, WithAsync};
+use with::{ExtractorConfig, With, With2, With3, WithAsync};

 /// Resource route definition
 ///
@@ -31,17 +32,16 @@ impl<S: 'static> Default for Route<S> {
    fn default() -> Route<S> {
        Route {
            preds: Vec::new(),
-            handler: InnerHandler::new(|_: &_| HttpResponse::new(StatusCode::NOT_FOUND)),
+            handler: InnerHandler::new(|_| HttpResponse::new(StatusCode::NOT_FOUND)),
        }
    }
 }

 impl<S: 'static> Route<S> {
    #[inline]
-    pub(crate) fn check(&self, req: &HttpRequest<S>) -> bool {
-        let state = req.state();
+    pub(crate) fn check(&self, req: &mut HttpRequest<S>) -> bool {
        for pred in &self.preds {
-            if !pred.check(req, state) {
+            if !pred.check(req) {
                return false;
            }
        }
@@ -49,13 +49,13 @@ impl<S: 'static> Route<S> {
    }

    #[inline]
-    pub(crate) fn handle(&self, req: &HttpRequest<S>) -> AsyncResult<HttpResponse> {
+    pub(crate) fn handle(&mut self, req: HttpRequest<S>) -> AsyncResult<HttpResponse> {
        self.handler.handle(req)
    }

    #[inline]
    pub(crate) fn compose(
-        &self, req: HttpRequest<S>, mws: Rc<Vec<Box<Middleware<S>>>>,
+        &mut self, req: HttpRequest<S>, mws: Rc<Vec<Box<Middleware<S>>>>,
    ) -> AsyncResult<HttpResponse> {
        AsyncResult::async(Box::new(Compose::new(req, mws, self.handler.clone())))
    }
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ impl<S: 'static> Route<S> {
    /// during route configuration, so it does not return reference to self.
    pub fn f<F, R>(&mut self, handler: F)
    where
-        F: Fn(&HttpRequest<S>) -> R + 'static,
+        F: Fn(HttpRequest<S>) -> R + 'static,
        R: Responder + 'static,
    {
        self.handler = InnerHandler::new(handler);
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ impl<S: 'static> Route<S> {
    /// Set async handler function.
    pub fn a<H, R, F, E>(&mut self, handler: H)
    where
-        H: Fn(&HttpRequest<S>) -> F + 'static,
+        H: Fn(HttpRequest<S>) -> F + 'static,
        F: Future<Item = R, Error = E> + 'static,
        R: Responder + 'static,
        E: Into<Error> + 'static,
@@ -164,49 +164,15 @@ impl<S: 'static> Route<S> {
    ///     ); // <- use `with` extractor
    /// }
    /// ```
-    pub fn with<T, F, R>(&mut self, handler: F)
+    pub fn with<T, F, R>(&mut self, handler: F) -> ExtractorConfig<S, T>
    where
        F: Fn(T) -> R + 'static,
        R: Responder + 'static,
        T: FromRequest<S> + 'static,
    {
-        self.h(With::new(handler, <T::Config as Default>::default()));
-    }
-
-    /// Set handler function. Same as `.with()` but it allows to configure
-    /// extractor.
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// # extern crate bytes;
-    /// # extern crate actix_web;
-    /// # extern crate futures;
-    /// #[macro_use] extern crate serde_derive;
-    /// use actix_web::{http, App, Path, Result};
-    ///
-    /// /// extract text data from request
-    /// fn index(body: String) -> Result<String> {
-    ///     Ok(format!("Body {}!", body))
-    /// }
-    ///
-    /// fn main() {
-    ///     let app = App::new().resource("/index.html", |r| {
-    ///         r.method(http::Method::GET)
-    ///                .with_config(index, |cfg| { // <- register handler
-    ///                   cfg.limit(4096);  // <- limit size of the payload
-    ///                 })
-    ///     });
-    /// }
-    /// ```
-    pub fn with_config<T, F, R, C>(&mut self, handler: F, cfg_f: C)
-    where
-        F: Fn(T) -> R + 'static,
-        R: Responder + 'static,
-        T: FromRequest<S> + 'static,
-        C: FnOnce(&mut T::Config),
-    {
-        let mut cfg = <T::Config as Default>::default();
-        cfg_f(&mut cfg);
-        self.h(With::new(handler, cfg));
+        let cfg = ExtractorConfig::default();
+        self.h(With::new(handler, Clone::clone(&cfg)));
+        cfg
    }

    /// Set async handler function, use request extractor for parameters.
@@ -238,7 +204,7 @@ impl<S: 'static> Route<S> {
    ///     ); // <- use `with` extractor
    /// }
    /// ```
-    pub fn with_async<T, F, R, I, E>(&mut self, handler: F)
+    pub fn with_async<T, F, R, I, E>(&mut self, handler: F) -> ExtractorConfig<S, T>
    where
        F: Fn(T) -> R + 'static,
        R: Future<Item = I, Error = E> + 'static,
@@ -246,79 +212,117 @@ impl<S: 'static> Route<S> {
        E: Into<Error> + 'static,
        T: FromRequest<S> + 'static,
    {
-        self.h(WithAsync::new(handler, <T::Config as Default>::default()));
+        let cfg = ExtractorConfig::default();
+        self.h(WithAsync::new(handler, Clone::clone(&cfg)));
+        cfg
    }

-    /// Set async handler function, use request extractor for parameters.
-    /// This method allows to configure extractor.
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    /// Set handler function, use request extractor for both parameters.
    ///
    /// ```rust
    /// # extern crate bytes;
    /// # extern crate actix_web;
    /// # extern crate futures;
    /// #[macro_use] extern crate serde_derive;
-    /// use actix_web::{http, App, Error, Form};
-    /// use futures::Future;
+    /// use actix_web::{http, App, Path, Query, Result};
    ///
    /// #[derive(Deserialize)]
-    /// struct Info {
+    /// struct PParam {
    ///     username: String,
    /// }
    ///
-    /// /// extract path info using serde
-    /// fn index(info: Form<Info>) -> Box<Future<Item = &'static str, Error = Error>> {
-    ///     unimplemented!()
+    /// #[derive(Deserialize)]
+    /// struct QParam {
+    ///     count: u32,
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// /// extract path and query information using serde
+    /// fn index(p: Path<PParam>, q: Query<QParam>) -> Result<String> {
+    ///     Ok(format!("Welcome {}!", p.username))
    /// }
    ///
    /// fn main() {
    ///     let app = App::new().resource(
    ///         "/{username}/index.html", // <- define path parameters
-    ///         |r| r.method(http::Method::GET)
-    ///            .with_async_config(index, |cfg| {
-    ///                cfg.limit(4096);
-    ///            }),
+    ///         |r| r.method(http::Method::GET).with2(index),
    ///     ); // <- use `with` extractor
    /// }
    /// ```
-    pub fn with_async_config<T, F, R, I, E, C>(&mut self, handler: F, cfg: C)
+    pub fn with2<T1, T2, F, R>(
+        &mut self, handler: F,
+    ) -> (ExtractorConfig<S, T1>, ExtractorConfig<S, T2>)
    where
-        F: Fn(T) -> R + 'static,
-        R: Future<Item = I, Error = E> + 'static,
-        I: Responder + 'static,
-        E: Into<Error> + 'static,
-        T: FromRequest<S> + 'static,
-        C: FnOnce(&mut T::Config),
+        F: Fn(T1, T2) -> R + 'static,
+        R: Responder + 'static,
+        T1: FromRequest<S> + 'static,
+        T2: FromRequest<S> + 'static,
    {
-        let mut extractor_cfg = <T::Config as Default>::default();
-        cfg(&mut extractor_cfg);
-        self.h(WithAsync::new(handler, extractor_cfg));
+        let cfg1 = ExtractorConfig::default();
+        let cfg2 = ExtractorConfig::default();
+        self.h(With2::new(
+            handler,
+            Clone::clone(&cfg1),
+            Clone::clone(&cfg2),
+        ));
+        (cfg1, cfg2)
+    }
+
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    /// Set handler function, use request extractor for all parameters.
+    pub fn with3<T1, T2, T3, F, R>(
+        &mut self, handler: F,
+    ) -> (
+        ExtractorConfig<S, T1>,
+        ExtractorConfig<S, T2>,
+        ExtractorConfig<S, T3>,
+    )
+    where
+        F: Fn(T1, T2, T3) -> R + 'static,
+        R: Responder + 'static,
+        T1: FromRequest<S> + 'static,
+        T2: FromRequest<S> + 'static,
+        T3: FromRequest<S> + 'static,
+    {
+        let cfg1 = ExtractorConfig::default();
+        let cfg2 = ExtractorConfig::default();
+        let cfg3 = ExtractorConfig::default();
+        self.h(With3::new(
+            handler,
+            Clone::clone(&cfg1),
+            Clone::clone(&cfg2),
+            Clone::clone(&cfg3),
+        ));
+        (cfg1, cfg2, cfg3)
    }
 }

 /// `RouteHandler` wrapper. This struct is required because it needs to be
 /// shared for resource level middlewares.
-struct InnerHandler<S>(Rc<Box<RouteHandler<S>>>);
+struct InnerHandler<S>(Rc<UnsafeCell<Box<RouteHandler<S>>>>);

 impl<S: 'static> InnerHandler<S> {
    #[inline]
    fn new<H: Handler<S>>(h: H) -> Self {
-        InnerHandler(Rc::new(Box::new(WrapHandler::new(h))))
+        InnerHandler(Rc::new(UnsafeCell::new(Box::new(WrapHandler::new(h)))))
    }

    #[inline]
    fn async<H, R, F, E>(h: H) -> Self
    where
-        H: Fn(&HttpRequest<S>) -> F + 'static,
+        H: Fn(HttpRequest<S>) -> F + 'static,
        F: Future<Item = R, Error = E> + 'static,
        R: Responder + 'static,
        E: Into<Error> + 'static,
    {
-        InnerHandler(Rc::new(Box::new(AsyncHandler::new(h))))
+        InnerHandler(Rc::new(UnsafeCell::new(Box::new(AsyncHandler::new(h)))))
    }

    #[inline]
-    pub fn handle(&self, req: &HttpRequest<S>) -> AsyncResult<HttpResponse> {
-        self.0.handle(req)
+    pub fn handle(&self, req: HttpRequest<S>) -> AsyncResult<HttpResponse> {
+        // reason: handler is unique per thread, handler get called from async code only
+        let h = unsafe { &mut *self.0.as_ref().get() };
+        h.handle(req)
    }
 }

@@ -408,27 +412,23 @@ type Fut = Box<Future<Item = Option<HttpResponse>, Error = Error>>;
 impl<S: 'static> StartMiddlewares<S> {
    fn init(info: &mut ComposeInfo<S>) -> ComposeState<S> {
        let len = info.mws.len();
-
        loop {
            if info.count == len {
-                let reply = info.handler.handle(&info.req);
+                let reply = info.handler.handle(info.req.clone());
                return WaitingResponse::init(info, reply);
            } else {
-                let result = info.mws[info.count].start(&info.req);
-                match result {
+                match info.mws[info.count].start(&mut info.req) {
                    Ok(MiddlewareStarted::Done) => info.count += 1,
                    Ok(MiddlewareStarted::Response(resp)) => {
-                        return RunMiddlewares::init(info, resp);
+                        return RunMiddlewares::init(info, resp)
                    }
                    Ok(MiddlewareStarted::Future(fut)) => {
                        return ComposeState::Starting(StartMiddlewares {
                            fut: Some(fut),
                            _s: PhantomData,
-                        });
-                    }
-                    Err(err) => {
-                        return RunMiddlewares::init(info, err.into());
+                        })
                    }
+                    Err(err) => return RunMiddlewares::init(info, err.into()),
                }
            }
        }
@@ -436,12 +436,9 @@ impl<S: 'static> StartMiddlewares<S> {

    fn poll(&mut self, info: &mut ComposeInfo<S>) -> Option<ComposeState<S>> {
        let len = info.mws.len();
-
        'outer: loop {
            match self.fut.as_mut().unwrap().poll() {
-                Ok(Async::NotReady) => {
-                    return None;
-                }
+                Ok(Async::NotReady) => return None,
                Ok(Async::Ready(resp)) => {
                    info.count += 1;
                    if let Some(resp) = resp {
@@ -449,11 +446,10 @@ impl<S: 'static> StartMiddlewares<S> {
                    }
                    loop {
                        if info.count == len {
-                            let reply = info.handler.handle(&info.req);
+                            let reply = info.handler.handle(info.req.clone());
                            return Some(WaitingResponse::init(info, reply));
                        } else {
-                            let result = info.mws[info.count].start(&info.req);
-                            match result {
+                            match info.mws[info.count].start(&mut info.req) {
                                Ok(MiddlewareStarted::Done) => info.count += 1,
                                Ok(MiddlewareStarted::Response(resp)) => {
                                    return Some(RunMiddlewares::init(info, resp));
@@ -463,25 +459,21 @@ impl<S: 'static> StartMiddlewares<S> {
                                    continue 'outer;
                                }
                                Err(err) => {
-                                    return Some(RunMiddlewares::init(info, err.into()));
+                                    return Some(RunMiddlewares::init(info, err.into()))
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
-                Err(err) => {
-                    return Some(RunMiddlewares::init(info, err.into()));
-                }
+                Err(err) => return Some(RunMiddlewares::init(info, err.into())),
            }
        }
    }
 }

-type HandlerFuture = Future<Item = HttpResponse, Error = Error>;
-
 // waiting for response
 struct WaitingResponse<S> {
-    fut: Box<HandlerFuture>,
+    fut: Box<Future<Item = HttpResponse, Error = Error>>,
    _s: PhantomData<S>,
 }

@@ -491,8 +483,8 @@ impl<S: 'static> WaitingResponse<S> {
        info: &mut ComposeInfo<S>, reply: AsyncResult<HttpResponse>,
    ) -> ComposeState<S> {
        match reply.into() {
-            AsyncResultItem::Ok(resp) => RunMiddlewares::init(info, resp),
            AsyncResultItem::Err(err) => RunMiddlewares::init(info, err.into()),
+            AsyncResultItem::Ok(resp) => RunMiddlewares::init(info, resp),
            AsyncResultItem::Future(fut) => ComposeState::Handler(WaitingResponse {
                fut,
                _s: PhantomData,
@@ -503,7 +495,7 @@ impl<S: 'static> WaitingResponse<S> {
    fn poll(&mut self, info: &mut ComposeInfo<S>) -> Option<ComposeState<S>> {
        match self.fut.poll() {
            Ok(Async::NotReady) => None,
-            Ok(Async::Ready(resp)) => Some(RunMiddlewares::init(info, resp)),
+            Ok(Async::Ready(response)) => Some(RunMiddlewares::init(info, response)),
            Err(err) => Some(RunMiddlewares::init(info, err.into())),
        }
    }
@@ -522,8 +514,7 @@ impl<S: 'static> RunMiddlewares<S> {
        let len = info.mws.len();

        loop {
-            let state = info.mws[curr].response(&info.req, resp);
-            resp = match state {
+            resp = match info.mws[curr].response(&mut info.req, resp) {
                Err(err) => {
                    info.count = curr + 1;
                    return FinishingMiddlewares::init(info, err.into());
@@ -541,7 +532,7 @@ impl<S: 'static> RunMiddlewares<S> {
                        curr,
                        fut: Some(fut),
                        _s: PhantomData,
-                    });
+                    })
                }
            };
        }
@@ -565,8 +556,7 @@ impl<S: 'static> RunMiddlewares<S> {
                if self.curr == len {
                    return Some(FinishingMiddlewares::init(info, resp));
                } else {
-                    let state = info.mws[self.curr].response(&info.req, resp);
-                    match state {
+                    match info.mws[self.curr].response(&mut info.req, resp) {
                        Err(err) => {
                            return Some(FinishingMiddlewares::init(info, err.into()))
                        }
@@ -634,10 +624,9 @@ impl<S: 'static> FinishingMiddlewares<S> {
            }

            info.count -= 1;
-
-            let state = info.mws[info.count as usize]
-                .finish(&info.req, self.resp.as_ref().unwrap());
-            match state {
+            match info.mws[info.count as usize]
+                .finish(&mut info.req, self.resp.as_ref().unwrap())
+            {
                MiddlewareFinished::Done => {
                    if info.count == 0 {
                        return Some(Response::init(self.resp.take().unwrap()));
--- a/src/router.rs
+++ b/src/router.rs
--- a/src/scope.rs
+++ b/src/scope.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+use std::cell::UnsafeCell;
 use std::marker::PhantomData;
 use std::mem;
 use std::rc::Rc;
@@ -14,9 +15,12 @@ use middleware::{
    Started as MiddlewareStarted,
 };
 use pred::Predicate;
-use resource::{DefaultResource, Resource};
-use router::{ResourceDef, Router};
-use server::Request;
+use resource::ResourceHandler;
+use router::Resource;
+
+type Route<S> = UnsafeCell<Box<RouteHandler<S>>>;
+type ScopeResources<S> = Rc<Vec<(Resource, Rc<UnsafeCell<ResourceHandler<S>>>)>>;
+type NestedInfo<S> = (Resource, Route<S>, Vec<Box<Predicate<S>>>);

 /// Resources scope
 ///
@@ -48,35 +52,27 @@ use server::Request;
 ///  * /{project_id}/path2 - `GET` requests
 ///  * /{project_id}/path3 - `HEAD` requests
 ///
-pub struct Scope<S> {
-    rdef: ResourceDef,
-    router: Rc<Router<S>>,
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub struct Scope<S: 'static> {
    filters: Vec<Box<Predicate<S>>>,
+    nested: Vec<NestedInfo<S>>,
    middlewares: Rc<Vec<Box<Middleware<S>>>>,
+    default: Rc<UnsafeCell<ResourceHandler<S>>>,
+    resources: ScopeResources<S>,
 }

 #[cfg_attr(feature = "cargo-clippy", allow(new_without_default_derive))]
 impl<S: 'static> Scope<S> {
-    /// Create a new scope
-    // TODO: Why is this not exactly the default impl?
-    pub fn new(path: &str) -> Scope<S> {
+    pub fn new() -> Scope<S> {
        Scope {
-            rdef: ResourceDef::prefix(path),
-            router: Rc::new(Router::new()),
            filters: Vec::new(),
+            nested: Vec::new(),
+            resources: Rc::new(Vec::new()),
            middlewares: Rc::new(Vec::new()),
+            default: Rc::new(UnsafeCell::new(ResourceHandler::default_not_found())),
        }
    }

-    #[inline]
-    pub(crate) fn rdef(&self) -> &ResourceDef {
-        &self.rdef
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn router(&self) -> &Router<S> {
-        self.router.as_ref()
-    }
-
    #[inline]
    pub(crate) fn take_filters(&mut self) -> Vec<Box<Predicate<S>>> {
        mem::replace(&mut self.filters, Vec::new())
@@ -116,7 +112,7 @@ impl<S: 'static> Scope<S> {
    ///
    /// struct AppState;
    ///
-    /// fn index(req: &HttpRequest<AppState>) -> &'static str {
+    /// fn index(req: HttpRequest<AppState>) -> &'static str {
    ///     "Welcome!"
    /// }
    ///
@@ -133,10 +129,11 @@ impl<S: 'static> Scope<S> {
        F: FnOnce(Scope<T>) -> Scope<T>,
    {
        let scope = Scope {
-            rdef: ResourceDef::prefix(path),
            filters: Vec::new(),
-            router: Rc::new(Router::new()),
+            nested: Vec::new(),
+            resources: Rc::new(Vec::new()),
            middlewares: Rc::new(Vec::new()),
+            default: Rc::new(UnsafeCell::new(ResourceHandler::default_not_found())),
        };
        let mut scope = f(scope);

@@ -145,13 +142,9 @@ impl<S: 'static> Scope<S> {
            state: Rc::clone(&state),
            filters: scope.take_filters(),
        })];
-        let handler = Box::new(Wrapper { scope, state });
-
-        Rc::get_mut(&mut self.router).unwrap().register_handler(
-            path,
-            handler,
-            Some(filters),
-        );
+        let handler = UnsafeCell::new(Box::new(Wrapper { scope, state }));
+        self.nested
+            .push((Resource::prefix("", &path), handler, filters));

        self
    }
@@ -164,7 +157,7 @@ impl<S: 'static> Scope<S> {
    ///
    /// struct AppState;
    ///
-    /// fn index(req: &HttpRequest<AppState>) -> &'static str {
+    /// fn index(req: HttpRequest<AppState>) -> &'static str {
    ///     "Welcome!"
    /// }
    ///
@@ -179,14 +172,20 @@ impl<S: 'static> Scope<S> {
        F: FnOnce(Scope<S>) -> Scope<S>,
    {
        let scope = Scope {
-            rdef: ResourceDef::prefix(&path),
            filters: Vec::new(),
-            router: Rc::new(Router::new()),
+            nested: Vec::new(),
+            resources: Rc::new(Vec::new()),
            middlewares: Rc::new(Vec::new()),
+            default: Rc::new(UnsafeCell::new(ResourceHandler::default_not_found())),
        };
-        Rc::get_mut(&mut self.router)
-            .unwrap()
-            .register_scope(f(scope));
+        let mut scope = f(scope);
+
+        let filters = scope.take_filters();
+        self.nested.push((
+            Resource::prefix("", &path),
+            UnsafeCell::new(Box::new(scope)),
+            filters,
+        ));

        self
    }
@@ -224,9 +223,28 @@ impl<S: 'static> Scope<S> {
        R: Responder + 'static,
        T: FromRequest<S> + 'static,
    {
-        Rc::get_mut(&mut self.router)
-            .unwrap()
-            .register_route(path, method, f);
+        // get resource handler
+        let slf: &Scope<S> = unsafe { &*(&self as *const _) };
+        for &(ref pattern, ref resource) in slf.resources.iter() {
+            if pattern.pattern() == path {
+                let resource = unsafe { &mut *resource.get() };
+                resource.method(method).with(f);
+                return self;
+            }
+        }
+
+        let mut handler = ResourceHandler::default();
+        handler.method(method).with(f);
+        let pattern = Resource::with_prefix(
+            handler.get_name(),
+            path,
+            if path.is_empty() { "" } else { "/" },
+            false,
+        );
+        Rc::get_mut(&mut self.resources)
+            .expect("Can not use after configuration")
+            .push((pattern, Rc::new(UnsafeCell::new(handler))));
+
        self
    }

@@ -255,36 +273,32 @@ impl<S: 'static> Scope<S> {
    /// ```
    pub fn resource<F, R>(mut self, path: &str, f: F) -> Scope<S>
    where
-        F: FnOnce(&mut Resource<S>) -> R + 'static,
+        F: FnOnce(&mut ResourceHandler<S>) -> R + 'static,
    {
-        // add resource
-        let pattern = ResourceDef::with_prefix(
+        // add resource handler
+        let mut handler = ResourceHandler::default();
+        f(&mut handler);
+
+        let pattern = Resource::with_prefix(
+            handler.get_name(),
            path,
            if path.is_empty() { "" } else { "/" },
            false,
        );
-        let mut resource = Resource::new(pattern);
-        f(&mut resource);
+        Rc::get_mut(&mut self.resources)
+            .expect("Can not use after configuration")
+            .push((pattern, Rc::new(UnsafeCell::new(handler))));

-        Rc::get_mut(&mut self.router)
-            .unwrap()
-            .register_resource(resource);
        self
    }

    /// Default resource to be used if no matching route could be found.
-    pub fn default_resource<F, R>(mut self, f: F) -> Scope<S>
+    pub fn default_resource<F, R>(self, f: F) -> Scope<S>
    where
-        F: FnOnce(&mut Resource<S>) -> R + 'static,
+        F: FnOnce(&mut ResourceHandler<S>) -> R + 'static,
    {
-        // create and configure default resource
-        let mut resource = Resource::new(ResourceDef::new(""));
-        f(&mut resource);
-
-        Rc::get_mut(&mut self.router)
-            .expect("Multiple copies of scope router")
-            .register_default_resource(resource.into());
-
+        let default = unsafe { &mut *self.default.as_ref().get() };
+        f(default);
        self
    }

@@ -304,38 +318,68 @@ impl<S: 'static> Scope<S> {
 }

 impl<S: 'static> RouteHandler<S> for Scope<S> {
-    fn handle(&self, req: &HttpRequest<S>) -> AsyncResult<HttpResponse> {
-        let tail = req.match_info().tail as usize;
+    fn handle(&mut self, mut req: HttpRequest<S>) -> AsyncResult<HttpResponse> {
+        let path = unsafe { &*(&req.match_info()["tail"] as *const _) };

        // recognize resources
-        let info = self.router.recognize(req, req.state(), tail);
-        let req2 = req.with_route_info(info);
+        for &(ref pattern, ref resource) in self.resources.iter() {
+            if pattern.match_with_params(path, req.match_info_mut()) {
+                let default = unsafe { &mut *self.default.as_ref().get() };
+
+                req.match_info_mut().remove("tail");
+                if self.middlewares.is_empty() {
+                    let resource = unsafe { &mut *resource.get() };
+                    return resource.handle(req, Some(default));
+                } else {
+                    return AsyncResult::async(Box::new(Compose::new(
+                        req,
+                        Rc::clone(&self.middlewares),
+                        Rc::clone(&resource),
+                        Some(Rc::clone(&self.default)),
+                    )));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // nested scopes
+        let len = req.prefix_len() as usize;
+        let path: &'static str = unsafe { &*(&req.path()[len..] as *const _) };
+
+        'outer: for &(ref prefix, ref handler, ref filters) in &self.nested {
+            if let Some(prefix_len) =
+                prefix.match_prefix_with_params(path, req.match_info_mut())
+            {
+                for filter in filters {
+                    if !filter.check(&mut req) {
+                        continue 'outer;
+                    }
+                }
+                let prefix_len = len + prefix_len;
+                let path: &'static str =
+                    unsafe { &*(&req.path()[prefix_len..] as *const _) };
+
+                req.set_prefix_len(prefix_len as u16);
+                req.match_info_mut().set("tail", path);
+
+                let hnd: &mut RouteHandler<_> =
+                    unsafe { (&mut *(handler.get())).as_mut() };
+                return hnd.handle(req);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // default handler
+        let default = unsafe { &mut *self.default.as_ref().get() };
        if self.middlewares.is_empty() {
-            self.router.handle(&req2)
+            default.handle(req, None)
        } else {
            AsyncResult::async(Box::new(Compose::new(
-                req2,
-                Rc::clone(&self.router),
+                req,
                Rc::clone(&self.middlewares),
+                Rc::clone(&self.default),
+                None,
            )))
        }
    }
-
-    fn has_default_resource(&self) -> bool {
-        self.router.has_default_resource()
-    }
-
-    fn default_resource(&mut self, default: DefaultResource<S>) {
-        Rc::get_mut(&mut self.router)
-            .expect("Can not use after configuration")
-            .register_default_resource(default);
-    }
-
-    fn finish(&mut self) {
-        Rc::get_mut(&mut self.router)
-            .expect("Can not use after configuration")
-            .finish();
-    }
 }

 struct Wrapper<S: 'static> {
@@ -344,9 +388,8 @@ struct Wrapper<S: 'static> {
 }

 impl<S: 'static, S2: 'static> RouteHandler<S2> for Wrapper<S> {
-    fn handle(&self, req: &HttpRequest<S2>) -> AsyncResult<HttpResponse> {
-        let req = req.with_state(Rc::clone(&self.state));
-        self.scope.handle(&req)
+    fn handle(&mut self, req: HttpRequest<S2>) -> AsyncResult<HttpResponse> {
+        self.scope.handle(req.change_state(Rc::clone(&self.state)))
    }
 }

@@ -356,9 +399,10 @@ struct FiltersWrapper<S: 'static> {
 }

 impl<S: 'static, S2: 'static> Predicate<S2> for FiltersWrapper<S> {
-    fn check(&self, req: &Request, _: &S2) -> bool {
+    fn check(&self, req: &mut HttpRequest<S2>) -> bool {
+        let mut req = req.change_state(Rc::clone(&self.state));
        for filter in &self.filters {
-            if !filter.check(&req, &self.state) {
+            if !filter.check(&mut req) {
                return false;
            }
        }
@@ -375,8 +419,9 @@ struct Compose<S: 'static> {
 struct ComposeInfo<S: 'static> {
    count: usize,
    req: HttpRequest<S>,
-    router: Rc<Router<S>>,
    mws: Rc<Vec<Box<Middleware<S>>>>,
+    default: Option<Rc<UnsafeCell<ResourceHandler<S>>>>,
+    resource: Rc<UnsafeCell<ResourceHandler<S>>>,
 }

 enum ComposeState<S: 'static> {
@@ -401,13 +446,16 @@ impl<S: 'static> ComposeState<S> {

 impl<S: 'static> Compose<S> {
    fn new(
-        req: HttpRequest<S>, router: Rc<Router<S>>, mws: Rc<Vec<Box<Middleware<S>>>>,
+        req: HttpRequest<S>, mws: Rc<Vec<Box<Middleware<S>>>>,
+        resource: Rc<UnsafeCell<ResourceHandler<S>>>,
+        default: Option<Rc<UnsafeCell<ResourceHandler<S>>>>,
    ) -> Self {
        let mut info = ComposeInfo {
-            mws,
-            req,
-            router,
            count: 0,
+            req,
+            mws,
+            resource,
+            default,
        };
        let state = StartMiddlewares::init(&mut info);

@@ -445,27 +493,29 @@ type Fut = Box<Future<Item = Option<HttpResponse>, Error = Error>>;
 impl<S: 'static> StartMiddlewares<S> {
    fn init(info: &mut ComposeInfo<S>) -> ComposeState<S> {
        let len = info.mws.len();
-
        loop {
            if info.count == len {
-                let reply = info.router.handle(&info.req);
+                let resource = unsafe { &mut *info.resource.get() };
+                let reply = if let Some(ref default) = info.default {
+                    let d = unsafe { &mut *default.as_ref().get() };
+                    resource.handle(info.req.clone(), Some(d))
+                } else {
+                    resource.handle(info.req.clone(), None)
+                };
                return WaitingResponse::init(info, reply);
            } else {
-                let result = info.mws[info.count].start(&info.req);
-                match result {
+                match info.mws[info.count].start(&mut info.req) {
                    Ok(MiddlewareStarted::Done) => info.count += 1,
                    Ok(MiddlewareStarted::Response(resp)) => {
-                        return RunMiddlewares::init(info, resp);
+                        return RunMiddlewares::init(info, resp)
                    }
                    Ok(MiddlewareStarted::Future(fut)) => {
                        return ComposeState::Starting(StartMiddlewares {
                            fut: Some(fut),
                            _s: PhantomData,
-                        });
-                    }
-                    Err(err) => {
-                        return RunMiddlewares::init(info, err.into());
+                        })
                    }
+                    Err(err) => return RunMiddlewares::init(info, err.into()),
                }
            }
        }
@@ -473,25 +523,26 @@ impl<S: 'static> StartMiddlewares<S> {

    fn poll(&mut self, info: &mut ComposeInfo<S>) -> Option<ComposeState<S>> {
        let len = info.mws.len();
-
        'outer: loop {
            match self.fut.as_mut().unwrap().poll() {
-                Ok(Async::NotReady) => {
-                    return None;
-                }
+                Ok(Async::NotReady) => return None,
                Ok(Async::Ready(resp)) => {
                    info.count += 1;
-
                    if let Some(resp) = resp {
                        return Some(RunMiddlewares::init(info, resp));
                    }
                    loop {
                        if info.count == len {
-                            let reply = info.router.handle(&info.req);
+                            let resource = unsafe { &mut *info.resource.get() };
+                            let reply = if let Some(ref default) = info.default {
+                                let d = unsafe { &mut *default.as_ref().get() };
+                                resource.handle(info.req.clone(), Some(d))
+                            } else {
+                                resource.handle(info.req.clone(), None)
+                            };
                            return Some(WaitingResponse::init(info, reply));
                        } else {
-                            let result = info.mws[info.count].start(&info.req);
-                            match result {
+                            match info.mws[info.count].start(&mut info.req) {
                                Ok(MiddlewareStarted::Done) => info.count += 1,
                                Ok(MiddlewareStarted::Response(resp)) => {
                                    return Some(RunMiddlewares::init(info, resp));
@@ -501,15 +552,13 @@ impl<S: 'static> StartMiddlewares<S> {
                                    continue 'outer;
                                }
                                Err(err) => {
-                                    return Some(RunMiddlewares::init(info, err.into()));
+                                    return Some(RunMiddlewares::init(info, err.into()))
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
-                Err(err) => {
-                    return Some(RunMiddlewares::init(info, err.into()));
-                }
+                Err(err) => return Some(RunMiddlewares::init(info, err.into())),
            }
        }
    }
@@ -539,7 +588,7 @@ impl<S: 'static> WaitingResponse<S> {
    fn poll(&mut self, info: &mut ComposeInfo<S>) -> Option<ComposeState<S>> {
        match self.fut.poll() {
            Ok(Async::NotReady) => None,
-            Ok(Async::Ready(resp)) => Some(RunMiddlewares::init(info, resp)),
+            Ok(Async::Ready(response)) => Some(RunMiddlewares::init(info, response)),
            Err(err) => Some(RunMiddlewares::init(info, err.into())),
        }
    }
@@ -558,8 +607,7 @@ impl<S: 'static> RunMiddlewares<S> {
        let len = info.mws.len();

        loop {
-            let state = info.mws[curr].response(&info.req, resp);
-            resp = match state {
+            resp = match info.mws[curr].response(&mut info.req, resp) {
                Err(err) => {
                    info.count = curr + 1;
                    return FinishingMiddlewares::init(info, err.into());
@@ -577,7 +625,7 @@ impl<S: 'static> RunMiddlewares<S> {
                        curr,
                        fut: Some(fut),
                        _s: PhantomData,
-                    });
+                    })
                }
            };
        }
@@ -601,8 +649,7 @@ impl<S: 'static> RunMiddlewares<S> {
                if self.curr == len {
                    return Some(FinishingMiddlewares::init(info, resp));
                } else {
-                    let state = info.mws[self.curr].response(&info.req, resp);
-                    match state {
+                    match info.mws[self.curr].response(&mut info.req, resp) {
                        Err(err) => {
                            return Some(FinishingMiddlewares::init(info, err.into()))
                        }
@@ -670,9 +717,9 @@ impl<S: 'static> FinishingMiddlewares<S> {
            }

            info.count -= 1;
-            let state = info.mws[info.count as usize]
-                .finish(&info.req, self.resp.as_ref().unwrap());
-            match state {
+            match info.mws[info.count as usize]
+                .finish(&mut info.req, self.resp.as_ref().unwrap())
+            {
                MiddlewareFinished::Done => {
                    if info.count == 0 {
                        return Some(Response::init(self.resp.take().unwrap()));
@@ -714,20 +761,20 @@ mod tests {

    #[test]
    fn test_scope() {
-        let app = App::new()
+        let mut app = App::new()
            .scope("/app", |scope| {
                scope.resource("/path1", |r| r.f(|_| HttpResponse::Ok()))
            })
            .finish();

-        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/path1").request();
+        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/path1").finish();
        let resp = app.run(req);
        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::OK);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_scope_root() {
-        let app = App::new()
+        let mut app = App::new()
            .scope("/app", |scope| {
                scope
                    .resource("", |r| r.f(|_| HttpResponse::Ok()))
@@ -735,52 +782,52 @@ mod tests {
            })
            .finish();

-        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app").request();
+        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app").finish();
        let resp = app.run(req);
        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::OK);

-        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/").request();
+        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/").finish();
        let resp = app.run(req);
        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::CREATED);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_scope_root2() {
-        let app = App::new()
+        let mut app = App::new()
            .scope("/app/", |scope| {
                scope.resource("", |r| r.f(|_| HttpResponse::Ok()))
            })
            .finish();

-        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app").request();
+        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app").finish();
        let resp = app.run(req);
        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::NOT_FOUND);

-        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/").request();
+        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/").finish();
        let resp = app.run(req);
        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::OK);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_scope_root3() {
-        let app = App::new()
+        let mut app = App::new()
            .scope("/app/", |scope| {
                scope.resource("/", |r| r.f(|_| HttpResponse::Ok()))
            })
            .finish();

-        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app").request();
+        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app").finish();
        let resp = app.run(req);
        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::NOT_FOUND);

-        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/").request();
+        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/").finish();
        let resp = app.run(req);
        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::NOT_FOUND);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_scope_route() {
-        let app = App::new()
+        let mut app = App::new()
            .scope("app", |scope| {
                scope
                    .route("/path1", Method::GET, |_: HttpRequest<_>| {
@@ -792,26 +839,26 @@ mod tests {
            })
            .finish();

-        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/path1").request();
+        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/path1").finish();
        let resp = app.run(req);
        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::OK);

        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/path1")
            .method(Method::DELETE)
-            .request();
+            .finish();
        let resp = app.run(req);
        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::OK);

        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/path1")
            .method(Method::POST)
-            .request();
+            .finish();
        let resp = app.run(req);
        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::NOT_FOUND);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_scope_filter() {
-        let app = App::new()
+        let mut app = App::new()
            .scope("/app", |scope| {
                scope
                    .filter(pred::Get())
@@ -821,20 +868,20 @@ mod tests {

        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/path1")
            .method(Method::POST)
-            .request();
+            .finish();
        let resp = app.run(req);
        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::NOT_FOUND);

        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/path1")
            .method(Method::GET)
-            .request();
+            .finish();
        let resp = app.run(req);
        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::OK);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_scope_variable_segment() {
-        let app = App::new()
+        let mut app = App::new()
            .scope("/ab-{project}", |scope| {
                scope.resource("/path1", |r| {
                    r.f(|r| {
@@ -845,7 +892,7 @@ mod tests {
            })
            .finish();

-        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/ab-project1/path1").request();
+        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/ab-project1/path1").finish();
        let resp = app.run(req);
        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::OK);

@@ -857,7 +904,7 @@ mod tests {
            _ => panic!(),
        }

-        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/aa-project1/path1").request();
+        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/aa-project1/path1").finish();
        let resp = app.run(req);
        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::NOT_FOUND);
    }
@@ -866,7 +913,7 @@ mod tests {
    fn test_scope_with_state() {
        struct State;

-        let app = App::new()
+        let mut app = App::new()
            .scope("/app", |scope| {
                scope.with_state("/t1", State, |scope| {
                    scope.resource("/path1", |r| r.f(|_| HttpResponse::Created()))
@@ -874,7 +921,7 @@ mod tests {
            })
            .finish();

-        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/t1/path1").request();
+        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/t1/path1").finish();
        let resp = app.run(req);
        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::CREATED);
    }
@@ -883,7 +930,7 @@ mod tests {
    fn test_scope_with_state_root() {
        struct State;

-        let app = App::new()
+        let mut app = App::new()
            .scope("/app", |scope| {
                scope.with_state("/t1", State, |scope| {
                    scope
@@ -893,11 +940,11 @@ mod tests {
            })
            .finish();

-        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/t1").request();
+        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/t1").finish();
        let resp = app.run(req);
        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::OK);

-        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/t1/").request();
+        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/t1/").finish();
        let resp = app.run(req);
        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::CREATED);
    }
@@ -906,7 +953,7 @@ mod tests {
    fn test_scope_with_state_root2() {
        struct State;

-        let app = App::new()
+        let mut app = App::new()
            .scope("/app", |scope| {
                scope.with_state("/t1/", State, |scope| {
                    scope.resource("", |r| r.f(|_| HttpResponse::Ok()))
@@ -914,11 +961,11 @@ mod tests {
            })
            .finish();

-        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/t1").request();
+        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/t1").finish();
        let resp = app.run(req);
        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::NOT_FOUND);

-        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/t1/").request();
+        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/t1/").finish();
        let resp = app.run(req);
        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::OK);
    }
@@ -927,7 +974,7 @@ mod tests {
    fn test_scope_with_state_root3() {
        struct State;

-        let app = App::new()
+        let mut app = App::new()
            .scope("/app", |scope| {
                scope.with_state("/t1/", State, |scope| {
                    scope.resource("/", |r| r.f(|_| HttpResponse::Ok()))
@@ -935,11 +982,11 @@ mod tests {
            })
            .finish();

-        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/t1").request();
+        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/t1").finish();
        let resp = app.run(req);
        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::NOT_FOUND);

-        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/t1/").request();
+        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/t1/").finish();
        let resp = app.run(req);
        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::NOT_FOUND);
    }
@@ -948,7 +995,7 @@ mod tests {
    fn test_scope_with_state_filter() {
        struct State;

-        let app = App::new()
+        let mut app = App::new()
            .scope("/app", |scope| {
                scope.with_state("/t1", State, |scope| {
                    scope
@@ -960,20 +1007,20 @@ mod tests {

        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/t1/path1")
            .method(Method::POST)
-            .request();
+            .finish();
        let resp = app.run(req);
        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::NOT_FOUND);

        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/t1/path1")
            .method(Method::GET)
-            .request();
+            .finish();
        let resp = app.run(req);
        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::OK);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_nested_scope() {
-        let app = App::new()
+        let mut app = App::new()
            .scope("/app", |scope| {
                scope.nested("/t1", |scope| {
                    scope.resource("/path1", |r| r.f(|_| HttpResponse::Created()))
@@ -981,14 +1028,14 @@ mod tests {
            })
            .finish();

-        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/t1/path1").request();
+        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/t1/path1").finish();
        let resp = app.run(req);
        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::CREATED);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_nested_scope_root() {
-        let app = App::new()
+        let mut app = App::new()
            .scope("/app", |scope| {
                scope.nested("/t1", |scope| {
                    scope
@@ -998,18 +1045,18 @@ mod tests {
            })
            .finish();

-        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/t1").request();
+        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/t1").finish();
        let resp = app.run(req);
        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::OK);

-        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/t1/").request();
+        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/t1/").finish();
        let resp = app.run(req);
        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::CREATED);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_nested_scope_filter() {
-        let app = App::new()
+        let mut app = App::new()
            .scope("/app", |scope| {
                scope.nested("/t1", |scope| {
                    scope
@@ -1021,20 +1068,20 @@ mod tests {

        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/t1/path1")
            .method(Method::POST)
-            .request();
+            .finish();
        let resp = app.run(req);
        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::NOT_FOUND);

        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/t1/path1")
            .method(Method::GET)
-            .request();
+            .finish();
        let resp = app.run(req);
        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::OK);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_nested_scope_with_variable_segment() {
-        let app = App::new()
+        let mut app = App::new()
            .scope("/app", |scope| {
                scope.nested("/{project_id}", |scope| {
                    scope.resource("/path1", |r| {
@@ -1049,7 +1096,7 @@ mod tests {
            })
            .finish();

-        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/project_1/path1").request();
+        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/project_1/path1").finish();
        let resp = app.run(req);
        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::CREATED);

@@ -1064,7 +1111,7 @@ mod tests {

    #[test]
    fn test_nested2_scope_with_variable_segment() {
-        let app = App::new()
+        let mut app = App::new()
            .scope("/app", |scope| {
                scope.nested("/{project}", |scope| {
                    scope.nested("/{id}", |scope| {
@@ -1082,7 +1129,7 @@ mod tests {
            })
            .finish();

-        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/test/1/path1").request();
+        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/test/1/path1").finish();
        let resp = app.run(req);
        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::CREATED);

@@ -1094,14 +1141,14 @@ mod tests {
            _ => panic!(),
        }

-        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/test/1/path2").request();
+        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/test/1/path2").finish();
        let resp = app.run(req);
        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::NOT_FOUND);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_default_resource() {
-        let app = App::new()
+        let mut app = App::new()
            .scope("/app", |scope| {
                scope
                    .resource("/path1", |r| r.f(|_| HttpResponse::Ok()))
@@ -1109,35 +1156,12 @@ mod tests {
            })
            .finish();

-        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/path2").request();
+        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app/path2").finish();
        let resp = app.run(req);
        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST);

-        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/path2").request();
+        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/path2").finish();
        let resp = app.run(req);
        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::NOT_FOUND);
    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_default_resource_propagation() {
-        let app = App::new()
-            .scope("/app1", |scope| {
-                scope.default_resource(|r| r.f(|_| HttpResponse::BadRequest()))
-            })
-            .scope("/app2", |scope| scope)
-            .default_resource(|r| r.f(|_| HttpResponse::MethodNotAllowed()))
-            .finish();
-
-        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/non-exist").request();
-        let resp = app.run(req);
-        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED);
-
-        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app1/non-exist").request();
-        let resp = app.run(req);
-        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST);
-
-        let req = TestRequest::with_uri("/app2/non-exist").request();
-        let resp = app.run(req);
-        assert_eq!(resp.as_msg().status(), StatusCode::METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED);
-    }
 }
--- a/src/serde_urlencoded/de.rs
+++ b/src/serde_urlencoded/de.rs
@@ -1,305 +0,0 @@
-//! Deserialization support for the `application/x-www-form-urlencoded` format.
-
-use serde::de::Error as de_Error;
-use serde::de::{
-    self, DeserializeSeed, EnumAccess, IntoDeserializer, VariantAccess, Visitor,
-};
-
-use serde::de::value::MapDeserializer;
-use std::borrow::Cow;
-use std::io::Read;
-use url::form_urlencoded::parse;
-use url::form_urlencoded::Parse as UrlEncodedParse;
-
-#[doc(inline)]
-pub use serde::de::value::Error;
-
-/// Deserializes a `application/x-wwww-url-encoded` value from a `&[u8]`.
-///
-/// ```ignore
-/// let meal = vec![
-///     ("bread".to_owned(), "baguette".to_owned()),
-///     ("cheese".to_owned(), "comté".to_owned()),
-///     ("meat".to_owned(), "ham".to_owned()),
-///     ("fat".to_owned(), "butter".to_owned()),
-/// ];
-///
-/// assert_eq!(
-///     serde_urlencoded::from_bytes::<Vec<(String, String)>>(
-///         b"bread=baguette&cheese=comt%C3%A9&meat=ham&fat=butter"),
-///     Ok(meal));
-/// ```
-pub fn from_bytes<'de, T>(input: &'de [u8]) -> Result<T, Error>
-where
-    T: de::Deserialize<'de>,
-{
-    T::deserialize(Deserializer::new(parse(input)))
-}
-
-/// Deserializes a `application/x-wwww-url-encoded` value from a `&str`.
-///
-/// ```ignore
-/// let meal = vec![
-///     ("bread".to_owned(), "baguette".to_owned()),
-///     ("cheese".to_owned(), "comté".to_owned()),
-///     ("meat".to_owned(), "ham".to_owned()),
-///     ("fat".to_owned(), "butter".to_owned()),
-/// ];
-///
-/// assert_eq!(
-///     serde_urlencoded::from_str::<Vec<(String, String)>>(
-///         "bread=baguette&cheese=comt%C3%A9&meat=ham&fat=butter"),
-///     Ok(meal));
-/// ```
-pub fn from_str<'de, T>(input: &'de str) -> Result<T, Error>
-where
-    T: de::Deserialize<'de>,
-{
-    from_bytes(input.as_bytes())
-}
-
-#[allow(dead_code)]
-/// Convenience function that reads all bytes from `reader` and deserializes
-/// them with `from_bytes`.
-pub fn from_reader<T, R>(mut reader: R) -> Result<T, Error>
-where
-    T: de::DeserializeOwned,
-    R: Read,
-{
-    let mut buf = vec![];
-    reader
-        .read_to_end(&mut buf)
-        .map_err(|e| de::Error::custom(format_args!("could not read input: {}", e)))?;
-    from_bytes(&buf)
-}
-
-/// A deserializer for the `application/x-www-form-urlencoded` format.
-///
-/// * Supported top-level outputs are structs, maps and sequences of pairs,
-///   with or without a given length.
-///
-/// * Main `deserialize` methods defers to `deserialize_map`.
-///
-/// * Everything else but `deserialize_seq` and `deserialize_seq_fixed_size`
-///   defers to `deserialize`.
-pub struct Deserializer<'de> {
-    inner: MapDeserializer<'de, PartIterator<'de>, Error>,
-}
-
-impl<'de> Deserializer<'de> {
-    /// Returns a new `Deserializer`.
-    pub fn new(parser: UrlEncodedParse<'de>) -> Self {
-        Deserializer {
-            inner: MapDeserializer::new(PartIterator(parser)),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'de> de::Deserializer<'de> for Deserializer<'de> {
-    type Error = Error;
-
-    fn deserialize_any<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
-    where
-        V: de::Visitor<'de>,
-    {
-        self.deserialize_map(visitor)
-    }
-
-    fn deserialize_map<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
-    where
-        V: de::Visitor<'de>,
-    {
-        visitor.visit_map(self.inner)
-    }
-
-    fn deserialize_seq<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
-    where
-        V: de::Visitor<'de>,
-    {
-        visitor.visit_seq(self.inner)
-    }
-
-    fn deserialize_unit<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
-    where
-        V: de::Visitor<'de>,
-    {
-        self.inner.end()?;
-        visitor.visit_unit()
-    }
-
-    forward_to_deserialize_any! {
-        bool
-        u8
-        u16
-        u32
-        u64
-        i8
-        i16
-        i32
-        i64
-        f32
-        f64
-        char
-        str
-        string
-        option
-        bytes
-        byte_buf
-        unit_struct
-        newtype_struct
-        tuple_struct
-        struct
-        identifier
-        tuple
-        enum
-        ignored_any
-    }
-}
-
-struct PartIterator<'de>(UrlEncodedParse<'de>);
-
-impl<'de> Iterator for PartIterator<'de> {
-    type Item = (Part<'de>, Part<'de>);
-
-    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
-        self.0.next().map(|(k, v)| (Part(k), Part(v)))
-    }
-}
-
-struct Part<'de>(Cow<'de, str>);
-
-impl<'de> IntoDeserializer<'de> for Part<'de> {
-    type Deserializer = Self;
-
-    fn into_deserializer(self) -> Self::Deserializer {
-        self
-    }
-}
-
-macro_rules! forward_parsed_value {
-    ($($ty:ident => $method:ident,)*) => {
-        $(
-            fn $method<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
-                where V: de::Visitor<'de>
-            {
-                match self.0.parse::<$ty>() {
-                    Ok(val) => val.into_deserializer().$method(visitor),
-                    Err(e) => Err(de::Error::custom(e))
-                }
-            }
-        )*
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'de> de::Deserializer<'de> for Part<'de> {
-    type Error = Error;
-
-    fn deserialize_any<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
-    where
-        V: de::Visitor<'de>,
-    {
-        self.0.into_deserializer().deserialize_any(visitor)
-    }
-
-    fn deserialize_option<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
-    where
-        V: de::Visitor<'de>,
-    {
-        visitor.visit_some(self)
-    }
-
-    fn deserialize_enum<V>(
-        self, _name: &'static str, _variants: &'static [&'static str], visitor: V,
-    ) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
-    where
-        V: de::Visitor<'de>,
-    {
-        visitor.visit_enum(ValueEnumAccess { value: self.0 })
-    }
-
-    forward_to_deserialize_any! {
-        char
-        str
-        string
-        unit
-        bytes
-        byte_buf
-        unit_struct
-        newtype_struct
-        tuple_struct
-        struct
-        identifier
-        tuple
-        ignored_any
-        seq
-        map
-    }
-
-    forward_parsed_value! {
-        bool => deserialize_bool,
-        u8 => deserialize_u8,
-        u16 => deserialize_u16,
-        u32 => deserialize_u32,
-        u64 => deserialize_u64,
-        i8 => deserialize_i8,
-        i16 => deserialize_i16,
-        i32 => deserialize_i32,
-        i64 => deserialize_i64,
-        f32 => deserialize_f32,
-        f64 => deserialize_f64,
-    }
-}
-
-/// Provides access to a keyword which can be deserialized into an enum variant. The enum variant
-/// must be a unit variant, otherwise deserialization will fail.
-struct ValueEnumAccess<'de> {
-    value: Cow<'de, str>,
-}
-
-impl<'de> EnumAccess<'de> for ValueEnumAccess<'de> {
-    type Error = Error;
-    type Variant = UnitOnlyVariantAccess;
-
-    fn variant_seed<V>(self, seed: V) -> Result<(V::Value, Self::Variant), Self::Error>
-    where
-        V: DeserializeSeed<'de>,
-    {
-        let variant = seed.deserialize(self.value.into_deserializer())?;
-        Ok((variant, UnitOnlyVariantAccess))
-    }
-}
-
-/// A visitor for deserializing the contents of the enum variant. As we only support
-/// `unit_variant`, all other variant types will return an error.
-struct UnitOnlyVariantAccess;
-
-impl<'de> VariantAccess<'de> for UnitOnlyVariantAccess {
-    type Error = Error;
-
-    fn unit_variant(self) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    fn newtype_variant_seed<T>(self, _seed: T) -> Result<T::Value, Self::Error>
-    where
-        T: DeserializeSeed<'de>,
-    {
-        Err(Error::custom("expected unit variant"))
-    }
-
-    fn tuple_variant<V>(self, _len: usize, _visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
-    where
-        V: Visitor<'de>,
-    {
-        Err(Error::custom("expected unit variant"))
-    }
-
-    fn struct_variant<V>(
-        self, _fields: &'static [&'static str], _visitor: V,
-    ) -> Result<V::Value, Self::Error>
-    where
-        V: Visitor<'de>,
-    {
-        Err(Error::custom("expected unit variant"))
-    }
-}
--- a/src/serde_urlencoded/mod.rs
+++ b/src/serde_urlencoded/mod.rs
@@ -1,121 +0,0 @@
-//! `x-www-form-urlencoded` meets Serde
-
-extern crate dtoa;
-extern crate itoa;
-
-pub mod de;
-pub mod ser;
-
-#[doc(inline)]
-pub use self::de::{from_bytes, from_reader, from_str, Deserializer};
-#[doc(inline)]
-pub use self::ser::{to_string, Serializer};
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    #[test]
-    fn deserialize_bytes() {
-        let result = vec![("first".to_owned(), 23), ("last".to_owned(), 42)];
-
-        assert_eq!(super::from_bytes(b"first=23&last=42"), Ok(result));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn deserialize_str() {
-        let result = vec![("first".to_owned(), 23), ("last".to_owned(), 42)];
-
-        assert_eq!(super::from_str("first=23&last=42"), Ok(result));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn deserialize_reader() {
-        let result = vec![("first".to_owned(), 23), ("last".to_owned(), 42)];
-
-        assert_eq!(super::from_reader(b"first=23&last=42" as &[_]), Ok(result));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn deserialize_option() {
-        let result = vec![
-            ("first".to_owned(), Some(23)),
-            ("last".to_owned(), Some(42)),
-        ];
-        assert_eq!(super::from_str("first=23&last=42"), Ok(result));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn deserialize_unit() {
-        assert_eq!(super::from_str(""), Ok(()));
-        assert_eq!(super::from_str("&"), Ok(()));
-        assert_eq!(super::from_str("&&"), Ok(()));
-        assert!(super::from_str::<()>("first=23").is_err());
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
-    enum X {
-        A,
-        B,
-        C,
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn deserialize_unit_enum() {
-        let result = vec![
-            ("one".to_owned(), X::A),
-            ("two".to_owned(), X::B),
-            ("three".to_owned(), X::C),
-        ];
-
-        assert_eq!(super::from_str("one=A&two=B&three=C"), Ok(result));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn serialize_option_map_int() {
-        let params = &[("first", Some(23)), ("middle", None), ("last", Some(42))];
-
-        assert_eq!(super::to_string(params), Ok("first=23&last=42".to_owned()));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn serialize_option_map_string() {
-        let params = &[
-            ("first", Some("hello")),
-            ("middle", None),
-            ("last", Some("world")),
-        ];
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            super::to_string(params),
-            Ok("first=hello&last=world".to_owned())
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn serialize_option_map_bool() {
-        let params = &[("one", Some(true)), ("two", Some(false))];
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            super::to_string(params),
-            Ok("one=true&two=false".to_owned())
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn serialize_map_bool() {
-        let params = &[("one", true), ("two", false)];
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            super::to_string(params),
-            Ok("one=true&two=false".to_owned())
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn serialize_unit_enum() {
-        let params = &[("one", X::A), ("two", X::B), ("three", X::C)];
-        assert_eq!(
-            super::to_string(params),
-            Ok("one=A&two=B&three=C".to_owned())
-        );
-    }
-}
--- a/src/serde_urlencoded/ser/key.rs
+++ b/src/serde_urlencoded/ser/key.rs
@@ -1,74 +0,0 @@
-use super::super::ser::part::Sink;
-use super::super::ser::Error;
-use serde::Serialize;
-use std::borrow::Cow;
-use std::ops::Deref;
-
-pub enum Key<'key> {
-    Static(&'static str),
-    Dynamic(Cow<'key, str>),
-}
-
-impl<'key> Deref for Key<'key> {
-    type Target = str;
-
-    fn deref(&self) -> &str {
-        match *self {
-            Key::Static(key) => key,
-            Key::Dynamic(ref key) => key,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'key> From<Key<'key>> for Cow<'static, str> {
-    fn from(key: Key<'key>) -> Self {
-        match key {
-            Key::Static(key) => key.into(),
-            Key::Dynamic(key) => key.into_owned().into(),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-pub struct KeySink<End> {
-    end: End,
-}
-
-impl<End, Ok> KeySink<End>
-where
-    End: for<'key> FnOnce(Key<'key>) -> Result<Ok, Error>,
-{
-    pub fn new(end: End) -> Self {
-        KeySink { end }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<End, Ok> Sink for KeySink<End>
-where
-    End: for<'key> FnOnce(Key<'key>) -> Result<Ok, Error>,
-{
-    type Ok = Ok;
-
-    fn serialize_static_str(self, value: &'static str) -> Result<Ok, Error> {
-        (self.end)(Key::Static(value))
-    }
-
-    fn serialize_str(self, value: &str) -> Result<Ok, Error> {
-        (self.end)(Key::Dynamic(value.into()))
-    }
-
-    fn serialize_string(self, value: String) -> Result<Ok, Error> {
-        (self.end)(Key::Dynamic(value.into()))
-    }
-
-    fn serialize_none(self) -> Result<Ok, Error> {
-        Err(self.unsupported())
-    }
-
-    fn serialize_some<T: ?Sized + Serialize>(self, _value: &T) -> Result<Ok, Error> {
-        Err(self.unsupported())
-    }
-
-    fn unsupported(self) -> Error {
-        Error::Custom("unsupported key".into())
-    }
-}
--- a/src/serde_urlencoded/ser/mod.rs
+++ b/src/serde_urlencoded/ser/mod.rs
@@ -1,490 +0,0 @@
-//! Serialization support for the `application/x-www-form-urlencoded` format.
-
-mod key;
-mod pair;
-mod part;
-mod value;
-
-use serde::ser;
-use std::borrow::Cow;
-use std::error;
-use std::fmt;
-use std::str;
-use url::form_urlencoded::Serializer as UrlEncodedSerializer;
-use url::form_urlencoded::Target as UrlEncodedTarget;
-
-/// Serializes a value into a `application/x-wwww-url-encoded` `String` buffer.
-///
-/// ```ignore
-/// let meal = &[
-///     ("bread", "baguette"),
-///     ("cheese", "comté"),
-///     ("meat", "ham"),
-///     ("fat", "butter"),
-/// ];
-///
-/// assert_eq!(
-///     serde_urlencoded::to_string(meal),
-///     Ok("bread=baguette&cheese=comt%C3%A9&meat=ham&fat=butter".to_owned()));
-/// ```
-pub fn to_string<T: ser::Serialize>(input: T) -> Result<String, Error> {
-    let mut urlencoder = UrlEncodedSerializer::new("".to_owned());
-    input.serialize(Serializer::new(&mut urlencoder))?;
-    Ok(urlencoder.finish())
-}
-
-/// A serializer for the `application/x-www-form-urlencoded` format.
-///
-/// * Supported top-level inputs are structs, maps and sequences of pairs,
-///   with or without a given length.
-///
-/// * Supported keys and values are integers, bytes (if convertible to strings),
-///   unit structs and unit variants.
-///
-/// * Newtype structs defer to their inner values.
-pub struct Serializer<'output, Target: 'output + UrlEncodedTarget> {
-    urlencoder: &'output mut UrlEncodedSerializer<Target>,
-}
-
-impl<'output, Target: 'output + UrlEncodedTarget> Serializer<'output, Target> {
-    /// Returns a new `Serializer`.
-    pub fn new(urlencoder: &'output mut UrlEncodedSerializer<Target>) -> Self {
-        Serializer { urlencoder }
-    }
-}
-
-/// Errors returned during serializing to `application/x-www-form-urlencoded`.
-#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub enum Error {
-    Custom(Cow<'static, str>),
-    Utf8(str::Utf8Error),
-}
-
-impl fmt::Display for Error {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        match *self {
-            Error::Custom(ref msg) => msg.fmt(f),
-            Error::Utf8(ref err) => write!(f, "invalid UTF-8: {}", err),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl error::Error for Error {
-    fn description(&self) -> &str {
-        match *self {
-            Error::Custom(ref msg) => msg,
-            Error::Utf8(ref err) => error::Error::description(err),
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// The lower-level cause of this error, in the case of a `Utf8` error.
-    fn cause(&self) -> Option<&error::Error> {
-        match *self {
-            Error::Custom(_) => None,
-            Error::Utf8(ref err) => Some(err),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl ser::Error for Error {
-    fn custom<T: fmt::Display>(msg: T) -> Self {
-        Error::Custom(format!("{}", msg).into())
-    }
-}
-
-/// Sequence serializer.
-pub struct SeqSerializer<'output, Target: 'output + UrlEncodedTarget> {
-    urlencoder: &'output mut UrlEncodedSerializer<Target>,
-}
-
-/// Tuple serializer.
-///
-/// Mostly used for arrays.
-pub struct TupleSerializer<'output, Target: 'output + UrlEncodedTarget> {
-    urlencoder: &'output mut UrlEncodedSerializer<Target>,
-}
-
-/// Tuple struct serializer.
-///
-/// Never instantiated, tuple structs are not supported.
-pub struct TupleStructSerializer<'output, T: 'output + UrlEncodedTarget> {
-    inner: ser::Impossible<&'output mut UrlEncodedSerializer<T>, Error>,
-}
-
-/// Tuple variant serializer.
-///
-/// Never instantiated, tuple variants are not supported.
-pub struct TupleVariantSerializer<'output, T: 'output + UrlEncodedTarget> {
-    inner: ser::Impossible<&'output mut UrlEncodedSerializer<T>, Error>,
-}
-
-/// Map serializer.
-pub struct MapSerializer<'output, Target: 'output + UrlEncodedTarget> {
-    urlencoder: &'output mut UrlEncodedSerializer<Target>,
-    key: Option<Cow<'static, str>>,
-}
-
-/// Struct serializer.
-pub struct StructSerializer<'output, Target: 'output + UrlEncodedTarget> {
-    urlencoder: &'output mut UrlEncodedSerializer<Target>,
-}
-
-/// Struct variant serializer.
-///
-/// Never instantiated, struct variants are not supported.
-pub struct StructVariantSerializer<'output, T: 'output + UrlEncodedTarget> {
-    inner: ser::Impossible<&'output mut UrlEncodedSerializer<T>, Error>,
-}
-
-impl<'output, Target> ser::Serializer for Serializer<'output, Target>
-where
-    Target: 'output + UrlEncodedTarget,
-{
-    type Ok = &'output mut UrlEncodedSerializer<Target>;
-    type Error = Error;
-    type SerializeSeq = SeqSerializer<'output, Target>;
-    type SerializeTuple = TupleSerializer<'output, Target>;
-    type SerializeTupleStruct = TupleStructSerializer<'output, Target>;
-    type SerializeTupleVariant = TupleVariantSerializer<'output, Target>;
-    type SerializeMap = MapSerializer<'output, Target>;
-    type SerializeStruct = StructSerializer<'output, Target>;
-    type SerializeStructVariant = StructVariantSerializer<'output, Target>;
-
-    /// Returns an error.
-    fn serialize_bool(self, _v: bool) -> Result<Self::Ok, Error> {
-        Err(Error::top_level())
-    }
-
-    /// Returns an error.
-    fn serialize_i8(self, _v: i8) -> Result<Self::Ok, Error> {
-        Err(Error::top_level())
-    }
-
-    /// Returns an error.
-    fn serialize_i16(self, _v: i16) -> Result<Self::Ok, Error> {
-        Err(Error::top_level())
-    }
-
-    /// Returns an error.
-    fn serialize_i32(self, _v: i32) -> Result<Self::Ok, Error> {
-        Err(Error::top_level())
-    }
-
-    /// Returns an error.
-    fn serialize_i64(self, _v: i64) -> Result<Self::Ok, Error> {
-        Err(Error::top_level())
-    }
-
-    /// Returns an error.
-    fn serialize_u8(self, _v: u8) -> Result<Self::Ok, Error> {
-        Err(Error::top_level())
-    }
-
-    /// Returns an error.
-    fn serialize_u16(self, _v: u16) -> Result<Self::Ok, Error> {
-        Err(Error::top_level())
-    }
-
-    /// Returns an error.
-    fn serialize_u32(self, _v: u32) -> Result<Self::Ok, Error> {
-        Err(Error::top_level())
-    }
-
-    /// Returns an error.
-    fn serialize_u64(self, _v: u64) -> Result<Self::Ok, Error> {
-        Err(Error::top_level())
-    }
-
-    /// Returns an error.
-    fn serialize_f32(self, _v: f32) -> Result<Self::Ok, Error> {
-        Err(Error::top_level())
-    }
-
-    /// Returns an error.
-    fn serialize_f64(self, _v: f64) -> Result<Self::Ok, Error> {
-        Err(Error::top_level())
-    }
-
-    /// Returns an error.
-    fn serialize_char(self, _v: char) -> Result<Self::Ok, Error> {
-        Err(Error::top_level())
-    }
-
-    /// Returns an error.
-    fn serialize_str(self, _value: &str) -> Result<Self::Ok, Error> {
-        Err(Error::top_level())
-    }
-
-    /// Returns an error.
-    fn serialize_bytes(self, _value: &[u8]) -> Result<Self::Ok, Error> {
-        Err(Error::top_level())
-    }
-
-    /// Returns an error.
-    fn serialize_unit(self) -> Result<Self::Ok, Error> {
-        Err(Error::top_level())
-    }
-
-    /// Returns an error.
-    fn serialize_unit_struct(self, _name: &'static str) -> Result<Self::Ok, Error> {
-        Err(Error::top_level())
-    }
-
-    /// Returns an error.
-    fn serialize_unit_variant(
-        self, _name: &'static str, _variant_index: u32, _variant: &'static str,
-    ) -> Result<Self::Ok, Error> {
-        Err(Error::top_level())
-    }
-
-    /// Serializes the inner value, ignoring the newtype name.
-    fn serialize_newtype_struct<T: ?Sized + ser::Serialize>(
-        self, _name: &'static str, value: &T,
-    ) -> Result<Self::Ok, Error> {
-        value.serialize(self)
-    }
-
-    /// Returns an error.
-    fn serialize_newtype_variant<T: ?Sized + ser::Serialize>(
-        self, _name: &'static str, _variant_index: u32, _variant: &'static str,
-        _value: &T,
-    ) -> Result<Self::Ok, Error> {
-        Err(Error::top_level())
-    }
-
-    /// Returns `Ok`.
-    fn serialize_none(self) -> Result<Self::Ok, Error> {
-        Ok(self.urlencoder)
-    }
-
-    /// Serializes the given value.
-    fn serialize_some<T: ?Sized + ser::Serialize>(
-        self, value: &T,
-    ) -> Result<Self::Ok, Error> {
-        value.serialize(self)
-    }
-
-    /// Serialize a sequence, given length (if any) is ignored.
-    fn serialize_seq(self, _len: Option<usize>) -> Result<Self::SerializeSeq, Error> {
-        Ok(SeqSerializer {
-            urlencoder: self.urlencoder,
-        })
-    }
-
-    /// Returns an error.
-    fn serialize_tuple(self, _len: usize) -> Result<Self::SerializeTuple, Error> {
-        Ok(TupleSerializer {
-            urlencoder: self.urlencoder,
-        })
-    }
-
-    /// Returns an error.
-    fn serialize_tuple_struct(
-        self, _name: &'static str, _len: usize,
-    ) -> Result<Self::SerializeTupleStruct, Error> {
-        Err(Error::top_level())
-    }
-
-    /// Returns an error.
-    fn serialize_tuple_variant(
-        self, _name: &'static str, _variant_index: u32, _variant: &'static str,
-        _len: usize,
-    ) -> Result<Self::SerializeTupleVariant, Error> {
-        Err(Error::top_level())
-    }
-
-    /// Serializes a map, given length is ignored.
-    fn serialize_map(self, _len: Option<usize>) -> Result<Self::SerializeMap, Error> {
-        Ok(MapSerializer {
-            urlencoder: self.urlencoder,
-            key: None,
-        })
-    }
-
-    /// Serializes a struct, given length is ignored.
-    fn serialize_struct(
-        self, _name: &'static str, _len: usize,
-    ) -> Result<Self::SerializeStruct, Error> {
-        Ok(StructSerializer {
-            urlencoder: self.urlencoder,
-        })
-    }
-
-    /// Returns an error.
-    fn serialize_struct_variant(
-        self, _name: &'static str, _variant_index: u32, _variant: &'static str,
-        _len: usize,
-    ) -> Result<Self::SerializeStructVariant, Error> {
-        Err(Error::top_level())
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'output, Target> ser::SerializeSeq for SeqSerializer<'output, Target>
-where
-    Target: 'output + UrlEncodedTarget,
-{
-    type Ok = &'output mut UrlEncodedSerializer<Target>;
-    type Error = Error;
-
-    fn serialize_element<T: ?Sized + ser::Serialize>(
-        &mut self, value: &T,
-    ) -> Result<(), Error> {
-        value.serialize(pair::PairSerializer::new(self.urlencoder))
-    }
-
-    fn end(self) -> Result<Self::Ok, Error> {
-        Ok(self.urlencoder)
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'output, Target> ser::SerializeTuple for TupleSerializer<'output, Target>
-where
-    Target: 'output + UrlEncodedTarget,
-{
-    type Ok = &'output mut UrlEncodedSerializer<Target>;
-    type Error = Error;
-
-    fn serialize_element<T: ?Sized + ser::Serialize>(
-        &mut self, value: &T,
-    ) -> Result<(), Error> {
-        value.serialize(pair::PairSerializer::new(self.urlencoder))
-    }
-
-    fn end(self) -> Result<Self::Ok, Error> {
-        Ok(self.urlencoder)
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'output, Target> ser::SerializeTupleStruct
-    for TupleStructSerializer<'output, Target>
-where
-    Target: 'output + UrlEncodedTarget,
-{
-    type Ok = &'output mut UrlEncodedSerializer<Target>;
-    type Error = Error;
-
-    fn serialize_field<T: ?Sized + ser::Serialize>(
-        &mut self, value: &T,
-    ) -> Result<(), Error> {
-        self.inner.serialize_field(value)
-    }
-
-    fn end(self) -> Result<Self::Ok, Error> {
-        self.inner.end()
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'output, Target> ser::SerializeTupleVariant
-    for TupleVariantSerializer<'output, Target>
-where
-    Target: 'output + UrlEncodedTarget,
-{
-    type Ok = &'output mut UrlEncodedSerializer<Target>;
-    type Error = Error;
-
-    fn serialize_field<T: ?Sized + ser::Serialize>(
-        &mut self, value: &T,
-    ) -> Result<(), Error> {
-        self.inner.serialize_field(value)
-    }
-
-    fn end(self) -> Result<Self::Ok, Error> {
-        self.inner.end()
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'output, Target> ser::SerializeMap for MapSerializer<'output, Target>
-where
-    Target: 'output + UrlEncodedTarget,
-{
-    type Ok = &'output mut UrlEncodedSerializer<Target>;
-    type Error = Error;
-
-    fn serialize_entry<K: ?Sized + ser::Serialize, V: ?Sized + ser::Serialize>(
-        &mut self, key: &K, value: &V,
-    ) -> Result<(), Error> {
-        let key_sink = key::KeySink::new(|key| {
-            let value_sink = value::ValueSink::new(self.urlencoder, &key);
-            value.serialize(part::PartSerializer::new(value_sink))?;
-            self.key = None;
-            Ok(())
-        });
-        let entry_serializer = part::PartSerializer::new(key_sink);
-        key.serialize(entry_serializer)
-    }
-
-    fn serialize_key<T: ?Sized + ser::Serialize>(
-        &mut self, key: &T,
-    ) -> Result<(), Error> {
-        let key_sink = key::KeySink::new(|key| Ok(key.into()));
-        let key_serializer = part::PartSerializer::new(key_sink);
-        self.key = Some(key.serialize(key_serializer)?);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    fn serialize_value<T: ?Sized + ser::Serialize>(
-        &mut self, value: &T,
-    ) -> Result<(), Error> {
-        {
-            let key = self.key.as_ref().ok_or_else(Error::no_key)?;
-            let value_sink = value::ValueSink::new(self.urlencoder, &key);
-            value.serialize(part::PartSerializer::new(value_sink))?;
-        }
-        self.key = None;
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    fn end(self) -> Result<Self::Ok, Error> {
-        Ok(self.urlencoder)
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'output, Target> ser::SerializeStruct for StructSerializer<'output, Target>
-where
-    Target: 'output + UrlEncodedTarget,
-{
-    type Ok = &'output mut UrlEncodedSerializer<Target>;
-    type Error = Error;
-
-    fn serialize_field<T: ?Sized + ser::Serialize>(
-        &mut self, key: &'static str, value: &T,
-    ) -> Result<(), Error> {
-        let value_sink = value::ValueSink::new(self.urlencoder, key);
-        value.serialize(part::PartSerializer::new(value_sink))
-    }
-
-    fn end(self) -> Result<Self::Ok, Error> {
-        Ok(self.urlencoder)
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'output, Target> ser::SerializeStructVariant
-    for StructVariantSerializer<'output, Target>
-where
-    Target: 'output + UrlEncodedTarget,
-{
-    type Ok = &'output mut UrlEncodedSerializer<Target>;
-    type Error = Error;
-
-    fn serialize_field<T: ?Sized + ser::Serialize>(
-        &mut self, key: &'static str, value: &T,
-    ) -> Result<(), Error> {
-        self.inner.serialize_field(key, value)
-    }
-
-    fn end(self) -> Result<Self::Ok, Error> {
-        self.inner.end()
-    }
-}
-
-impl Error {
-    fn top_level() -> Self {
-        let msg = "top-level serializer supports only maps and structs";
-        Error::Custom(msg.into())
-    }
-
-    fn no_key() -> Self {
-        let msg = "tried to serialize a value before serializing key";
-        Error::Custom(msg.into())
-    }
-}
--- a/src/serde_urlencoded/ser/pair.rs
+++ b/src/serde_urlencoded/ser/pair.rs
@@ -1,239 +0,0 @@
-use super::super::ser::key::KeySink;
-use super::super::ser::part::PartSerializer;
-use super::super::ser::value::ValueSink;
-use super::super::ser::Error;
-use serde::ser;
-use std::borrow::Cow;
-use std::mem;
-use url::form_urlencoded::Serializer as UrlEncodedSerializer;
-use url::form_urlencoded::Target as UrlEncodedTarget;
-
-pub struct PairSerializer<'target, Target: 'target + UrlEncodedTarget> {
-    urlencoder: &'target mut UrlEncodedSerializer<Target>,
-    state: PairState,
-}
-
-impl<'target, Target> PairSerializer<'target, Target>
-where
-    Target: 'target + UrlEncodedTarget,
-{
-    pub fn new(urlencoder: &'target mut UrlEncodedSerializer<Target>) -> Self {
-        PairSerializer {
-            urlencoder,
-            state: PairState::WaitingForKey,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'target, Target> ser::Serializer for PairSerializer<'target, Target>
-where
-    Target: 'target + UrlEncodedTarget,
-{
-    type Ok = ();
-    type Error = Error;
-    type SerializeSeq = ser::Impossible<(), Error>;
-    type SerializeTuple = Self;
-    type SerializeTupleStruct = ser::Impossible<(), Error>;
-    type SerializeTupleVariant = ser::Impossible<(), Error>;
-    type SerializeMap = ser::Impossible<(), Error>;
-    type SerializeStruct = ser::Impossible<(), Error>;
-    type SerializeStructVariant = ser::Impossible<(), Error>;
-
-    fn serialize_bool(self, _v: bool) -> Result<(), Error> {
-        Err(Error::unsupported_pair())
-    }
-
-    fn serialize_i8(self, _v: i8) -> Result<(), Error> {
-        Err(Error::unsupported_pair())
-    }
-
-    fn serialize_i16(self, _v: i16) -> Result<(), Error> {
-        Err(Error::unsupported_pair())
-    }
-
-    fn serialize_i32(self, _v: i32) -> Result<(), Error> {
-        Err(Error::unsupported_pair())
-    }
-
-    fn serialize_i64(self, _v: i64) -> Result<(), Error> {
-        Err(Error::unsupported_pair())
-    }
-
-    fn serialize_u8(self, _v: u8) -> Result<(), Error> {
-        Err(Error::unsupported_pair())
-    }
-
-    fn serialize_u16(self, _v: u16) -> Result<(), Error> {
-        Err(Error::unsupported_pair())
-    }
-
-    fn serialize_u32(self, _v: u32) -> Result<(), Error> {
-        Err(Error::unsupported_pair())
-    }
-
-    fn serialize_u64(self, _v: u64) -> Result<(), Error> {
-        Err(Error::unsupported_pair())
-    }
-
-    fn serialize_f32(self, _v: f32) -> Result<(), Error> {
-        Err(Error::unsupported_pair())
-    }
-
-    fn serialize_f64(self, _v: f64) -> Result<(), Error> {
-        Err(Error::unsupported_pair())
-    }
-
-    fn serialize_char(self, _v: char) -> Result<(), Error> {
-        Err(Error::unsupported_pair())
-    }
-
-    fn serialize_str(self, _value: &str) -> Result<(), Error> {
-        Err(Error::unsupported_pair())
-    }
-
-    fn serialize_bytes(self, _value: &[u8]) -> Result<(), Error> {
-        Err(Error::unsupported_pair())
-    }
-
-    fn serialize_unit(self) -> Result<(), Error> {
-        Err(Error::unsupported_pair())
-    }
-
-    fn serialize_unit_struct(self, _name: &'static str) -> Result<(), Error> {
-        Err(Error::unsupported_pair())
-    }
-
-    fn serialize_unit_variant(
-        self, _name: &'static str, _variant_index: u32, _variant: &'static str,
-    ) -> Result<(), Error> {
-        Err(Error::unsupported_pair())
-    }
-
-    fn serialize_newtype_struct<T: ?Sized + ser::Serialize>(
-        self, _name: &'static str, value: &T,
-    ) -> Result<(), Error> {
-        value.serialize(self)
-    }
-
-    fn serialize_newtype_variant<T: ?Sized + ser::Serialize>(
-        self, _name: &'static str, _variant_index: u32, _variant: &'static str,
-        _value: &T,
-    ) -> Result<(), Error> {
-        Err(Error::unsupported_pair())
-    }
-
-    fn serialize_none(self) -> Result<(), Error> {
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    fn serialize_some<T: ?Sized + ser::Serialize>(self, value: &T) -> Result<(), Error> {
-        value.serialize(self)
-    }
-
-    fn serialize_seq(self, _len: Option<usize>) -> Result<Self::SerializeSeq, Error> {
-        Err(Error::unsupported_pair())
-    }
-
-    fn serialize_tuple(self, len: usize) -> Result<Self, Error> {
-        if len == 2 {
-            Ok(self)
-        } else {
-            Err(Error::unsupported_pair())
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn serialize_tuple_struct(
-        self, _name: &'static str, _len: usize,
-    ) -> Result<Self::SerializeTupleStruct, Error> {
-        Err(Error::unsupported_pair())
-    }
-
-    fn serialize_tuple_variant(
-        self, _name: &'static str, _variant_index: u32, _variant: &'static str,
-        _len: usize,
-    ) -> Result<Self::SerializeTupleVariant, Error> {
-        Err(Error::unsupported_pair())
-    }
-
-    fn serialize_map(self, _len: Option<usize>) -> Result<Self::SerializeMap, Error> {
-        Err(Error::unsupported_pair())
-    }
-
-    fn serialize_struct(
-        self, _name: &'static str, _len: usize,
-    ) -> Result<Self::SerializeStruct, Error> {
-        Err(Error::unsupported_pair())
-    }
-
-    fn serialize_struct_variant(
-        self, _name: &'static str, _variant_index: u32, _variant: &'static str,
-        _len: usize,
-    ) -> Result<Self::SerializeStructVariant, Error> {
-        Err(Error::unsupported_pair())
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'target, Target> ser::SerializeTuple for PairSerializer<'target, Target>
-where
-    Target: 'target + UrlEncodedTarget,
-{
-    type Ok = ();
-    type Error = Error;
-
-    fn serialize_element<T: ?Sized + ser::Serialize>(
-        &mut self, value: &T,
-    ) -> Result<(), Error> {
-        match mem::replace(&mut self.state, PairState::Done) {
-            PairState::WaitingForKey => {
-                let key_sink = KeySink::new(|key| Ok(key.into()));
-                let key_serializer = PartSerializer::new(key_sink);
-                self.state = PairState::WaitingForValue {
-                    key: value.serialize(key_serializer)?,
-                };
-                Ok(())
-            }
-            PairState::WaitingForValue { key } => {
-                let result = {
-                    let value_sink = ValueSink::new(self.urlencoder, &key);
-                    let value_serializer = PartSerializer::new(value_sink);
-                    value.serialize(value_serializer)
-                };
-                if result.is_ok() {
-                    self.state = PairState::Done;
-                } else {
-                    self.state = PairState::WaitingForValue { key };
-                }
-                result
-            }
-            PairState::Done => Err(Error::done()),
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn end(self) -> Result<(), Error> {
-        if let PairState::Done = self.state {
-            Ok(())
-        } else {
-            Err(Error::not_done())
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-enum PairState {
-    WaitingForKey,
-    WaitingForValue { key: Cow<'static, str> },
-    Done,
-}
-
-impl Error {
-    fn done() -> Self {
-        Error::Custom("this pair has already been serialized".into())
-    }
-
-    fn not_done() -> Self {
-        Error::Custom("this pair has not yet been serialized".into())
-    }
-
-    fn unsupported_pair() -> Self {
-        Error::Custom("unsupported pair".into())
-    }
-}
--- a/src/serde_urlencoded/ser/part.rs
+++ b/src/serde_urlencoded/ser/part.rs
@@ -1,201 +0,0 @@
-use serde;
-
-use super::super::dtoa;
-use super::super::itoa;
-use super::super::ser::Error;
-use std::str;
-
-pub struct PartSerializer<S> {
-    sink: S,
-}
-
-impl<S: Sink> PartSerializer<S> {
-    pub fn new(sink: S) -> Self {
-        PartSerializer { sink }
-    }
-}
-
-pub trait Sink: Sized {
-    type Ok;
-
-    fn serialize_static_str(self, value: &'static str) -> Result<Self::Ok, Error>;
-
-    fn serialize_str(self, value: &str) -> Result<Self::Ok, Error>;
-    fn serialize_string(self, value: String) -> Result<Self::Ok, Error>;
-    fn serialize_none(self) -> Result<Self::Ok, Error>;
-
-    fn serialize_some<T: ?Sized + serde::ser::Serialize>(
-        self, value: &T,
-    ) -> Result<Self::Ok, Error>;
-
-    fn unsupported(self) -> Error;
-}
-
-impl<S: Sink> serde::ser::Serializer for PartSerializer<S> {
-    type Ok = S::Ok;
-    type Error = Error;
-    type SerializeSeq = serde::ser::Impossible<S::Ok, Error>;
-    type SerializeTuple = serde::ser::Impossible<S::Ok, Error>;
-    type SerializeTupleStruct = serde::ser::Impossible<S::Ok, Error>;
-    type SerializeTupleVariant = serde::ser::Impossible<S::Ok, Error>;
-    type SerializeMap = serde::ser::Impossible<S::Ok, Error>;
-    type SerializeStruct = serde::ser::Impossible<S::Ok, Error>;
-    type SerializeStructVariant = serde::ser::Impossible<S::Ok, Error>;
-
-    fn serialize_bool(self, v: bool) -> Result<S::Ok, Error> {
-        self.sink
-            .serialize_static_str(if v { "true" } else { "false" })
-    }
-
-    fn serialize_i8(self, v: i8) -> Result<S::Ok, Error> {
-        self.serialize_integer(v)
-    }
-
-    fn serialize_i16(self, v: i16) -> Result<S::Ok, Error> {
-        self.serialize_integer(v)
-    }
-
-    fn serialize_i32(self, v: i32) -> Result<S::Ok, Error> {
-        self.serialize_integer(v)
-    }
-
-    fn serialize_i64(self, v: i64) -> Result<S::Ok, Error> {
-        self.serialize_integer(v)
-    }
-
-    fn serialize_u8(self, v: u8) -> Result<S::Ok, Error> {
-        self.serialize_integer(v)
-    }
-
-    fn serialize_u16(self, v: u16) -> Result<S::Ok, Error> {
-        self.serialize_integer(v)
-    }
-
-    fn serialize_u32(self, v: u32) -> Result<S::Ok, Error> {
-        self.serialize_integer(v)
-    }
-
-    fn serialize_u64(self, v: u64) -> Result<S::Ok, Error> {
-        self.serialize_integer(v)
-    }
-
-    fn serialize_f32(self, v: f32) -> Result<S::Ok, Error> {
-        self.serialize_floating(v)
-    }
-
-    fn serialize_f64(self, v: f64) -> Result<S::Ok, Error> {
-        self.serialize_floating(v)
-    }
-
-    fn serialize_char(self, v: char) -> Result<S::Ok, Error> {
-        self.sink.serialize_string(v.to_string())
-    }
-
-    fn serialize_str(self, value: &str) -> Result<S::Ok, Error> {
-        self.sink.serialize_str(value)
-    }
-
-    fn serialize_bytes(self, value: &[u8]) -> Result<S::Ok, Error> {
-        match str::from_utf8(value) {
-            Ok(value) => self.sink.serialize_str(value),
-            Err(err) => Err(Error::Utf8(err)),
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn serialize_unit(self) -> Result<S::Ok, Error> {
-        Err(self.sink.unsupported())
-    }
-
-    fn serialize_unit_struct(self, name: &'static str) -> Result<S::Ok, Error> {
-        self.sink.serialize_static_str(name)
-    }
-
-    fn serialize_unit_variant(
-        self, _name: &'static str, _variant_index: u32, variant: &'static str,
-    ) -> Result<S::Ok, Error> {
-        self.sink.serialize_static_str(variant)
-    }
-
-    fn serialize_newtype_struct<T: ?Sized + serde::ser::Serialize>(
-        self, _name: &'static str, value: &T,
-    ) -> Result<S::Ok, Error> {
-        value.serialize(self)
-    }
-
-    fn serialize_newtype_variant<T: ?Sized + serde::ser::Serialize>(
-        self, _name: &'static str, _variant_index: u32, _variant: &'static str,
-        _value: &T,
-    ) -> Result<S::Ok, Error> {
-        Err(self.sink.unsupported())
-    }
-
-    fn serialize_none(self) -> Result<S::Ok, Error> {
-        self.sink.serialize_none()
-    }
-
-    fn serialize_some<T: ?Sized + serde::ser::Serialize>(
-        self, value: &T,
-    ) -> Result<S::Ok, Error> {
-        self.sink.serialize_some(value)
-    }
-
-    fn serialize_seq(self, _len: Option<usize>) -> Result<Self::SerializeSeq, Error> {
-        Err(self.sink.unsupported())
-    }
-
-    fn serialize_tuple(self, _len: usize) -> Result<Self::SerializeTuple, Error> {
-        Err(self.sink.unsupported())
-    }
-
-    fn serialize_tuple_struct(
-        self, _name: &'static str, _len: usize,
-    ) -> Result<Self::SerializeTuple, Error> {
-        Err(self.sink.unsupported())
-    }
-
-    fn serialize_tuple_variant(
-        self, _name: &'static str, _variant_index: u32, _variant: &'static str,
-        _len: usize,
-    ) -> Result<Self::SerializeTupleVariant, Error> {
-        Err(self.sink.unsupported())
-    }
-
-    fn serialize_map(self, _len: Option<usize>) -> Result<Self::SerializeMap, Error> {
-        Err(self.sink.unsupported())
-    }
-
-    fn serialize_struct(
-        self, _name: &'static str, _len: usize,
-    ) -> Result<Self::SerializeStruct, Error> {
-        Err(self.sink.unsupported())
-    }
-
-    fn serialize_struct_variant(
-        self, _name: &'static str, _variant_index: u32, _variant: &'static str,
-        _len: usize,
-    ) -> Result<Self::SerializeStructVariant, Error> {
-        Err(self.sink.unsupported())
-    }
-}
-
-impl<S: Sink> PartSerializer<S> {
-    fn serialize_integer<I>(self, value: I) -> Result<S::Ok, Error>
-    where
-        I: itoa::Integer,
-    {
-        let mut buf = [b'\0'; 20];
-        let len = itoa::write(&mut buf[..], value).unwrap();
-        let part = unsafe { str::from_utf8_unchecked(&buf[0..len]) };
-        serde::ser::Serializer::serialize_str(self, part)
-    }
-
-    fn serialize_floating<F>(self, value: F) -> Result<S::Ok, Error>
-    where
-        F: dtoa::Floating,
-    {
-        let mut buf = [b'\0'; 24];
-        let len = dtoa::write(&mut buf[..], value).unwrap();
-        let part = unsafe { str::from_utf8_unchecked(&buf[0..len]) };
-        serde::ser::Serializer::serialize_str(self, part)
-    }
-}
--- a/src/serde_urlencoded/ser/value.rs
+++ b/src/serde_urlencoded/ser/value.rs
@@ -1,59 +0,0 @@
-use super::super::ser::part::{PartSerializer, Sink};
-use super::super::ser::Error;
-use serde::ser::Serialize;
-use std::str;
-use url::form_urlencoded::Serializer as UrlEncodedSerializer;
-use url::form_urlencoded::Target as UrlEncodedTarget;
-
-pub struct ValueSink<'key, 'target, Target>
-where
-    Target: 'target + UrlEncodedTarget,
-{
-    urlencoder: &'target mut UrlEncodedSerializer<Target>,
-    key: &'key str,
-}
-
-impl<'key, 'target, Target> ValueSink<'key, 'target, Target>
-where
-    Target: 'target + UrlEncodedTarget,
-{
-    pub fn new(
-        urlencoder: &'target mut UrlEncodedSerializer<Target>, key: &'key str,
-    ) -> Self {
-        ValueSink { urlencoder, key }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'key, 'target, Target> Sink for ValueSink<'key, 'target, Target>
-where
-    Target: 'target + UrlEncodedTarget,
-{
-    type Ok = ();
-
-    fn serialize_str(self, value: &str) -> Result<(), Error> {
-        self.urlencoder.append_pair(self.key, value);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    fn serialize_static_str(self, value: &'static str) -> Result<(), Error> {
-        self.serialize_str(value)
-    }
-
-    fn serialize_string(self, value: String) -> Result<(), Error> {
-        self.serialize_str(&value)
-    }
-
-    fn serialize_none(self) -> Result<Self::Ok, Error> {
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    fn serialize_some<T: ?Sized + Serialize>(
-        self, value: &T,
-    ) -> Result<Self::Ok, Error> {
-        value.serialize(PartSerializer::new(self))
-    }
-
-    fn unsupported(self) -> Error {
-        Error::Custom("unsupported value".into())
-    }
-}
--- a/src/server/channel.rs
+++ b/src/server/channel.rs
@@ -7,11 +7,11 @@ use futures::{Async, Future, Poll};
 use tokio_io::{AsyncRead, AsyncWrite};

 use super::settings::WorkerSettings;
-use super::{h1, h2, HttpHandler, IoStream};
+use super::{h1, h2, utils, HttpHandler, IoStream};

 const HTTP2_PREFACE: [u8; 14] = *b"PRI * HTTP/2.0";

-enum HttpProtocol<T: IoStream, H: HttpHandler + 'static> {
+enum HttpProtocol<T: IoStream, H: 'static> {
    H1(h1::Http1<T, H>),
    H2(h2::Http2<T, H>),
    Unknown(Rc<WorkerSettings<H>>, Option<SocketAddr>, T, BytesMut),
@@ -94,13 +94,13 @@ where
            self.node = Some(Node::new(el));
            let _ = match self.proto {
                Some(HttpProtocol::H1(ref mut h1)) => {
-                    self.node.as_mut().map(|n| h1.settings().head().insert(n))
+                    self.node.as_ref().map(|n| h1.settings().head().insert(n))
                }
                Some(HttpProtocol::H2(ref mut h2)) => {
-                    self.node.as_mut().map(|n| h2.settings().head().insert(n))
+                    self.node.as_ref().map(|n| h2.settings().head().insert(n))
                }
                Some(HttpProtocol::Unknown(ref mut settings, _, _, _)) => {
-                    self.node.as_mut().map(|n| settings.head().insert(n))
+                    self.node.as_ref().map(|n| settings.head().insert(n))
                }
                None => unreachable!(),
            };
@@ -139,8 +139,8 @@ where
                ref mut io,
                ref mut buf,
            )) => {
-                match io.read_available(buf) {
-                    Ok(Async::Ready(true)) | Err(_) => {
+                match utils::read_from_io(io, buf) {
+                    Ok(Async::Ready(0)) | Err(_) => {
                        debug!("Ignored premature client disconnection");
                        settings.remove_channel();
                        if let Some(n) = self.node.as_mut() {
@@ -188,8 +188,8 @@ where
 }

 pub(crate) struct Node<T> {
-    next: Option<*mut Node<T>>,
-    prev: Option<*mut Node<T>>,
+    next: Option<*mut Node<()>>,
+    prev: Option<*mut Node<()>>,
    element: *mut T,
 }

@@ -202,18 +202,20 @@ impl<T> Node<T> {
        }
    }

-    fn insert<I>(&mut self, next: &mut Node<I>) {
+    fn insert<I>(&self, next: &Node<I>) {
+        #[allow(mutable_transmutes)]
        unsafe {
-            let next: *mut Node<T> = next as *const _ as *mut _;
-
-            if let Some(ref mut next2) = self.next {
-                let n = next2.as_mut().unwrap();
-                n.prev = Some(next);
+            if let Some(ref next2) = self.next {
+                let n: &mut Node<()> =
+                    &mut *(next2.as_ref().unwrap() as *const _ as *mut _);
+                n.prev = Some(next as *const _ as *mut _);
            }
-            self.next = Some(next);
+            let slf: &mut Node<T> = &mut *(self as *const _ as *mut _);

-            let next: &mut Node<T> = &mut *next;
-            next.prev = Some(self as *mut _);
+            slf.next = Some(next as *const _ as *mut _);
+
+            let next: &mut Node<T> = &mut *(next as *const _ as *mut _);
+            next.prev = Some(slf as *const _ as *mut _);
        }
    }

--- a/src/server/encoding.rs
+++ b/src/server/encoding.rs
--- a/src/server/error.rs
+++ b/src/server/error.rs
@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-use futures::{Async, Poll};
-
-use super::{helpers, HttpHandlerTask, Writer};
-use http::{StatusCode, Version};
-use Error;
-
-pub(crate) struct ServerError(Version, StatusCode);
-
-impl ServerError {
-    pub fn err(ver: Version, status: StatusCode) -> Box<HttpHandlerTask> {
-        Box::new(ServerError(ver, status))
-    }
-}
-
-impl HttpHandlerTask for ServerError {
-    fn poll_io(&mut self, io: &mut Writer) -> Poll<bool, Error> {
-        {
-            let bytes = io.buffer();
-            helpers::write_status_line(self.0, self.1.as_u16(), bytes);
-        }
-        io.set_date();
-        Ok(Async::Ready(true))
-    }
-}
--- a/src/server/h1.rs
+++ b/src/server/h1.rs
@@ -1,25 +1,30 @@
 use std::collections::VecDeque;
+use std::io;
 use std::net::SocketAddr;
 use std::rc::Rc;
-use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
+use std::time::Duration;

-use bytes::BytesMut;
+use actix::Arbiter;
+use bytes::{BufMut, BytesMut};
 use futures::{Async, Future, Poll};
-use tokio_timer::Delay;
+use tokio_core::reactor::Timeout;

-use error::{Error, PayloadError};
-use http::{StatusCode, Version};
+use error::PayloadError;
+use httprequest::HttpRequest;
+use httpresponse::HttpResponse;
 use payload::{Payload, PayloadStatus, PayloadWriter};
+use pipeline::Pipeline;

-use super::error::ServerError;
+use super::encoding::PayloadType;
 use super::h1decoder::{DecoderError, H1Decoder, Message};
 use super::h1writer::H1Writer;
-use super::input::PayloadType;
 use super::settings::WorkerSettings;
 use super::Writer;
 use super::{HttpHandler, HttpHandlerTask, IoStream};

 const MAX_PIPELINED_MESSAGES: usize = 16;
+const LW_BUFFER_SIZE: usize = 4096;
+const HW_BUFFER_SIZE: usize = 32_768;

 bitflags! {
    struct Flags: u8 {
@@ -28,7 +33,6 @@ bitflags! {
        const KEEPALIVE = 0b0000_0100;
        const SHUTDOWN = 0b0000_1000;
        const DISCONNECTED = 0b0001_0000;
-        const POLLED = 0b0010_0000;
    }
 }

@@ -40,7 +44,7 @@ bitflags! {
    }
 }

-pub(crate) struct Http1<T: IoStream, H: HttpHandler + 'static> {
+pub(crate) struct Http1<T: IoStream, H: 'static> {
    flags: Flags,
    settings: Rc<WorkerSettings<H>>,
    addr: Option<SocketAddr>,
@@ -48,38 +52,12 @@ pub(crate) struct Http1<T: IoStream, H: HttpHandler + 'static> {
    decoder: H1Decoder,
    payload: Option<PayloadType>,
    buf: BytesMut,
-    tasks: VecDeque<Entry<H>>,
-    keepalive_timer: Option<Delay>,
+    tasks: VecDeque<Entry>,
+    keepalive_timer: Option<Timeout>,
 }

-enum EntryPipe<H: HttpHandler> {
-    Task(H::Task),
-    Error(Box<HttpHandlerTask>),
-}
-
-impl<H: HttpHandler> EntryPipe<H> {
-    fn disconnected(&mut self) {
-        match *self {
-            EntryPipe::Task(ref mut task) => task.disconnected(),
-            EntryPipe::Error(ref mut task) => task.disconnected(),
-        }
-    }
-    fn poll_io(&mut self, io: &mut Writer) -> Poll<bool, Error> {
-        match *self {
-            EntryPipe::Task(ref mut task) => task.poll_io(io),
-            EntryPipe::Error(ref mut task) => task.poll_io(io),
-        }
-    }
-    fn poll_completed(&mut self) -> Poll<(), Error> {
-        match *self {
-            EntryPipe::Task(ref mut task) => task.poll_completed(),
-            EntryPipe::Error(ref mut task) => task.poll_completed(),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-struct Entry<H: HttpHandler> {
-    pipe: EntryPipe<H>,
+struct Entry {
+    pipe: Box<HttpHandlerTask>,
    flags: EntryFlags,
 }

@@ -92,9 +70,10 @@ where
        settings: Rc<WorkerSettings<H>>, stream: T, addr: Option<SocketAddr>,
        buf: BytesMut,
    ) -> Self {
+        let bytes = settings.get_shared_bytes();
        Http1 {
            flags: Flags::KEEPALIVE,
-            stream: H1Writer::new(stream, Rc::clone(&settings)),
+            stream: H1Writer::new(stream, bytes, Rc::clone(&settings)),
            decoder: H1Decoder::new(),
            payload: None,
            tasks: VecDeque::new(),
@@ -124,14 +103,6 @@ where
        }
    }

-    fn notify_disconnect(&mut self) {
-        // notify all tasks
-        self.stream.disconnected();
-        for task in &mut self.tasks {
-            task.pipe.disconnected();
-        }
-    }
-
    #[inline]
    pub fn poll(&mut self) -> Poll<(), ()> {
        // keep-alive timer
@@ -177,50 +148,29 @@ where
    #[inline]
    /// read data from stream
    pub fn poll_io(&mut self) {
-        if !self.flags.contains(Flags::POLLED) {
-            self.parse();
-            self.flags.insert(Flags::POLLED);
-            return;
-        }
        // read io from socket
        if !self.flags.intersects(Flags::ERROR)
            && self.tasks.len() < MAX_PIPELINED_MESSAGES
            && self.can_read()
        {
-            match self.stream.get_mut().read_available(&mut self.buf) {
-                Ok(Async::Ready(disconnected)) => {
-                    if disconnected {
-                        // notify all tasks
-                        self.notify_disconnect();
-                        // kill keepalive
-                        self.keepalive_timer.take();
-
-                        // on parse error, stop reading stream but tasks need to be
-                        // completed
-                        self.flags.insert(Flags::ERROR);
-
-                        if let Some(mut payload) = self.payload.take() {
-                            payload.set_error(PayloadError::Incomplete);
-                        }
-                    } else {
-                        self.parse();
-                    }
+            if self.read() {
+                // notify all tasks
+                self.stream.disconnected();
+                for entry in &mut self.tasks {
+                    entry.pipe.disconnected()
                }
-                Ok(Async::NotReady) => (),
-                Err(_) => {
-                    // notify all tasks
-                    self.notify_disconnect();
-                    // kill keepalive
-                    self.keepalive_timer.take();
+                // kill keepalive
+                self.keepalive_timer.take();

-                    // on parse error, stop reading stream but tasks need to be
-                    // completed
-                    self.flags.insert(Flags::ERROR);
+                // on parse error, stop reading stream but tasks need to be
+                // completed
+                self.flags.insert(Flags::ERROR);

-                    if let Some(mut payload) = self.payload.take() {
-                        payload.set_error(PayloadError::Incomplete);
-                    }
+                if let Some(mut payload) = self.payload.take() {
+                    payload.set_error(PayloadError::Incomplete);
                }
+            } else {
+                self.parse();
            }
        }
    }
@@ -232,18 +182,19 @@ where
        let mut io = false;
        let mut idx = 0;
        while idx < self.tasks.len() {
+            let item: &mut Entry = unsafe { &mut *(&mut self.tasks[idx] as *mut _) };
+
            // only one task can do io operation in http/1
-            if !io && !self.tasks[idx].flags.contains(EntryFlags::EOF) {
+            if !io && !item.flags.contains(EntryFlags::EOF) {
                // io is corrupted, send buffer
-                if self.tasks[idx].flags.contains(EntryFlags::ERROR) {
+                if item.flags.contains(EntryFlags::ERROR) {
                    if let Ok(Async::NotReady) = self.stream.poll_completed(true) {
                        return Ok(Async::NotReady);
                    }
-                    self.flags.insert(Flags::ERROR);
                    return Err(());
                }

-                match self.tasks[idx].pipe.poll_io(&mut self.stream) {
+                match item.pipe.poll_io(&mut self.stream) {
                    Ok(Async::Ready(ready)) => {
                        // override keep-alive state
                        if self.stream.keepalive() {
@@ -255,11 +206,9 @@ where
                        self.stream.reset();

                        if ready {
-                            self.tasks[idx]
-                                .flags
-                                .insert(EntryFlags::EOF | EntryFlags::FINISHED);
+                            item.flags.insert(EntryFlags::EOF | EntryFlags::FINISHED);
                        } else {
-                            self.tasks[idx].flags.insert(EntryFlags::EOF);
+                            item.flags.insert(EntryFlags::EOF);
                        }
                    }
                    // no more IO for this iteration
@@ -273,23 +222,23 @@ where
                    Err(err) => {
                        // it is not possible to recover from error
                        // during pipe handling, so just drop connection
-                        self.notify_disconnect();
-                        self.tasks[idx].flags.insert(EntryFlags::ERROR);
-                        error!("Unhandled error1: {}", err);
-                        continue;
+                        error!("Unhandled error: {}", err);
+                        item.flags.insert(EntryFlags::ERROR);
+
+                        // check stream state, we still can have valid data in buffer
+                        if let Ok(Async::NotReady) = self.stream.poll_completed(true) {
+                            return Ok(Async::NotReady);
+                        }
+                        return Err(());
                    }
                }
-            } else if !self.tasks[idx].flags.contains(EntryFlags::FINISHED) {
-                match self.tasks[idx].pipe.poll_completed() {
+            } else if !item.flags.contains(EntryFlags::FINISHED) {
+                match item.pipe.poll() {
                    Ok(Async::NotReady) => (),
-                    Ok(Async::Ready(_)) => {
-                        self.tasks[idx].flags.insert(EntryFlags::FINISHED)
-                    }
+                    Ok(Async::Ready(_)) => item.flags.insert(EntryFlags::FINISHED),
                    Err(err) => {
-                        self.notify_disconnect();
-                        self.tasks[idx].flags.insert(EntryFlags::ERROR);
+                        item.flags.insert(EntryFlags::ERROR);
                        error!("Unhandled error: {}", err);
-                        continue;
                    }
                }
            }
@@ -319,7 +268,6 @@ where
                Ok(Async::NotReady) => return Ok(Async::NotReady),
                Err(err) => {
                    debug!("Error sending data: {}", err);
-                    self.notify_disconnect();
                    return Err(());
                }
                Ok(Async::Ready(_)) => {
@@ -347,7 +295,8 @@ where
            if self.keepalive_timer.is_none() && keep_alive > 0 {
                trace!("Start keep-alive timer");
                let mut timer =
-                    Delay::new(Instant::now() + Duration::new(keep_alive, 0));
+                    Timeout::new(Duration::new(keep_alive, 0), Arbiter::handle())
+                        .unwrap();
                // register timer
                let _ = timer.poll();
                self.keepalive_timer = Some(timer);
@@ -359,24 +308,27 @@ where
    pub fn parse(&mut self) {
        'outer: loop {
            match self.decoder.decode(&mut self.buf, &self.settings) {
-                Ok(Some(Message::Message { mut msg, payload })) => {
+                Ok(Some(Message::Message { msg, payload })) => {
                    self.flags.insert(Flags::STARTED);

                    if payload {
                        let (ps, pl) = Payload::new(false);
-                        *msg.inner.payload.borrow_mut() = Some(pl);
-                        self.payload = Some(PayloadType::new(&msg.inner.headers, ps));
+                        msg.get_mut().payload = Some(pl);
+                        self.payload =
+                            Some(PayloadType::new(&msg.get_ref().headers, ps));
                    }

+                    let mut req = HttpRequest::from_message(msg);
+
                    // set remote addr
-                    msg.inner_mut().addr = self.addr;
+                    req.set_peer_addr(self.addr);

                    // stop keepalive timer
                    self.keepalive_timer.take();

                    // search handler for request
                    for h in self.settings.handlers().iter_mut() {
-                        msg = match h.handle(msg) {
+                        req = match h.handle(req) {
                            Ok(mut pipe) => {
                                if self.tasks.is_empty() {
                                    match pipe.poll_io(&mut self.stream) {
@@ -392,7 +344,7 @@ where

                                            if !ready {
                                                let item = Entry {
-                                                    pipe: EntryPipe::Task(pipe),
+                                                    pipe,
                                                    flags: EntryFlags::EOF,
                                                };
                                                self.tasks.push_back(item);
@@ -408,21 +360,18 @@ where
                                    }
                                }
                                self.tasks.push_back(Entry {
-                                    pipe: EntryPipe::Task(pipe),
+                                    pipe,
                                    flags: EntryFlags::empty(),
                                });
                                continue 'outer;
                            }
-                            Err(msg) => msg,
+                            Err(req) => req,
                        }
                    }

                    // handler is not found
                    self.tasks.push_back(Entry {
-                        pipe: EntryPipe::Error(ServerError::err(
-                            Version::HTTP_11,
-                            StatusCode::NOT_FOUND,
-                        )),
+                        pipe: Pipeline::error(HttpResponse::NotFound()),
                        flags: EntryFlags::empty(),
                    });
                }
@@ -459,12 +408,35 @@ where
            }
        }
    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn read(&mut self) -> bool {
+        loop {
+            unsafe {
+                if self.buf.remaining_mut() < LW_BUFFER_SIZE {
+                    self.buf.reserve(HW_BUFFER_SIZE);
+                }
+                match self.stream.get_mut().read(self.buf.bytes_mut()) {
+                    Ok(n) => {
+                        if n == 0 {
+                            return true;
+                        } else {
+                            self.buf.advance_mut(n);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    Err(e) => {
+                        return e.kind() != io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
 }

 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
    use std::net::Shutdown;
-    use std::{cmp, io, time};
+    use std::{cmp, time};

    use bytes::{Buf, Bytes, BytesMut};
    use http::{Method, Version};
@@ -474,11 +446,12 @@ mod tests {
    use application::HttpApplication;
    use httpmessage::HttpMessage;
    use server::h1decoder::Message;
-    use server::settings::{ServerSettings, WorkerSettings};
-    use server::{KeepAlive, Request};
+    use server::helpers::SharedHttpInnerMessage;
+    use server::settings::WorkerSettings;
+    use server::KeepAlive;

    impl Message {
-        fn message(self) -> Request {
+        fn message(self) -> SharedHttpInnerMessage {
            match self {
                Message::Message { msg, payload: _ } => msg,
                _ => panic!("error"),
@@ -507,9 +480,9 @@ mod tests {
    macro_rules! parse_ready {
        ($e:expr) => {{
            let settings: WorkerSettings<HttpApplication> =
-                WorkerSettings::new(Vec::new(), KeepAlive::Os, ServerSettings::default());
+                WorkerSettings::new(Vec::new(), KeepAlive::Os);
            match H1Decoder::new().decode($e, &settings) {
-                Ok(Some(msg)) => msg.message(),
+                Ok(Some(msg)) => HttpRequest::from_message(msg.message()),
                Ok(_) => unreachable!("Eof during parsing http request"),
                Err(err) => unreachable!("Error during parsing http request: {:?}", err),
            }
@@ -519,7 +492,7 @@ mod tests {
    macro_rules! expect_parse_err {
        ($e:expr) => {{
            let settings: WorkerSettings<HttpApplication> =
-                WorkerSettings::new(Vec::new(), KeepAlive::Os, ServerSettings::default());
+                WorkerSettings::new(Vec::new(), KeepAlive::Os);

            match H1Decoder::new().decode($e, &settings) {
                Err(err) => match err {
@@ -543,6 +516,11 @@ mod tests {
                err: None,
            }
        }
+        fn feed_data(&mut self, data: &'static str) {
+            let mut b = BytesMut::from(self.buf.as_ref());
+            b.extend(data.as_bytes());
+            self.buf = b.take().freeze();
+        }
    }

    impl AsyncRead for Buffer {}
@@ -598,12 +576,11 @@ mod tests {
        let settings = Rc::new(WorkerSettings::<HttpApplication>::new(
            Vec::new(),
            KeepAlive::Os,
-            ServerSettings::default(),
        ));

        let mut h1 = Http1::new(Rc::clone(&settings), buf, None, readbuf);
        h1.poll_io();
-        h1.poll_io();
+        h1.parse();
        assert_eq!(h1.tasks.len(), 1);
    }

@@ -614,28 +591,23 @@ mod tests {
        let settings = Rc::new(WorkerSettings::<HttpApplication>::new(
            Vec::new(),
            KeepAlive::Os,
-            ServerSettings::default(),
        ));

        let mut h1 = Http1::new(Rc::clone(&settings), buf, None, readbuf);
        h1.poll_io();
-        h1.poll_io();
+        h1.parse();
        assert!(h1.flags.contains(Flags::ERROR));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_parse() {
        let mut buf = BytesMut::from("GET /test HTTP/1.1\r\n\r\n");
-        let settings = WorkerSettings::<HttpApplication>::new(
-            Vec::new(),
-            KeepAlive::Os,
-            ServerSettings::default(),
-        );
+        let settings = WorkerSettings::<HttpApplication>::new(Vec::new(), KeepAlive::Os);

        let mut reader = H1Decoder::new();
        match reader.decode(&mut buf, &settings) {
            Ok(Some(msg)) => {
-                let req = msg.message();
+                let req = HttpRequest::from_message(msg.message());
                assert_eq!(req.version(), Version::HTTP_11);
                assert_eq!(*req.method(), Method::GET);
                assert_eq!(req.path(), "/test");
@@ -647,11 +619,7 @@ mod tests {
    #[test]
    fn test_parse_partial() {
        let mut buf = BytesMut::from("PUT /test HTTP/1");
-        let settings = WorkerSettings::<HttpApplication>::new(
-            Vec::new(),
-            KeepAlive::Os,
-            ServerSettings::default(),
-        );
+        let settings = WorkerSettings::<HttpApplication>::new(Vec::new(), KeepAlive::Os);

        let mut reader = H1Decoder::new();
        match reader.decode(&mut buf, &settings) {
@@ -662,7 +630,7 @@ mod tests {
        buf.extend(b".1\r\n\r\n");
        match reader.decode(&mut buf, &settings) {
            Ok(Some(msg)) => {
-                let mut req = msg.message();
+                let mut req = HttpRequest::from_message(msg.message());
                assert_eq!(req.version(), Version::HTTP_11);
                assert_eq!(*req.method(), Method::PUT);
                assert_eq!(req.path(), "/test");
@@ -674,16 +642,12 @@ mod tests {
    #[test]
    fn test_parse_post() {
        let mut buf = BytesMut::from("POST /test2 HTTP/1.0\r\n\r\n");
-        let settings = WorkerSettings::<HttpApplication>::new(
-            Vec::new(),
-            KeepAlive::Os,
-            ServerSettings::default(),
-        );
+        let settings = WorkerSettings::<HttpApplication>::new(Vec::new(), KeepAlive::Os);

        let mut reader = H1Decoder::new();
        match reader.decode(&mut buf, &settings) {
            Ok(Some(msg)) => {
-                let mut req = msg.message();
+                let mut req = HttpRequest::from_message(msg.message());
                assert_eq!(req.version(), Version::HTTP_10);
                assert_eq!(*req.method(), Method::POST);
                assert_eq!(req.path(), "/test2");
@@ -696,16 +660,12 @@ mod tests {
    fn test_parse_body() {
        let mut buf =
            BytesMut::from("GET /test HTTP/1.1\r\nContent-Length: 4\r\n\r\nbody");
-        let settings = WorkerSettings::<HttpApplication>::new(
-            Vec::new(),
-            KeepAlive::Os,
-            ServerSettings::default(),
-        );
+        let settings = WorkerSettings::<HttpApplication>::new(Vec::new(), KeepAlive::Os);

        let mut reader = H1Decoder::new();
        match reader.decode(&mut buf, &settings) {
            Ok(Some(msg)) => {
-                let mut req = msg.message();
+                let mut req = HttpRequest::from_message(msg.message());
                assert_eq!(req.version(), Version::HTTP_11);
                assert_eq!(*req.method(), Method::GET);
                assert_eq!(req.path(), "/test");
@@ -727,16 +687,12 @@ mod tests {
    fn test_parse_body_crlf() {
        let mut buf =
            BytesMut::from("\r\nGET /test HTTP/1.1\r\nContent-Length: 4\r\n\r\nbody");
-        let settings = WorkerSettings::<HttpApplication>::new(
-            Vec::new(),
-            KeepAlive::Os,
-            ServerSettings::default(),
-        );
+        let settings = WorkerSettings::<HttpApplication>::new(Vec::new(), KeepAlive::Os);

        let mut reader = H1Decoder::new();
        match reader.decode(&mut buf, &settings) {
            Ok(Some(msg)) => {
-                let mut req = msg.message();
+                let mut req = HttpRequest::from_message(msg.message());
                assert_eq!(req.version(), Version::HTTP_11);
                assert_eq!(*req.method(), Method::GET);
                assert_eq!(req.path(), "/test");
@@ -757,18 +713,14 @@ mod tests {
    #[test]
    fn test_parse_partial_eof() {
        let mut buf = BytesMut::from("GET /test HTTP/1.1\r\n");
-        let settings = WorkerSettings::<HttpApplication>::new(
-            Vec::new(),
-            KeepAlive::Os,
-            ServerSettings::default(),
-        );
+        let settings = WorkerSettings::<HttpApplication>::new(Vec::new(), KeepAlive::Os);
        let mut reader = H1Decoder::new();
        assert!(reader.decode(&mut buf, &settings).unwrap().is_none());

        buf.extend(b"\r\n");
        match reader.decode(&mut buf, &settings) {
            Ok(Some(msg)) => {
-                let req = msg.message();
+                let req = HttpRequest::from_message(msg.message());
                assert_eq!(req.version(), Version::HTTP_11);
                assert_eq!(*req.method(), Method::GET);
                assert_eq!(req.path(), "/test");
@@ -780,11 +732,7 @@ mod tests {
    #[test]
    fn test_headers_split_field() {
        let mut buf = BytesMut::from("GET /test HTTP/1.1\r\n");
-        let settings = WorkerSettings::<HttpApplication>::new(
-            Vec::new(),
-            KeepAlive::Os,
-            ServerSettings::default(),
-        );
+        let settings = WorkerSettings::<HttpApplication>::new(Vec::new(), KeepAlive::Os);

        let mut reader = H1Decoder::new();
        assert!{ reader.decode(&mut buf, &settings).unwrap().is_none() }
@@ -798,7 +746,7 @@ mod tests {
        buf.extend(b"t: value\r\n\r\n");
        match reader.decode(&mut buf, &settings) {
            Ok(Some(msg)) => {
-                let req = msg.message();
+                let req = HttpRequest::from_message(msg.message());
                assert_eq!(req.version(), Version::HTTP_11);
                assert_eq!(*req.method(), Method::GET);
                assert_eq!(req.path(), "/test");
@@ -815,14 +763,10 @@ mod tests {
             Set-Cookie: c1=cookie1\r\n\
             Set-Cookie: c2=cookie2\r\n\r\n",
        );
-        let settings = WorkerSettings::<HttpApplication>::new(
-            Vec::new(),
-            KeepAlive::Os,
-            ServerSettings::default(),
-        );
+        let settings = WorkerSettings::<HttpApplication>::new(Vec::new(), KeepAlive::Os);
        let mut reader = H1Decoder::new();
        let msg = reader.decode(&mut buf, &settings).unwrap().unwrap();
-        let req = msg.message();
+        let req = HttpRequest::from_message(msg.message());

        let val: Vec<_> = req
            .headers()
@@ -1015,11 +959,7 @@ mod tests {

    #[test]
    fn test_http_request_upgrade() {
-        let settings = WorkerSettings::<HttpApplication>::new(
-            Vec::new(),
-            KeepAlive::Os,
-            ServerSettings::default(),
-        );
+        let settings = WorkerSettings::<HttpApplication>::new(Vec::new(), KeepAlive::Os);
        let mut buf = BytesMut::from(
            "GET /test HTTP/1.1\r\n\
             connection: upgrade\r\n\
@@ -1029,7 +969,7 @@ mod tests {
        let mut reader = H1Decoder::new();
        let msg = reader.decode(&mut buf, &settings).unwrap().unwrap();
        assert!(msg.is_payload());
-        let req = msg.message();
+        let req = HttpRequest::from_message(msg.message());
        assert!(!req.keep_alive());
        assert!(req.upgrade());
        assert_eq!(
@@ -1085,16 +1025,12 @@ mod tests {
            "GET /test HTTP/1.1\r\n\
             transfer-encoding: chunked\r\n\r\n",
        );
-        let settings = WorkerSettings::<HttpApplication>::new(
-            Vec::new(),
-            KeepAlive::Os,
-            ServerSettings::default(),
-        );
+        let settings = WorkerSettings::<HttpApplication>::new(Vec::new(), KeepAlive::Os);

        let mut reader = H1Decoder::new();
        let msg = reader.decode(&mut buf, &settings).unwrap().unwrap();
        assert!(msg.is_payload());
-        let req = msg.message();
+        let req = HttpRequest::from_message(msg.message());
        assert!(req.chunked().unwrap());

        buf.extend(b"4\r\ndata\r\n4\r\nline\r\n0\r\n\r\n");
@@ -1125,15 +1061,11 @@ mod tests {
            "GET /test HTTP/1.1\r\n\
             transfer-encoding: chunked\r\n\r\n",
        );
-        let settings = WorkerSettings::<HttpApplication>::new(
-            Vec::new(),
-            KeepAlive::Os,
-            ServerSettings::default(),
-        );
+        let settings = WorkerSettings::<HttpApplication>::new(Vec::new(), KeepAlive::Os);
        let mut reader = H1Decoder::new();
        let msg = reader.decode(&mut buf, &settings).unwrap().unwrap();
        assert!(msg.is_payload());
-        let req = msg.message();
+        let req = HttpRequest::from_message(msg.message());
        assert!(req.chunked().unwrap());

        buf.extend(
@@ -1151,7 +1083,7 @@ mod tests {

        let msg = reader.decode(&mut buf, &settings).unwrap().unwrap();
        assert!(msg.is_payload());
-        let req2 = msg.message();
+        let req2 = HttpRequest::from_message(msg.message());
        assert!(req2.chunked().unwrap());
        assert_eq!(*req2.method(), Method::POST);
        assert!(req2.chunked().unwrap());
@@ -1163,16 +1095,12 @@ mod tests {
            "GET /test HTTP/1.1\r\n\
             transfer-encoding: chunked\r\n\r\n",
        );
-        let settings = WorkerSettings::<HttpApplication>::new(
-            Vec::new(),
-            KeepAlive::Os,
-            ServerSettings::default(),
-        );
+        let settings = WorkerSettings::<HttpApplication>::new(Vec::new(), KeepAlive::Os);

        let mut reader = H1Decoder::new();
        let msg = reader.decode(&mut buf, &settings).unwrap().unwrap();
        assert!(msg.is_payload());
-        let req = msg.message();
+        let req = HttpRequest::from_message(msg.message());
        assert!(req.chunked().unwrap());

        buf.extend(b"4\r\n1111\r\n");
@@ -1214,16 +1142,13 @@ mod tests {
            &"GET /test HTTP/1.1\r\n\
              transfer-encoding: chunked\r\n\r\n"[..],
        );
-        let settings = WorkerSettings::<HttpApplication>::new(
-            Vec::new(),
-            KeepAlive::Os,
-            ServerSettings::default(),
-        );
+        let settings = WorkerSettings::<HttpApplication>::new(Vec::new(), KeepAlive::Os);

        let mut reader = H1Decoder::new();
        let msg = reader.decode(&mut buf, &settings).unwrap().unwrap();
        assert!(msg.is_payload());
-        assert!(msg.message().chunked().unwrap());
+        let req = HttpRequest::from_message(msg.message());
+        assert!(req.chunked().unwrap());

        buf.extend(b"4;test\r\ndata\r\n4\r\nline\r\n0\r\n\r\n"); // test: test\r\n\r\n")
        let chunk = reader.decode(&mut buf, &settings).unwrap().unwrap().chunk();
--- a/src/server/h1decoder.rs
+++ b/src/server/h1decoder.rs
@@ -4,11 +4,12 @@ use bytes::{Bytes, BytesMut};
 use futures::{Async, Poll};
 use httparse;

-use super::message::{MessageFlags, Request};
+use super::helpers::SharedHttpInnerMessage;
 use super::settings::WorkerSettings;
 use error::ParseError;
 use http::header::{HeaderName, HeaderValue};
 use http::{header, HttpTryFrom, Method, Uri, Version};
+use httprequest::MessageFlags;
 use uri::Url;

 const MAX_BUFFER_SIZE: usize = 131_072;
@@ -19,7 +20,10 @@ pub(crate) struct H1Decoder {
 }

 pub(crate) enum Message {
-    Message { msg: Request, payload: bool },
+    Message {
+        msg: SharedHttpInnerMessage,
+        payload: bool,
+    },
    Chunk(Bytes),
    Eof,
 }
@@ -80,24 +84,24 @@ impl H1Decoder {

    fn parse_message<H>(
        &self, buf: &mut BytesMut, settings: &WorkerSettings<H>,
-    ) -> Poll<(Request, Option<EncodingDecoder>), ParseError> {
+    ) -> Poll<(SharedHttpInnerMessage, Option<EncodingDecoder>), ParseError> {
        // Parse http message
        let mut has_upgrade = false;
        let mut chunked = false;
        let mut content_length = None;

        let msg = {
-            // Unsafe: we read only this data only after httparse parses headers into.
-            // performance bump for pipeline benchmarks.
-            let mut headers: [HeaderIndex; MAX_HEADERS] =
+            let bytes_ptr = buf.as_ref().as_ptr() as usize;
+            let mut headers: [httparse::Header; MAX_HEADERS] =
                unsafe { mem::uninitialized() };

            let (len, method, path, version, headers_len) = {
-                let mut parsed: [httparse::Header; MAX_HEADERS] =
-                    unsafe { mem::uninitialized() };
-
-                let mut req = httparse::Request::new(&mut parsed);
-                match req.parse(buf)? {
+                let b = unsafe {
+                    let b: &[u8] = buf;
+                    &*(b as *const [u8])
+                };
+                let mut req = httparse::Request::new(&mut headers);
+                match req.parse(b)? {
                    httparse::Status::Complete(len) => {
                        let method = Method::from_bytes(req.method.unwrap().as_bytes())
                            .map_err(|_| ParseError::Method)?;
@@ -107,8 +111,6 @@ impl H1Decoder {
                        } else {
                            Version::HTTP_10
                        };
-                        HeaderIndex::record(buf, req.headers, &mut headers);
-
                        (len, method, path, version, req.headers.len())
                    }
                    httparse::Status::Partial => return Ok(Async::NotReady),
@@ -118,22 +120,22 @@ impl H1Decoder {
            let slice = buf.split_to(len).freeze();

            // convert headers
-            let mut msg = settings.get_request();
+            let msg = settings.get_http_message();
            {
-                let inner = msg.inner_mut();
-                inner
+                let msg_mut = msg.get_mut();
+                msg_mut
                    .flags
-                    .get_mut()
                    .set(MessageFlags::KEEPALIVE, version != Version::HTTP_10);

-                for idx in headers[..headers_len].iter() {
-                    if let Ok(name) =
-                        HeaderName::from_bytes(&slice[idx.name.0..idx.name.1])
-                    {
-                        // Unsafe: httparse check header value for valid utf-8
+                for header in headers[..headers_len].iter() {
+                    if let Ok(name) = HeaderName::from_bytes(header.name.as_bytes()) {
+                        has_upgrade = has_upgrade || name == header::UPGRADE;
+
+                        let v_start = header.value.as_ptr() as usize - bytes_ptr;
+                        let v_end = v_start + header.value.len();
                        let value = unsafe {
                            HeaderValue::from_shared_unchecked(
-                                slice.slice(idx.value.0, idx.value.1),
+                                slice.slice(v_start, v_end),
                            )
                        };
                        match name {
@@ -173,23 +175,20 @@ impl H1Decoder {
                                } else {
                                    false
                                };
-                                inner.flags.get_mut().set(MessageFlags::KEEPALIVE, ka);
-                            }
-                            header::UPGRADE => {
-                                has_upgrade = true;
+                                msg_mut.flags.set(MessageFlags::KEEPALIVE, ka);
                            }
                            _ => (),
                        }

-                        inner.headers.append(name, value);
+                        msg_mut.headers.append(name, value);
                    } else {
                        return Err(ParseError::Header);
                    }
                }

-                inner.url = path;
-                inner.method = method;
-                inner.version = version;
+                msg_mut.url = path;
+                msg_mut.method = method;
+                msg_mut.version = version;
            }
            msg
        };
@@ -201,7 +200,7 @@ impl H1Decoder {
        } else if let Some(len) = content_length {
            // Content-Length
            Some(EncodingDecoder::length(len))
-        } else if has_upgrade || msg.inner.method == Method::CONNECT {
+        } else if has_upgrade || msg.get_ref().method == Method::CONNECT {
            // upgrade(websocket) or connect
            Some(EncodingDecoder::eof())
        } else {
@@ -212,28 +211,6 @@ impl H1Decoder {
    }
 }

-#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
-pub(crate) struct HeaderIndex {
-    pub(crate) name: (usize, usize),
-    pub(crate) value: (usize, usize),
-}
-
-impl HeaderIndex {
-    pub(crate) fn record(
-        bytes: &[u8], headers: &[httparse::Header], indices: &mut [HeaderIndex],
-    ) {
-        let bytes_ptr = bytes.as_ptr() as usize;
-        for (header, indices) in headers.iter().zip(indices.iter_mut()) {
-            let name_start = header.name.as_ptr() as usize - bytes_ptr;
-            let name_end = name_start + header.name.len();
-            indices.name = (name_start, name_end);
-            let value_start = header.value.as_ptr() as usize - bytes_ptr;
-            let value_end = value_start + header.value.len();
-            indices.value = (value_start, value_end);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 /// Decoders to handle different Transfer-Encodings.
 ///
 /// If a message body does not include a Transfer-Encoding, it *should*
--- a/src/server/h1writer.rs
+++ b/src/server/h1writer.rs
@@ -1,23 +1,21 @@
-// #![cfg_attr(feature = "cargo-clippy", allow(redundant_field_names))]
-
-use std::io::{self, Write};
-use std::rc::Rc;
+#![cfg_attr(feature = "cargo-clippy", allow(redundant_field_names))]

 use bytes::{BufMut, BytesMut};
 use futures::{Async, Poll};
+use std::io;
+use std::rc::Rc;
 use tokio_io::AsyncWrite;

+use super::encoding::ContentEncoder;
 use super::helpers;
-use super::output::{Output, ResponseInfo, ResponseLength};
 use super::settings::WorkerSettings;
-use super::Request;
+use super::shared::SharedBytes;
 use super::{Writer, WriterState, MAX_WRITE_BUFFER_SIZE};
 use body::{Binary, Body};
 use header::ContentEncoding;
-use http::header::{
-    HeaderValue, CONNECTION, CONTENT_ENCODING, CONTENT_LENGTH, DATE, TRANSFER_ENCODING,
-};
+use http::header::{HeaderValue, CONNECTION, CONTENT_LENGTH, DATE};
 use http::{Method, Version};
+use httprequest::HttpInnerMessage;
 use httpresponse::HttpResponse;

 const AVERAGE_HEADER_SIZE: usize = 30; // totally scientific
@@ -34,20 +32,24 @@ bitflags! {
 pub(crate) struct H1Writer<T: AsyncWrite, H: 'static> {
    flags: Flags,
    stream: T,
+    encoder: ContentEncoder,
    written: u64,
    headers_size: u32,
-    buffer: Output,
+    buffer: SharedBytes,
    buffer_capacity: usize,
    settings: Rc<WorkerSettings<H>>,
 }

 impl<T: AsyncWrite, H: 'static> H1Writer<T, H> {
-    pub fn new(stream: T, settings: Rc<WorkerSettings<H>>) -> H1Writer<T, H> {
+    pub fn new(
+        stream: T, buf: SharedBytes, settings: Rc<WorkerSettings<H>>,
+    ) -> H1Writer<T, H> {
        H1Writer {
            flags: Flags::KEEPALIVE,
+            encoder: ContentEncoder::empty(buf.clone()),
            written: 0,
            headers_size: 0,
-            buffer: Output::Buffer(settings.get_bytes()),
+            buffer: buf,
            buffer_capacity: 0,
            stream,
            settings,
@@ -63,17 +65,20 @@ impl<T: AsyncWrite, H: 'static> H1Writer<T, H> {
        self.flags = Flags::KEEPALIVE;
    }

-    pub fn disconnected(&mut self) {}
+    pub fn disconnected(&mut self) {
+        self.buffer.take();
+    }

    pub fn keepalive(&self) -> bool {
        self.flags.contains(Flags::KEEPALIVE) && !self.flags.contains(Flags::UPGRADE)
    }

-    fn write_data(stream: &mut T, data: &[u8]) -> io::Result<usize> {
+    fn write_data(&mut self, data: &[u8]) -> io::Result<usize> {
        let mut written = 0;
        while written < data.len() {
-            match stream.write(&data[written..]) {
+            match self.stream.write(&data[written..]) {
                Ok(0) => {
+                    self.disconnected();
                    return Err(io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::WriteZero, ""));
                }
                Ok(n) => {
@@ -89,14 +94,6 @@ impl<T: AsyncWrite, H: 'static> H1Writer<T, H> {
    }
 }

-impl<T: AsyncWrite, H: 'static> Drop for H1Writer<T, H> {
-    fn drop(&mut self) {
-        if let Some(bytes) = self.buffer.take_option() {
-            self.settings.release_bytes(bytes);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 impl<T: AsyncWrite, H: 'static> Writer for H1Writer<T, H> {
    #[inline]
    fn written(&self) -> u64 {
@@ -104,21 +101,22 @@ impl<T: AsyncWrite, H: 'static> Writer for H1Writer<T, H> {
    }

    #[inline]
-    fn set_date(&mut self) {
-        self.settings.set_date(self.buffer.as_mut(), true)
+    fn set_date(&self, dst: &mut BytesMut) {
+        self.settings.set_date(dst)
    }

    #[inline]
-    fn buffer(&mut self) -> &mut BytesMut {
-        self.buffer.as_mut()
+    fn buffer(&self) -> &mut BytesMut {
+        self.buffer.get_mut()
    }

    fn start(
-        &mut self, req: &Request, msg: &mut HttpResponse, encoding: ContentEncoding,
+        &mut self, req: &mut HttpInnerMessage, msg: &mut HttpResponse,
+        encoding: ContentEncoding,
    ) -> io::Result<WriterState> {
        // prepare task
-        let mut info = ResponseInfo::new(req.inner.method == Method::HEAD);
-        self.buffer.for_server(&mut info, &req.inner, msg, encoding);
+        self.encoder =
+            ContentEncoder::for_server(self.buffer.clone(), req, msg, encoding);
        if msg.keep_alive().unwrap_or_else(|| req.keep_alive()) {
            self.flags = Flags::STARTED | Flags::KEEPALIVE;
        } else {
@@ -126,7 +124,7 @@ impl<T: AsyncWrite, H: 'static> Writer for H1Writer<T, H> {
        }

        // Connection upgrade
-        let version = msg.version().unwrap_or_else(|| req.inner.version);
+        let version = msg.version().unwrap_or_else(|| req.version);
        if msg.upgrade() {
            self.flags.insert(Flags::UPGRADE);
            msg.headers_mut()
@@ -146,110 +144,86 @@ impl<T: AsyncWrite, H: 'static> Writer for H1Writer<T, H> {

        // render message
        {
-            // output buffer
-            let mut buffer = self.buffer.as_mut();
-
+            let mut buffer = self.buffer.get_mut();
            let reason = msg.reason().as_bytes();
-            if let Body::Binary(ref bytes) = body {
+            let mut is_bin = if let Body::Binary(ref bytes) = body {
                buffer.reserve(
                    256
                        + msg.headers().len() * AVERAGE_HEADER_SIZE
                        + bytes.len()
                        + reason.len(),
                );
+                true
            } else {
                buffer.reserve(
                    256 + msg.headers().len() * AVERAGE_HEADER_SIZE + reason.len(),
                );
-            }
+                false
+            };

            // status line
            helpers::write_status_line(version, msg.status().as_u16(), &mut buffer);
-            buffer.extend_from_slice(reason);
+            SharedBytes::extend_from_slice_(buffer, reason);

-            // content length
-            match info.length {
-                ResponseLength::Chunked => {
-                    buffer.extend_from_slice(b"\r\ntransfer-encoding: chunked\r\n")
+            match body {
+                Body::Empty => if req.method != Method::HEAD {
+                    SharedBytes::put_slice(buffer, b"\r\ncontent-length: 0\r\n");
+                } else {
+                    SharedBytes::put_slice(buffer, b"\r\n");
+                },
+                Body::Binary(ref bytes) => {
+                    helpers::write_content_length(bytes.len(), &mut buffer)
                }
-                ResponseLength::Zero => {
-                    buffer.extend_from_slice(b"\r\ncontent-length: 0\r\n")
-                }
-                ResponseLength::Length(len) => {
-                    helpers::write_content_length(len, &mut buffer)
-                }
-                ResponseLength::Length64(len) => {
-                    buffer.extend_from_slice(b"\r\ncontent-length: ");
-                    write!(buffer.writer(), "{}", len)?;
-                    buffer.extend_from_slice(b"\r\n");
-                }
-                ResponseLength::None => buffer.extend_from_slice(b"\r\n"),
-            }
-            if let Some(ce) = info.content_encoding {
-                buffer.extend_from_slice(b"content-encoding: ");
-                buffer.extend_from_slice(ce.as_ref());
-                buffer.extend_from_slice(b"\r\n");
+                _ => SharedBytes::put_slice(buffer, b"\r\n"),
            }

            // write headers
            let mut pos = 0;
            let mut has_date = false;
            let mut remaining = buffer.remaining_mut();
-            unsafe {
-                let mut buf = &mut *(buffer.bytes_mut() as *mut [u8]);
-                for (key, value) in msg.headers() {
-                    match *key {
-                        TRANSFER_ENCODING => continue,
-                        CONTENT_ENCODING => if encoding != ContentEncoding::Identity {
-                            continue;
-                        },
-                        CONTENT_LENGTH => match info.length {
-                            ResponseLength::None => (),
-                            _ => continue,
-                        },
-                        DATE => {
-                            has_date = true;
-                        }
-                        _ => (),
-                    }
-
-                    let v = value.as_ref();
-                    let k = key.as_str().as_bytes();
-                    let len = k.len() + v.len() + 4;
-                    if len > remaining {
-                        buffer.advance_mut(pos);
-                        pos = 0;
-                        buffer.reserve(len);
-                        remaining = buffer.remaining_mut();
-                        buf = &mut *(buffer.bytes_mut() as *mut _);
-                    }
-
-                    buf[pos..pos + k.len()].copy_from_slice(k);
-                    pos += k.len();
-                    buf[pos..pos + 2].copy_from_slice(b": ");
-                    pos += 2;
-                    buf[pos..pos + v.len()].copy_from_slice(v);
-                    pos += v.len();
-                    buf[pos..pos + 2].copy_from_slice(b"\r\n");
-                    pos += 2;
-                    remaining -= len;
+            let mut buf = unsafe { &mut *(buffer.bytes_mut() as *mut [u8]) };
+            for (key, value) in msg.headers() {
+                if is_bin && key == CONTENT_LENGTH {
+                    is_bin = false;
+                    continue;
                }
-                buffer.advance_mut(pos);
+                has_date = has_date || key == DATE;
+                let v = value.as_ref();
+                let k = key.as_str().as_bytes();
+                let len = k.len() + v.len() + 4;
+                if len > remaining {
+                    unsafe { buffer.advance_mut(pos) };
+                    pos = 0;
+                    buffer.reserve(len);
+                    remaining = buffer.remaining_mut();
+                    buf = unsafe { &mut *(buffer.bytes_mut() as *mut _) };
+                }
+
+                buf[pos..pos + k.len()].copy_from_slice(k);
+                pos += k.len();
+                buf[pos..pos + 2].copy_from_slice(b": ");
+                pos += 2;
+                buf[pos..pos + v.len()].copy_from_slice(v);
+                pos += v.len();
+                buf[pos..pos + 2].copy_from_slice(b"\r\n");
+                pos += 2;
+                remaining -= len;
            }
+            unsafe { buffer.advance_mut(pos) };

            // optimized date header, set_date writes \r\n
            if !has_date {
-                self.settings.set_date(&mut buffer, true);
+                self.settings.set_date(&mut buffer);
            } else {
                // msg eof
-                buffer.extend_from_slice(b"\r\n");
+                SharedBytes::extend_from_slice_(buffer, b"\r\n");
            }
            self.headers_size = buffer.len() as u32;
        }

        if let Body::Binary(bytes) = body {
            self.written = bytes.len() as u64;
-            self.buffer.write(bytes.as_ref())?;
+            self.encoder.write(bytes)?;
        } else {
            // capacity, makes sense only for streaming or actor
            self.buffer_capacity = msg.write_buffer_capacity();
@@ -259,7 +233,7 @@ impl<T: AsyncWrite, H: 'static> Writer for H1Writer<T, H> {
        Ok(WriterState::Done)
    }

-    fn write(&mut self, payload: &Binary) -> io::Result<WriterState> {
+    fn write(&mut self, payload: Binary) -> io::Result<WriterState> {
        self.written += payload.len() as u64;
        if !self.flags.contains(Flags::DISCONNECTED) {
            if self.flags.contains(Flags::STARTED) {
@@ -267,30 +241,21 @@ impl<T: AsyncWrite, H: 'static> Writer for H1Writer<T, H> {
                if self.flags.contains(Flags::UPGRADE) {
                    if self.buffer.is_empty() {
                        let pl: &[u8] = payload.as_ref();
-                        let n = match Self::write_data(&mut self.stream, pl) {
-                            Err(err) => {
-                                if err.kind() == io::ErrorKind::WriteZero {
-                                    self.disconnected();
-                                }
-
-                                return Err(err);
-                            }
-                            Ok(val) => val,
-                        };
+                        let n = self.write_data(pl)?;
                        if n < pl.len() {
-                            self.buffer.write(&pl[n..])?;
+                            self.buffer.extend_from_slice(&pl[n..]);
                            return Ok(WriterState::Done);
                        }
                    } else {
-                        self.buffer.write(payload.as_ref())?;
+                        self.buffer.extend(payload);
                    }
                } else {
                    // TODO: add warning, write after EOF
-                    self.buffer.write(payload.as_ref())?;
+                    self.encoder.write(payload)?;
                }
            } else {
                // could be response to EXCEPT header
-                self.buffer.write(payload.as_ref())?;
+                self.buffer.extend_from_slice(payload.as_ref())
            }
        }

@@ -302,7 +267,7 @@ impl<T: AsyncWrite, H: 'static> Writer for H1Writer<T, H> {
    }

    fn write_eof(&mut self) -> io::Result<WriterState> {
-        if !self.buffer.write_eof()? {
+        if !self.encoder.write_eof()? {
            Err(io::Error::new(
                io::ErrorKind::Other,
                "Last payload item, but eof is not reached",
@@ -317,18 +282,9 @@ impl<T: AsyncWrite, H: 'static> Writer for H1Writer<T, H> {
    #[inline]
    fn poll_completed(&mut self, shutdown: bool) -> Poll<(), io::Error> {
        if !self.buffer.is_empty() {
-            let written = {
-                match Self::write_data(&mut self.stream, self.buffer.as_ref().as_ref()) {
-                    Err(err) => {
-                        if err.kind() == io::ErrorKind::WriteZero {
-                            self.disconnected();
-                        }
-
-                        return Err(err);
-                    }
-                    Ok(val) => val,
-                }
-            };
+            let buf: &[u8] =
+                unsafe { &mut *(self.buffer.as_ref() as *const _ as *mut _) };
+            let written = self.write_data(buf)?;
            let _ = self.buffer.split_to(written);
            if shutdown && !self.buffer.is_empty()
                || (self.buffer.len() > self.buffer_capacity)
--- a/src/server/h2.rs
+++ b/src/server/h2.rs
@@ -1,26 +1,31 @@
+#![cfg_attr(feature = "cargo-clippy", allow(redundant_field_names))]
+
 use std::collections::VecDeque;
 use std::io::{Read, Write};
 use std::net::SocketAddr;
 use std::rc::Rc;
-use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
+use std::time::Duration;
 use std::{cmp, io, mem};

+use actix::Arbiter;
 use bytes::{Buf, Bytes};
 use futures::{Async, Future, Poll, Stream};
 use http2::server::{self, Connection, Handshake, SendResponse};
 use http2::{Reason, RecvStream};
 use modhttp::request::Parts;
+use tokio_core::reactor::Timeout;
 use tokio_io::{AsyncRead, AsyncWrite};
-use tokio_timer::Delay;

-use error::{Error, PayloadError};
-use http::{StatusCode, Version};
+use error::PayloadError;
+use httpmessage::HttpMessage;
+use httprequest::HttpRequest;
+use httpresponse::HttpResponse;
 use payload::{Payload, PayloadStatus, PayloadWriter};
+use pipeline::Pipeline;
 use uri::Url;

-use super::error::ServerError;
+use super::encoding::PayloadType;
 use super::h2writer::H2Writer;
-use super::input::PayloadType;
 use super::settings::WorkerSettings;
 use super::{HttpHandler, HttpHandlerTask, Writer};

@@ -34,14 +39,14 @@ bitflags! {
 pub(crate) struct Http2<T, H>
 where
    T: AsyncRead + AsyncWrite + 'static,
-    H: HttpHandler + 'static,
+    H: 'static,
 {
    flags: Flags,
    settings: Rc<WorkerSettings<H>>,
    addr: Option<SocketAddr>,
    state: State<IoWrapper<T>>,
    tasks: VecDeque<Entry<H>>,
-    keepalive_timer: Option<Delay>,
+    keepalive_timer: Option<Timeout>,
 }

 enum State<T: AsyncRead + AsyncWrite> {
@@ -62,7 +67,7 @@ where
            flags: Flags::empty(),
            tasks: VecDeque::new(),
            state: State::Handshake(server::handshake(IoWrapper {
-                unread: if buf.is_empty() { None } else { Some(buf) },
+                unread: Some(buf),
                inner: io,
            })),
            keepalive_timer: None,
@@ -138,7 +143,7 @@ where
                            break;
                        }
                    } else if !item.flags.contains(EntryFlags::FINISHED) {
-                        match item.task.poll_completed() {
+                        match item.task.poll() {
                            Ok(Async::NotReady) => (),
                            Ok(Async::Ready(_)) => {
                                not_ready = false;
@@ -213,10 +218,9 @@ where
                                    let keep_alive = self.settings.keep_alive();
                                    if keep_alive > 0 && self.keepalive_timer.is_none() {
                                        trace!("Start keep-alive timer");
-                                        let mut timeout = Delay::new(
-                                            Instant::now()
-                                                + Duration::new(keep_alive, 0),
-                                        );
+                                        let mut timeout = Timeout::new(
+                                            Duration::new(keep_alive, 0),
+                                            Arbiter::handle()).unwrap();
                                        // register timeout
                                        let _ = timeout.poll();
                                        self.keepalive_timer = Some(timeout);
@@ -284,41 +288,15 @@ bitflags! {
    }
 }

-enum EntryPipe<H: HttpHandler> {
-    Task(H::Task),
-    Error(Box<HttpHandlerTask>),
-}
-
-impl<H: HttpHandler> EntryPipe<H> {
-    fn disconnected(&mut self) {
-        match *self {
-            EntryPipe::Task(ref mut task) => task.disconnected(),
-            EntryPipe::Error(ref mut task) => task.disconnected(),
-        }
-    }
-    fn poll_io(&mut self, io: &mut Writer) -> Poll<bool, Error> {
-        match *self {
-            EntryPipe::Task(ref mut task) => task.poll_io(io),
-            EntryPipe::Error(ref mut task) => task.poll_io(io),
-        }
-    }
-    fn poll_completed(&mut self) -> Poll<(), Error> {
-        match *self {
-            EntryPipe::Task(ref mut task) => task.poll_completed(),
-            EntryPipe::Error(ref mut task) => task.poll_completed(),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-struct Entry<H: HttpHandler + 'static> {
-    task: EntryPipe<H>,
+struct Entry<H: 'static> {
+    task: Box<HttpHandlerTask>,
    payload: PayloadType,
    recv: RecvStream,
    stream: H2Writer<H>,
    flags: EntryFlags,
 }

-impl<H: HttpHandler + 'static> Entry<H> {
+impl<H: 'static> Entry<H> {
    fn new(
        parts: Parts, recv: RecvStream, resp: SendResponse<Bytes>,
        addr: Option<SocketAddr>, settings: &Rc<WorkerSettings<H>>,
@@ -329,41 +307,39 @@ impl<H: HttpHandler + 'static> Entry<H> {
        // Payload and Content-Encoding
        let (psender, payload) = Payload::new(false);

-        let mut msg = settings.get_request();
-        {
-            let inner = msg.inner_mut();
-            inner.url = Url::new(parts.uri);
-            inner.method = parts.method;
-            inner.version = parts.version;
-            inner.headers = parts.headers;
-            *inner.payload.borrow_mut() = Some(payload);
-            inner.addr = addr;
-        }
+        let msg = settings.get_http_message();
+        msg.get_mut().url = Url::new(parts.uri);
+        msg.get_mut().method = parts.method;
+        msg.get_mut().version = parts.version;
+        msg.get_mut().headers = parts.headers;
+        msg.get_mut().payload = Some(payload);
+        msg.get_mut().addr = addr;
+
+        let mut req = HttpRequest::from_message(msg);

        // Payload sender
-        let psender = PayloadType::new(msg.headers(), psender);
+        let psender = PayloadType::new(req.headers(), psender);

        // start request processing
        let mut task = None;
        for h in settings.handlers().iter_mut() {
-            msg = match h.handle(msg) {
+            req = match h.handle(req) {
                Ok(t) => {
                    task = Some(t);
                    break;
                }
-                Err(msg) => msg,
+                Err(req) => req,
            }
        }

        Entry {
-            task: task.map(EntryPipe::Task).unwrap_or_else(|| {
-                EntryPipe::Error(ServerError::err(
-                    Version::HTTP_2,
-                    StatusCode::NOT_FOUND,
-                ))
-            }),
+            task: task.unwrap_or_else(|| Pipeline::error(HttpResponse::NotFound())),
            payload: psender,
-            stream: H2Writer::new(resp, Rc::clone(settings)),
+            stream: H2Writer::new(
+                resp,
+                settings.get_shared_bytes(),
+                Rc::clone(settings),
+            ),
            flags: EntryFlags::empty(),
            recv,
        }
--- a/src/server/h2writer.rs
+++ b/src/server/h2writer.rs
@@ -9,15 +9,16 @@ use std::rc::Rc;
 use std::{cmp, io};

 use http::header::{HeaderValue, CONNECTION, CONTENT_LENGTH, DATE, TRANSFER_ENCODING};
-use http::{HttpTryFrom, Method, Version};
+use http::{HttpTryFrom, Version};

+use super::encoding::ContentEncoder;
 use super::helpers;
-use super::message::Request;
-use super::output::{Output, ResponseInfo};
 use super::settings::WorkerSettings;
+use super::shared::SharedBytes;
 use super::{Writer, WriterState, MAX_WRITE_BUFFER_SIZE};
 use body::{Binary, Body};
 use header::ContentEncoding;
+use httprequest::HttpInnerMessage;
 use httpresponse::HttpResponse;

 const CHUNK_SIZE: usize = 16_384;
@@ -34,25 +35,27 @@ bitflags! {
 pub(crate) struct H2Writer<H: 'static> {
    respond: SendResponse<Bytes>,
    stream: Option<SendStream<Bytes>>,
+    encoder: ContentEncoder,
    flags: Flags,
    written: u64,
-    buffer: Output,
+    buffer: SharedBytes,
    buffer_capacity: usize,
    settings: Rc<WorkerSettings<H>>,
 }

 impl<H: 'static> H2Writer<H> {
    pub fn new(
-        respond: SendResponse<Bytes>, settings: Rc<WorkerSettings<H>>,
+        respond: SendResponse<Bytes>, buf: SharedBytes, settings: Rc<WorkerSettings<H>>,
    ) -> H2Writer<H> {
        H2Writer {
-            stream: None,
-            flags: Flags::empty(),
-            written: 0,
-            buffer: Output::Buffer(settings.get_bytes()),
-            buffer_capacity: 0,
            respond,
            settings,
+            stream: None,
+            encoder: ContentEncoder::empty(buf.clone()),
+            flags: Flags::empty(),
+            written: 0,
+            buffer: buf,
+            buffer_capacity: 0,
        }
    }

@@ -63,34 +66,29 @@ impl<H: 'static> H2Writer<H> {
    }
 }

-impl<H: 'static> Drop for H2Writer<H> {
-    fn drop(&mut self) {
-        self.settings.release_bytes(self.buffer.take());
-    }
-}
-
 impl<H: 'static> Writer for H2Writer<H> {
    fn written(&self) -> u64 {
        self.written
    }

    #[inline]
-    fn set_date(&mut self) {
-        self.settings.set_date(self.buffer.as_mut(), true)
+    fn set_date(&self, dst: &mut BytesMut) {
+        self.settings.set_date(dst)
    }

    #[inline]
-    fn buffer(&mut self) -> &mut BytesMut {
-        self.buffer.as_mut()
+    fn buffer(&self) -> &mut BytesMut {
+        self.buffer.get_mut()
    }

    fn start(
-        &mut self, req: &Request, msg: &mut HttpResponse, encoding: ContentEncoding,
+        &mut self, req: &mut HttpInnerMessage, msg: &mut HttpResponse,
+        encoding: ContentEncoding,
    ) -> io::Result<WriterState> {
        // prepare response
        self.flags.insert(Flags::STARTED);
-        let mut info = ResponseInfo::new(req.inner.method == Method::HEAD);
-        self.buffer.for_server(&mut info, &req.inner, msg, encoding);
+        self.encoder =
+            ContentEncoder::for_server(self.buffer.clone(), req, msg, encoding);

        // http2 specific
        msg.headers_mut().remove(CONNECTION);
@@ -99,7 +97,7 @@ impl<H: 'static> Writer for H2Writer<H> {
        // using helpers::date is quite a lot faster
        if !msg.headers().contains_key(DATE) {
            let mut bytes = BytesMut::with_capacity(29);
-            self.settings.set_date(&mut bytes, false);
+            self.settings.set_date_simple(&mut bytes);
            msg.headers_mut()
                .insert(DATE, HeaderValue::try_from(bytes.freeze()).unwrap());
        }
@@ -152,7 +150,7 @@ impl<H: 'static> Writer for H2Writer<H> {
            } else {
                self.flags.insert(Flags::EOF);
                self.written = bytes.len() as u64;
-                self.buffer.write(bytes.as_ref())?;
+                self.encoder.write(bytes)?;
                if let Some(ref mut stream) = self.stream {
                    self.flags.insert(Flags::RESERVED);
                    stream.reserve_capacity(cmp::min(self.buffer.len(), CHUNK_SIZE));
@@ -166,16 +164,16 @@ impl<H: 'static> Writer for H2Writer<H> {
        }
    }

-    fn write(&mut self, payload: &Binary) -> io::Result<WriterState> {
+    fn write(&mut self, payload: Binary) -> io::Result<WriterState> {
        self.written = payload.len() as u64;

        if !self.flags.contains(Flags::DISCONNECTED) {
            if self.flags.contains(Flags::STARTED) {
                // TODO: add warning, write after EOF
-                self.buffer.write(payload.as_ref())?;
+                self.encoder.write(payload)?;
            } else {
                // might be response for EXCEPT
-                error!("Not supported");
+                self.buffer.extend_from_slice(payload.as_ref())
            }
        }

@@ -188,7 +186,7 @@ impl<H: 'static> Writer for H2Writer<H> {

    fn write_eof(&mut self) -> io::Result<WriterState> {
        self.flags.insert(Flags::EOF);
-        if !self.buffer.write_eof()? {
+        if !self.encoder.write_eof()? {
            Err(io::Error::new(
                io::ErrorKind::Other,
                "Last payload item, but eof is not reached",
--- a/src/server/helpers.rs
+++ b/src/server/helpers.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,94 @@
 use bytes::{BufMut, BytesMut};
 use http::Version;
+use std::cell::RefCell;
+use std::collections::VecDeque;
+use std::rc::Rc;
 use std::{mem, ptr, slice};

+use httprequest::HttpInnerMessage;
+
+/// Internal use only! unsafe
+pub(crate) struct SharedMessagePool(RefCell<VecDeque<Rc<HttpInnerMessage>>>);
+
+impl SharedMessagePool {
+    pub fn new() -> SharedMessagePool {
+        SharedMessagePool(RefCell::new(VecDeque::with_capacity(128)))
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get(&self) -> Rc<HttpInnerMessage> {
+        if let Some(msg) = self.0.borrow_mut().pop_front() {
+            msg
+        } else {
+            Rc::new(HttpInnerMessage::default())
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn release(&self, mut msg: Rc<HttpInnerMessage>) {
+        let v = &mut self.0.borrow_mut();
+        if v.len() < 128 {
+            Rc::get_mut(&mut msg).unwrap().reset();
+            v.push_front(msg);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) struct SharedHttpInnerMessage(
+    Option<Rc<HttpInnerMessage>>,
+    Option<Rc<SharedMessagePool>>,
+);
+
+impl Drop for SharedHttpInnerMessage {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        if let Some(ref pool) = self.1 {
+            if let Some(msg) = self.0.take() {
+                if Rc::strong_count(&msg) == 1 {
+                    pool.release(msg);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Clone for SharedHttpInnerMessage {
+    fn clone(&self) -> SharedHttpInnerMessage {
+        SharedHttpInnerMessage(self.0.clone(), self.1.clone())
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for SharedHttpInnerMessage {
+    fn default() -> SharedHttpInnerMessage {
+        SharedHttpInnerMessage(Some(Rc::new(HttpInnerMessage::default())), None)
+    }
+}
+
+impl SharedHttpInnerMessage {
+    pub fn from_message(msg: HttpInnerMessage) -> SharedHttpInnerMessage {
+        SharedHttpInnerMessage(Some(Rc::new(msg)), None)
+    }
+
+    pub fn new(
+        msg: Rc<HttpInnerMessage>, pool: Rc<SharedMessagePool>,
+    ) -> SharedHttpInnerMessage {
+        SharedHttpInnerMessage(Some(msg), Some(pool))
+    }
+
+    #[inline(always)]
+    #[allow(mutable_transmutes)]
+    #[cfg_attr(feature = "cargo-clippy", allow(mut_from_ref, inline_always))]
+    pub fn get_mut(&self) -> &mut HttpInnerMessage {
+        let r: &HttpInnerMessage = self.0.as_ref().unwrap().as_ref();
+        unsafe { &mut *(r as *const _ as *mut _) }
+    }
+
+    #[inline(always)]
+    #[cfg_attr(feature = "cargo-clippy", allow(inline_always))]
+    pub fn get_ref(&self) -> &HttpInnerMessage {
+        self.0.as_ref().unwrap()
+    }
+}
+
 const DEC_DIGITS_LUT: &[u8] = b"0001020304050607080910111213141516171819\
      2021222324252627282930313233343536373839\
      4041424344454647484950515253545556575859\
@@ -105,14 +192,14 @@ pub fn write_content_length(mut n: usize, bytes: &mut BytesMut) {
 }

 pub(crate) fn convert_usize(mut n: usize, bytes: &mut BytesMut) {
-    unsafe {
-        let mut curr: isize = 39;
-        let mut buf: [u8; 41] = mem::uninitialized();
-        buf[39] = b'\r';
-        buf[40] = b'\n';
-        let buf_ptr = buf.as_mut_ptr();
-        let lut_ptr = DEC_DIGITS_LUT.as_ptr();
+    let mut curr: isize = 39;
+    let mut buf: [u8; 41] = unsafe { mem::uninitialized() };
+    buf[39] = b'\r';
+    buf[40] = b'\n';
+    let buf_ptr = buf.as_mut_ptr();
+    let lut_ptr = DEC_DIGITS_LUT.as_ptr();

+    unsafe {
        // eagerly decode 4 characters at a time
        while n >= 10_000 {
            let rem = (n % 10_000) as isize;
@@ -145,7 +232,9 @@ pub(crate) fn convert_usize(mut n: usize, bytes: &mut BytesMut) {
            curr -= 2;
            ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(lut_ptr.offset(d1), buf_ptr.offset(curr), 2);
        }
+    }

+    unsafe {
        bytes.extend_from_slice(slice::from_raw_parts(
            buf_ptr.offset(curr),
            41 - curr as usize,
--- a/src/server/input.rs
+++ b/src/server/input.rs
@@ -1,357 +0,0 @@
-use std::io::{Read, Write};
-use std::{cmp, io};
-
-#[cfg(feature = "brotli")]
-use brotli2::write::BrotliDecoder;
-use bytes::{BufMut, Bytes, BytesMut};
-use error::PayloadError;
-#[cfg(feature = "flate2")]
-use flate2::read::GzDecoder;
-#[cfg(feature = "flate2")]
-use flate2::write::DeflateDecoder;
-use header::ContentEncoding;
-use http::header::{HeaderMap, CONTENT_ENCODING};
-use payload::{PayloadSender, PayloadStatus, PayloadWriter};
-
-pub(crate) enum PayloadType {
-    Sender(PayloadSender),
-    Encoding(Box<EncodedPayload>),
-}
-
-impl PayloadType {
-    #[cfg(any(feature = "brotli", feature = "flate2"))]
-    pub fn new(headers: &HeaderMap, sender: PayloadSender) -> PayloadType {
-        // check content-encoding
-        let enc = if let Some(enc) = headers.get(CONTENT_ENCODING) {
-            if let Ok(enc) = enc.to_str() {
-                ContentEncoding::from(enc)
-            } else {
-                ContentEncoding::Auto
-            }
-        } else {
-            ContentEncoding::Auto
-        };
-
-        match enc {
-            ContentEncoding::Auto | ContentEncoding::Identity => {
-                PayloadType::Sender(sender)
-            }
-            _ => PayloadType::Encoding(Box::new(EncodedPayload::new(sender, enc))),
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[cfg(not(any(feature = "brotli", feature = "flate2")))]
-    pub fn new(headers: &HeaderMap, sender: PayloadSender) -> PayloadType {
-        PayloadType::Sender(sender)
-    }
-}
-
-impl PayloadWriter for PayloadType {
-    #[inline]
-    fn set_error(&mut self, err: PayloadError) {
-        match *self {
-            PayloadType::Sender(ref mut sender) => sender.set_error(err),
-            PayloadType::Encoding(ref mut enc) => enc.set_error(err),
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    fn feed_eof(&mut self) {
-        match *self {
-            PayloadType::Sender(ref mut sender) => sender.feed_eof(),
-            PayloadType::Encoding(ref mut enc) => enc.feed_eof(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    fn feed_data(&mut self, data: Bytes) {
-        match *self {
-            PayloadType::Sender(ref mut sender) => sender.feed_data(data),
-            PayloadType::Encoding(ref mut enc) => enc.feed_data(data),
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    fn need_read(&self) -> PayloadStatus {
-        match *self {
-            PayloadType::Sender(ref sender) => sender.need_read(),
-            PayloadType::Encoding(ref enc) => enc.need_read(),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// Payload wrapper with content decompression support
-pub(crate) struct EncodedPayload {
-    inner: PayloadSender,
-    error: bool,
-    payload: PayloadStream,
-}
-
-impl EncodedPayload {
-    pub fn new(inner: PayloadSender, enc: ContentEncoding) -> EncodedPayload {
-        EncodedPayload {
-            inner,
-            error: false,
-            payload: PayloadStream::new(enc),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl PayloadWriter for EncodedPayload {
-    fn set_error(&mut self, err: PayloadError) {
-        self.inner.set_error(err)
-    }
-
-    fn feed_eof(&mut self) {
-        if !self.error {
-            match self.payload.feed_eof() {
-                Err(err) => {
-                    self.error = true;
-                    self.set_error(PayloadError::Io(err));
-                }
-                Ok(value) => {
-                    if let Some(b) = value {
-                        self.inner.feed_data(b);
-                    }
-                    self.inner.feed_eof();
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn feed_data(&mut self, data: Bytes) {
-        if self.error {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        match self.payload.feed_data(data) {
-            Ok(Some(b)) => self.inner.feed_data(b),
-            Ok(None) => (),
-            Err(e) => {
-                self.error = true;
-                self.set_error(e.into());
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    fn need_read(&self) -> PayloadStatus {
-        self.inner.need_read()
-    }
-}
-
-pub(crate) enum Decoder {
-    #[cfg(feature = "flate2")]
-    Deflate(Box<DeflateDecoder<Writer>>),
-    #[cfg(feature = "flate2")]
-    Gzip(Option<Box<GzDecoder<Wrapper>>>),
-    #[cfg(feature = "brotli")]
-    Br(Box<BrotliDecoder<Writer>>),
-    Identity,
-}
-
-// should go after write::GzDecoder get implemented
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub(crate) struct Wrapper {
-    pub buf: BytesMut,
-    pub eof: bool,
-}
-
-impl io::Read for Wrapper {
-    fn read(&mut self, buf: &mut [u8]) -> io::Result<usize> {
-        let len = cmp::min(buf.len(), self.buf.len());
-        buf[..len].copy_from_slice(&self.buf[..len]);
-        self.buf.split_to(len);
-        if len == 0 {
-            if self.eof {
-                Ok(0)
-            } else {
-                Err(io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock, ""))
-            }
-        } else {
-            Ok(len)
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl io::Write for Wrapper {
-    fn write(&mut self, buf: &[u8]) -> io::Result<usize> {
-        self.buf.extend_from_slice(buf);
-        Ok(buf.len())
-    }
-    fn flush(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
-pub(crate) struct Writer {
-    buf: BytesMut,
-}
-
-impl Writer {
-    fn new() -> Writer {
-        Writer {
-            buf: BytesMut::with_capacity(8192),
-        }
-    }
-    fn take(&mut self) -> Bytes {
-        self.buf.take().freeze()
-    }
-}
-
-impl io::Write for Writer {
-    fn write(&mut self, buf: &[u8]) -> io::Result<usize> {
-        self.buf.extend_from_slice(buf);
-        Ok(buf.len())
-    }
-    fn flush(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
-/// Payload stream with decompression support
-pub(crate) struct PayloadStream {
-    decoder: Decoder,
-    dst: BytesMut,
-}
-
-impl PayloadStream {
-    pub fn new(enc: ContentEncoding) -> PayloadStream {
-        let dec = match enc {
-            #[cfg(feature = "brotli")]
-            ContentEncoding::Br => {
-                Decoder::Br(Box::new(BrotliDecoder::new(Writer::new())))
-            }
-            #[cfg(feature = "flate2")]
-            ContentEncoding::Deflate => {
-                Decoder::Deflate(Box::new(DeflateDecoder::new(Writer::new())))
-            }
-            #[cfg(feature = "flate2")]
-            ContentEncoding::Gzip => Decoder::Gzip(None),
-            _ => Decoder::Identity,
-        };
-        PayloadStream {
-            decoder: dec,
-            dst: BytesMut::new(),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl PayloadStream {
-    pub fn feed_eof(&mut self) -> io::Result<Option<Bytes>> {
-        match self.decoder {
-            #[cfg(feature = "brotli")]
-            Decoder::Br(ref mut decoder) => match decoder.finish() {
-                Ok(mut writer) => {
-                    let b = writer.take();
-                    if !b.is_empty() {
-                        Ok(Some(b))
-                    } else {
-                        Ok(None)
-                    }
-                }
-                Err(e) => Err(e),
-            },
-            #[cfg(feature = "flate2")]
-            Decoder::Gzip(ref mut decoder) => {
-                if let Some(ref mut decoder) = *decoder {
-                    decoder.as_mut().get_mut().eof = true;
-
-                    self.dst.reserve(8192);
-                    match decoder.read(unsafe { self.dst.bytes_mut() }) {
-                        Ok(n) => {
-                            unsafe { self.dst.advance_mut(n) };
-                            return Ok(Some(self.dst.take().freeze()));
-                        }
-                        Err(e) => return Err(e),
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    Ok(None)
-                }
-            }
-            #[cfg(feature = "flate2")]
-            Decoder::Deflate(ref mut decoder) => match decoder.try_finish() {
-                Ok(_) => {
-                    let b = decoder.get_mut().take();
-                    if !b.is_empty() {
-                        Ok(Some(b))
-                    } else {
-                        Ok(None)
-                    }
-                }
-                Err(e) => Err(e),
-            },
-            Decoder::Identity => Ok(None),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn feed_data(&mut self, data: Bytes) -> io::Result<Option<Bytes>> {
-        match self.decoder {
-            #[cfg(feature = "brotli")]
-            Decoder::Br(ref mut decoder) => match decoder.write_all(&data) {
-                Ok(_) => {
-                    decoder.flush()?;
-                    let b = decoder.get_mut().take();
-                    if !b.is_empty() {
-                        Ok(Some(b))
-                    } else {
-                        Ok(None)
-                    }
-                }
-                Err(e) => Err(e),
-            },
-            #[cfg(feature = "flate2")]
-            Decoder::Gzip(ref mut decoder) => {
-                if decoder.is_none() {
-                    *decoder = Some(Box::new(GzDecoder::new(Wrapper {
-                        buf: BytesMut::from(data),
-                        eof: false,
-                    })));
-                } else {
-                    let _ = decoder.as_mut().unwrap().write(&data);
-                }
-
-                loop {
-                    self.dst.reserve(8192);
-                    match decoder
-                        .as_mut()
-                        .as_mut()
-                        .unwrap()
-                        .read(unsafe { self.dst.bytes_mut() })
-                    {
-                        Ok(n) => {
-                            if n != 0 {
-                                unsafe { self.dst.advance_mut(n) };
-                            }
-                            if n == 0 {
-                                return Ok(Some(self.dst.take().freeze()));
-                            }
-                        }
-                        Err(e) => {
-                            if e.kind() == io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock
-                                && !self.dst.is_empty()
-                            {
-                                return Ok(Some(self.dst.take().freeze()));
-                            }
-                            return Err(e);
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            #[cfg(feature = "flate2")]
-            Decoder::Deflate(ref mut decoder) => match decoder.write_all(&data) {
-                Ok(_) => {
-                    decoder.flush()?;
-                    let b = decoder.get_mut().take();
-                    if !b.is_empty() {
-                        Ok(Some(b))
-                    } else {
-                        Ok(None)
-                    }
-                }
-                Err(e) => Err(e),
-            },
-            Decoder::Identity => Ok(Some(data)),
-        }
-    }
-}
--- a/src/server/message.rs
+++ b/src/server/message.rs
@@ -1,255 +0,0 @@
-use std::cell::{Cell, Ref, RefCell, RefMut};
-use std::collections::VecDeque;
-use std::net::SocketAddr;
-use std::rc::Rc;
-
-use http::{header, HeaderMap, Method, Uri, Version};
-
-use extensions::Extensions;
-use httpmessage::HttpMessage;
-use info::ConnectionInfo;
-use payload::Payload;
-use server::ServerSettings;
-use uri::Url as InnerUrl;
-
-bitflags! {
-    pub(crate) struct MessageFlags: u8 {
-        const KEEPALIVE = 0b0000_0001;
-        const CONN_INFO = 0b0000_0010;
-    }
-}
-
-/// Request's context
-pub struct Request {
-    pub(crate) inner: Rc<InnerRequest>,
-}
-
-pub(crate) struct InnerRequest {
-    pub(crate) version: Version,
-    pub(crate) method: Method,
-    pub(crate) url: InnerUrl,
-    pub(crate) flags: Cell<MessageFlags>,
-    pub(crate) headers: HeaderMap,
-    pub(crate) extensions: RefCell<Extensions>,
-    pub(crate) addr: Option<SocketAddr>,
-    pub(crate) info: RefCell<ConnectionInfo>,
-    pub(crate) payload: RefCell<Option<Payload>>,
-    pub(crate) settings: ServerSettings,
-    pool: &'static RequestPool,
-}
-
-impl InnerRequest {
-    #[inline]
-    /// Reset request instance
-    pub fn reset(&mut self) {
-        self.headers.clear();
-        self.extensions.borrow_mut().clear();
-        self.flags.set(MessageFlags::empty());
-        *self.payload.borrow_mut() = None;
-    }
-}
-
-impl HttpMessage for Request {
-    type Stream = Payload;
-
-    fn headers(&self) -> &HeaderMap {
-        &self.inner.headers
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    fn payload(&self) -> Payload {
-        if let Some(payload) = self.inner.payload.borrow_mut().take() {
-            payload
-        } else {
-            Payload::empty()
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl Request {
-    /// Create new RequestContext instance
-    pub(crate) fn new(pool: &'static RequestPool, settings: ServerSettings) -> Request {
-        Request {
-            inner: Rc::new(InnerRequest {
-                pool,
-                settings,
-                method: Method::GET,
-                url: InnerUrl::default(),
-                version: Version::HTTP_11,
-                headers: HeaderMap::with_capacity(16),
-                flags: Cell::new(MessageFlags::empty()),
-                addr: None,
-                info: RefCell::new(ConnectionInfo::default()),
-                payload: RefCell::new(None),
-                extensions: RefCell::new(Extensions::new()),
-            }),
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub(crate) fn inner(&self) -> &InnerRequest {
-        self.inner.as_ref()
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub(crate) fn inner_mut(&mut self) -> &mut InnerRequest {
-        Rc::get_mut(&mut self.inner).expect("Multiple copies exist")
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub(crate) fn url(&self) -> &InnerUrl {
-        &self.inner().url
-    }
-
-    /// Read the Request Uri.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn uri(&self) -> &Uri {
-        self.inner().url.uri()
-    }
-
-    /// Read the Request method.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn method(&self) -> &Method {
-        &self.inner().method
-    }
-
-    /// Read the Request Version.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn version(&self) -> Version {
-        self.inner().version
-    }
-
-    /// The target path of this Request.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn path(&self) -> &str {
-        self.inner().url.path()
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    /// Returns Request's headers.
-    pub fn headers(&self) -> &HeaderMap {
-        &self.inner().headers
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    /// Returns mutable Request's headers.
-    pub fn headers_mut(&mut self) -> &mut HeaderMap {
-        &mut self.inner_mut().headers
-    }
-
-    /// Peer socket address
-    ///
-    /// Peer address is actual socket address, if proxy is used in front of
-    /// actix http server, then peer address would be address of this proxy.
-    ///
-    /// To get client connection information `connection_info()` method should
-    /// be used.
-    pub fn peer_addr(&self) -> Option<SocketAddr> {
-        self.inner().addr
-    }
-
-    /// Checks if a connection should be kept alive.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn keep_alive(&self) -> bool {
-        self.inner().flags.get().contains(MessageFlags::KEEPALIVE)
-    }
-
-    /// Request extensions
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn extensions(&self) -> Ref<Extensions> {
-        self.inner().extensions.borrow()
-    }
-
-    /// Mutable reference to a the request's extensions
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn extensions_mut(&self) -> RefMut<Extensions> {
-        self.inner().extensions.borrow_mut()
-    }
-
-    /// Check if request requires connection upgrade
-    pub fn upgrade(&self) -> bool {
-        if let Some(conn) = self.inner().headers.get(header::CONNECTION) {
-            if let Ok(s) = conn.to_str() {
-                return s.to_lowercase().contains("upgrade");
-            }
-        }
-        self.inner().method == Method::CONNECT
-    }
-
-    /// Get *ConnectionInfo* for the correct request.
-    pub fn connection_info(&self) -> Ref<ConnectionInfo> {
-        if self.inner().flags.get().contains(MessageFlags::CONN_INFO) {
-            self.inner().info.borrow()
-        } else {
-            let mut flags = self.inner().flags.get();
-            flags.insert(MessageFlags::CONN_INFO);
-            self.inner().flags.set(flags);
-            self.inner().info.borrow_mut().update(self);
-            self.inner().info.borrow()
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Server settings
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn server_settings(&self) -> &ServerSettings {
-        &self.inner().settings
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn clone(&self) -> Self {
-        Request {
-            inner: self.inner.clone(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn release(self) {
-        let mut inner = self.inner;
-        if let Some(r) = Rc::get_mut(&mut inner) {
-            r.reset();
-        } else {
-            return;
-        }
-        inner.pool.release(inner);
-    }
-}
-
-pub(crate) struct RequestPool(
-    RefCell<VecDeque<Rc<InnerRequest>>>,
-    RefCell<ServerSettings>,
-);
-
-thread_local!(static POOL: &'static RequestPool = RequestPool::create());
-
-impl RequestPool {
-    fn create() -> &'static RequestPool {
-        let pool = RequestPool(
-            RefCell::new(VecDeque::with_capacity(128)),
-            RefCell::new(ServerSettings::default()),
-        );
-        Box::leak(Box::new(pool))
-    }
-
-    pub fn pool(settings: ServerSettings) -> &'static RequestPool {
-        POOL.with(|p| {
-            *p.1.borrow_mut() = settings;
-            *p
-        })
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn get(pool: &'static RequestPool) -> Request {
-        if let Some(msg) = pool.0.borrow_mut().pop_front() {
-            Request { inner: msg }
-        } else {
-            Request::new(pool, pool.1.borrow().clone())
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    /// Release request instance
-    pub fn release(&self, msg: Rc<InnerRequest>) {
-        let v = &mut self.0.borrow_mut();
-        if v.len() < 128 {
-            v.push_front(msg);
-        }
-    }
-}
--- a/src/server/mod.rs
+++ b/src/server/mod.rs
@@ -2,55 +2,53 @@
 use std::net::Shutdown;
 use std::{io, time};

-use bytes::{BufMut, BytesMut};
+use actix;
+use bytes::BytesMut;
 use futures::{Async, Poll};
+use tokio_core::net::TcpStream;
 use tokio_io::{AsyncRead, AsyncWrite};
-use tokio_tcp::TcpStream;

 mod channel;
-mod error;
+pub(crate) mod encoding;
 pub(crate) mod h1;
 pub(crate) mod h1decoder;
 mod h1writer;
 mod h2;
 mod h2writer;
 pub(crate) mod helpers;
-pub(crate) mod input;
-pub(crate) mod message;
-pub(crate) mod output;
-pub(crate) mod settings;
+mod settings;
+pub(crate) mod shared;
 mod srv;
+pub(crate) mod utils;
 mod worker;

-pub use self::message::Request;
 pub use self::settings::ServerSettings;
 pub use self::srv::HttpServer;

 #[doc(hidden)]
 pub use self::helpers::write_content_length;

-use actix::Message;
 use body::Binary;
 use error::Error;
 use header::ContentEncoding;
+use httprequest::{HttpInnerMessage, HttpRequest};
 use httpresponse::HttpResponse;

 /// max buffer size 64k
 pub(crate) const MAX_WRITE_BUFFER_SIZE: usize = 65_536;

-const LW_BUFFER_SIZE: usize = 4096;
-const HW_BUFFER_SIZE: usize = 32_768;
-
 /// Create new http server with application factory.
 ///
 /// This is shortcut for `server::HttpServer::new()` method.
 ///
 /// ```rust
+/// # extern crate actix;
 /// # extern crate actix_web;
-/// use actix_web::{actix, server, App, HttpResponse};
+/// use actix::*;
+/// use actix_web::{server, App, HttpResponse};
 ///
 /// fn main() {
-///     let sys = actix::System::new("example");  // <- create Actix system
+///     let sys = actix::System::new("guide");
 ///
 ///     server::new(
 ///         || App::new()
@@ -58,8 +56,8 @@ const HW_BUFFER_SIZE: usize = 32_768;
 ///         .bind("127.0.0.1:59090").unwrap()
 ///         .start();
 ///
-/// #       actix::System::current().stop();
-///     sys.run();
+///     #     actix::Arbiter::system().do_send(actix::msgs::SystemExit(0));
+///     let _ = sys.run();
 /// }
 /// ```
 pub fn new<F, U, H>(factory: F) -> HttpServer<H>
@@ -115,36 +113,30 @@ pub struct ResumeServer;
 ///
 /// If server starts with `spawn()` method, then spawned thread get terminated.
 pub struct StopServer {
-    /// Whether to try and shut down gracefully
    pub graceful: bool,
 }

-impl Message for StopServer {
+impl actix::Message for StopServer {
    type Result = Result<(), ()>;
 }

 /// Low level http request handler
 #[allow(unused_variables)]
 pub trait HttpHandler: 'static {
-    /// Request handling task
-    type Task: HttpHandlerTask;
-
    /// Handle request
-    fn handle(&self, req: Request) -> Result<Self::Task, Request>;
+    fn handle(&mut self, req: HttpRequest) -> Result<Box<HttpHandlerTask>, HttpRequest>;
 }

-impl HttpHandler for Box<HttpHandler<Task = Box<HttpHandlerTask>>> {
-    type Task = Box<HttpHandlerTask>;
-
-    fn handle(&self, req: Request) -> Result<Box<HttpHandlerTask>, Request> {
-        self.as_ref().handle(req)
+impl HttpHandler for Box<HttpHandler> {
+    fn handle(&mut self, req: HttpRequest) -> Result<Box<HttpHandlerTask>, HttpRequest> {
+        self.as_mut().handle(req)
    }
 }

-/// Low level http request handler
+#[doc(hidden)]
 pub trait HttpHandlerTask {
    /// Poll task, this method is used before or after *io* object is available
-    fn poll_completed(&mut self) -> Poll<(), Error> {
+    fn poll(&mut self) -> Poll<(), Error> {
        Ok(Async::Ready(()))
    }

@@ -155,25 +147,19 @@ pub trait HttpHandlerTask {
    fn disconnected(&mut self) {}
 }

-impl HttpHandlerTask for Box<HttpHandlerTask> {
-    fn poll_io(&mut self, io: &mut Writer) -> Poll<bool, Error> {
-        self.as_mut().poll_io(io)
-    }
-}
-
 /// Conversion helper trait
 pub trait IntoHttpHandler {
    /// The associated type which is result of conversion.
    type Handler: HttpHandler;

    /// Convert into `HttpHandler` object.
-    fn into_handler(self) -> Self::Handler;
+    fn into_handler(self, settings: ServerSettings) -> Self::Handler;
 }

 impl<T: HttpHandler> IntoHttpHandler for T {
    type Handler = T;

-    fn into_handler(self) -> Self::Handler {
+    fn into_handler(self, _: ServerSettings) -> Self::Handler {
        self
    }
 }
@@ -192,16 +178,18 @@ pub trait Writer {
    fn written(&self) -> u64;

    #[doc(hidden)]
-    fn set_date(&mut self);
+    fn set_date(&self, st: &mut BytesMut);

    #[doc(hidden)]
-    fn buffer(&mut self) -> &mut BytesMut;
+    #[cfg_attr(feature = "cargo-clippy", allow(mut_from_ref))]
+    fn buffer(&self) -> &mut BytesMut;

    fn start(
-        &mut self, req: &Request, resp: &mut HttpResponse, encoding: ContentEncoding,
+        &mut self, req: &mut HttpInnerMessage, resp: &mut HttpResponse,
+        encoding: ContentEncoding,
    ) -> io::Result<WriterState>;

-    fn write(&mut self, payload: &Binary) -> io::Result<WriterState>;
+    fn write(&mut self, payload: Binary) -> io::Result<WriterState>;

    fn write_eof(&mut self) -> io::Result<WriterState>;

@@ -216,38 +204,6 @@ pub trait IoStream: AsyncRead + AsyncWrite + 'static {
    fn set_nodelay(&mut self, nodelay: bool) -> io::Result<()>;

    fn set_linger(&mut self, dur: Option<time::Duration>) -> io::Result<()>;
-
-    fn read_available(&mut self, buf: &mut BytesMut) -> Poll<bool, io::Error> {
-        let mut read_some = false;
-        loop {
-            if buf.remaining_mut() < LW_BUFFER_SIZE {
-                buf.reserve(HW_BUFFER_SIZE);
-            }
-            unsafe {
-                match self.read(buf.bytes_mut()) {
-                    Ok(n) => {
-                        if n == 0 {
-                            return Ok(Async::Ready(!read_some));
-                        } else {
-                            read_some = true;
-                            buf.advance_mut(n);
-                        }
-                    }
-                    Err(e) => {
-                        return if e.kind() == io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock {
-                            if read_some {
-                                Ok(Async::Ready(false))
-                            } else {
-                                Ok(Async::NotReady)
-                            }
-                        } else {
-                            Err(e)
-                        };
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
 }

 impl IoStream for TcpStream {
--- a/src/server/settings.rs
+++ b/src/server/settings.rs
@@ -1,71 +1,81 @@
+use bytes::BytesMut;
+use futures_cpupool::{Builder, CpuPool};
+use http::StatusCode;
 use std::cell::{Cell, RefCell, RefMut, UnsafeCell};
-use std::collections::VecDeque;
 use std::fmt::Write;
 use std::rc::Rc;
-use std::{env, fmt, net};
-
-use bytes::BytesMut;
-use futures_cpupool::CpuPool;
-use http::StatusCode;
-use lazycell::LazyCell;
-use parking_lot::Mutex;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::{fmt, mem, net};
 use time;

 use super::channel::Node;
-use super::message::{Request, RequestPool};
+use super::helpers;
+use super::shared::{SharedBytes, SharedBytesPool};
 use super::KeepAlive;
 use body::Body;
 use httpresponse::{HttpResponse, HttpResponseBuilder, HttpResponsePool};

-/// Env variable for default cpu pool size
-const ENV_CPU_POOL_VAR: &str = "ACTIX_CPU_POOL";
-
-lazy_static! {
-    pub(crate) static ref DEFAULT_CPUPOOL: Mutex<CpuPool> = {
-        let default = match env::var(ENV_CPU_POOL_VAR) {
-            Ok(val) => {
-                if let Ok(val) = val.parse() {
-                    val
-                } else {
-                    error!("Can not parse ACTIX_CPU_POOL value");
-                    20
-                }
-            }
-            Err(_) => 20,
-        };
-        Mutex::new(CpuPool::new(default))
-    };
-}
-
 /// Various server settings
 pub struct ServerSettings {
    addr: Option<net::SocketAddr>,
    secure: bool,
    host: String,
-    cpu_pool: LazyCell<CpuPool>,
-    responses: &'static HttpResponsePool,
+    cpu_pool: Arc<InnerCpuPool>,
+    responses: Rc<UnsafeCell<HttpResponsePool>>,
 }

+unsafe impl Sync for ServerSettings {}
+unsafe impl Send for ServerSettings {}
+
 impl Clone for ServerSettings {
    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
        ServerSettings {
            addr: self.addr,
            secure: self.secure,
            host: self.host.clone(),
-            cpu_pool: LazyCell::new(),
-            responses: HttpResponsePool::get_pool(),
+            cpu_pool: self.cpu_pool.clone(),
+            responses: HttpResponsePool::pool(),
        }
    }
 }

+struct InnerCpuPool {
+    cpu_pool: UnsafeCell<Option<CpuPool>>,
+}
+
+impl fmt::Debug for InnerCpuPool {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "CpuPool")
+    }
+}
+
+impl InnerCpuPool {
+    fn new() -> Self {
+        InnerCpuPool {
+            cpu_pool: UnsafeCell::new(None),
+        }
+    }
+    fn cpu_pool(&self) -> &CpuPool {
+        unsafe {
+            let val = &mut *self.cpu_pool.get();
+            if val.is_none() {
+                *val = Some(Builder::new().create());
+            }
+            val.as_ref().unwrap()
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+unsafe impl Sync for InnerCpuPool {}
+
 impl Default for ServerSettings {
    fn default() -> Self {
        ServerSettings {
            addr: None,
            secure: false,
            host: "localhost:8080".to_owned(),
-            responses: HttpResponsePool::get_pool(),
-            cpu_pool: LazyCell::new(),
+            responses: HttpResponsePool::pool(),
+            cpu_pool: Arc::new(InnerCpuPool::new()),
        }
    }
 }
@@ -82,8 +92,8 @@ impl ServerSettings {
        } else {
            "localhost".to_owned()
        };
-        let cpu_pool = LazyCell::new();
-        let responses = HttpResponsePool::get_pool();
+        let cpu_pool = Arc::new(InnerCpuPool::new());
+        let responses = HttpResponsePool::pool();
        ServerSettings {
            addr,
            secure,
@@ -93,21 +103,6 @@ impl ServerSettings {
        }
    }

-    pub(crate) fn parts(&self) -> (Option<net::SocketAddr>, String, bool) {
-        (self.addr, self.host.clone(), self.secure)
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn from_parts(parts: (Option<net::SocketAddr>, String, bool)) -> Self {
-        let (addr, host, secure) = parts;
-        ServerSettings {
-            addr,
-            host,
-            secure,
-            cpu_pool: LazyCell::new(),
-            responses: HttpResponsePool::get_pool(),
-        }
-    }
-
    /// Returns the socket address of the local half of this TCP connection
    pub fn local_addr(&self) -> Option<net::SocketAddr> {
        self.addr
@@ -125,7 +120,7 @@ impl ServerSettings {

    /// Returns default `CpuPool` for server
    pub fn cpu_pool(&self) -> &CpuPool {
-        self.cpu_pool.borrow_with(|| DEFAULT_CPUPOOL.lock().clone())
+        self.cpu_pool.cpu_pool()
    }

    #[inline]
@@ -149,16 +144,14 @@ pub(crate) struct WorkerSettings<H> {
    keep_alive: u64,
    ka_enabled: bool,
    bytes: Rc<SharedBytesPool>,
-    messages: &'static RequestPool,
+    messages: Rc<helpers::SharedMessagePool>,
    channels: Cell<usize>,
-    node: RefCell<Node<()>>,
+    node: Box<Node<()>>,
    date: UnsafeCell<Date>,
 }

 impl<H> WorkerSettings<H> {
-    pub(crate) fn new(
-        h: Vec<H>, keep_alive: KeepAlive, settings: ServerSettings,
-    ) -> WorkerSettings<H> {
+    pub(crate) fn new(h: Vec<H>, keep_alive: KeepAlive) -> WorkerSettings<H> {
        let (keep_alive, ka_enabled) = match keep_alive {
            KeepAlive::Timeout(val) => (val as u64, true),
            KeepAlive::Os | KeepAlive::Tcp(_) => (0, true),
@@ -166,14 +159,14 @@ impl<H> WorkerSettings<H> {
        };

        WorkerSettings {
-            h: RefCell::new(h),
-            bytes: Rc::new(SharedBytesPool::new()),
-            messages: RequestPool::pool(settings),
-            channels: Cell::new(0),
-            node: RefCell::new(Node::head()),
-            date: UnsafeCell::new(Date::new()),
            keep_alive,
            ka_enabled,
+            h: RefCell::new(h),
+            bytes: Rc::new(SharedBytesPool::new()),
+            messages: Rc::new(helpers::SharedMessagePool::new()),
+            channels: Cell::new(0),
+            node: Box::new(Node::head()),
+            date: UnsafeCell::new(Date::new()),
        }
    }

@@ -181,8 +174,8 @@ impl<H> WorkerSettings<H> {
        self.channels.get()
    }

-    pub fn head(&self) -> RefMut<Node<()>> {
-        self.node.borrow_mut()
+    pub fn head(&self) -> &Node<()> {
+        &self.node
    }

    pub fn handlers(&self) -> RefMut<Vec<H>> {
@@ -197,16 +190,15 @@ impl<H> WorkerSettings<H> {
        self.ka_enabled
    }

-    pub fn get_bytes(&self) -> BytesMut {
-        self.bytes.get_bytes()
+    pub fn get_shared_bytes(&self) -> SharedBytes {
+        SharedBytes::new(self.bytes.get_bytes(), Rc::clone(&self.bytes))
    }

-    pub fn release_bytes(&self, bytes: BytesMut) {
-        self.bytes.release_bytes(bytes)
-    }
-
-    pub fn get_request(&self) -> Request {
-        RequestPool::get(self.messages)
+    pub fn get_http_message(&self) -> helpers::SharedHttpInnerMessage {
+        helpers::SharedHttpInnerMessage::new(
+            self.messages.get(),
+            Rc::clone(&self.messages),
+        )
    }

    pub fn add_channel(&self) {
@@ -223,22 +215,19 @@ impl<H> WorkerSettings<H> {
    }

    pub fn update_date(&self) {
-        // Unsafe: WorkerSetting is !Sync and !Send
        unsafe { &mut *self.date.get() }.update();
    }

-    pub fn set_date(&self, dst: &mut BytesMut, full: bool) {
-        // Unsafe: WorkerSetting is !Sync and !Send
-        let date_bytes = unsafe { &(*self.date.get()).bytes };
-        if full {
-            let mut buf: [u8; 39] = [0; 39];
-            buf[..6].copy_from_slice(b"date: ");
-            buf[6..35].copy_from_slice(date_bytes);
-            buf[35..].copy_from_slice(b"\r\n\r\n");
-            dst.extend_from_slice(&buf);
-        } else {
-            dst.extend_from_slice(date_bytes);
-        }
+    pub fn set_date(&self, dst: &mut BytesMut) {
+        let mut buf: [u8; 39] = unsafe { mem::uninitialized() };
+        buf[..6].copy_from_slice(b"date: ");
+        buf[6..35].copy_from_slice(&(unsafe { &*self.date.get() }.bytes));
+        buf[35..].copy_from_slice(b"\r\n\r\n");
+        dst.extend_from_slice(&buf);
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_date_simple(&self, dst: &mut BytesMut) {
+        dst.extend_from_slice(&(unsafe { &*self.date.get() }.bytes));
    }
 }

@@ -271,31 +260,6 @@ impl fmt::Write for Date {
    }
 }

-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub(crate) struct SharedBytesPool(RefCell<VecDeque<BytesMut>>);
-
-impl SharedBytesPool {
-    pub fn new() -> SharedBytesPool {
-        SharedBytesPool(RefCell::new(VecDeque::with_capacity(128)))
-    }
-
-    pub fn get_bytes(&self) -> BytesMut {
-        if let Some(bytes) = self.0.borrow_mut().pop_front() {
-            bytes
-        } else {
-            BytesMut::new()
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn release_bytes(&self, mut bytes: BytesMut) {
-        let v = &mut self.0.borrow_mut();
-        if v.len() < 128 {
-            bytes.clear();
-            v.push_front(bytes);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
    use super::*;
@@ -307,15 +271,11 @@ mod tests {

    #[test]
    fn test_date() {
-        let settings = WorkerSettings::<()>::new(
-            Vec::new(),
-            KeepAlive::Os,
-            ServerSettings::default(),
-        );
+        let settings = WorkerSettings::<()>::new(Vec::new(), KeepAlive::Os);
        let mut buf1 = BytesMut::with_capacity(DATE_VALUE_LENGTH + 10);
-        settings.set_date(&mut buf1, true);
+        settings.set_date(&mut buf1);
        let mut buf2 = BytesMut::with_capacity(DATE_VALUE_LENGTH + 10);
-        settings.set_date(&mut buf2, true);
+        settings.set_date(&mut buf2);
        assert_eq!(buf1, buf2);
    }
 }
--- a/src/server/shared.rs
+++ b/src/server/shared.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+use bytes::{BufMut, BytesMut};
+use std::cell::RefCell;
+use std::collections::VecDeque;
+use std::io;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+
+use body::Binary;
+
+/// Internal use only! unsafe
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct SharedBytesPool(RefCell<VecDeque<Rc<BytesMut>>>);
+
+impl SharedBytesPool {
+    pub fn new() -> SharedBytesPool {
+        SharedBytesPool(RefCell::new(VecDeque::with_capacity(128)))
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_bytes(&self) -> Rc<BytesMut> {
+        if let Some(bytes) = self.0.borrow_mut().pop_front() {
+            bytes
+        } else {
+            Rc::new(BytesMut::new())
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn release_bytes(&self, mut bytes: Rc<BytesMut>) {
+        let v = &mut self.0.borrow_mut();
+        if v.len() < 128 {
+            Rc::get_mut(&mut bytes).unwrap().clear();
+            v.push_front(bytes);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct SharedBytes(Option<Rc<BytesMut>>, Option<Rc<SharedBytesPool>>);
+
+impl Drop for SharedBytes {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        if let Some(pool) = self.1.take() {
+            if let Some(bytes) = self.0.take() {
+                if Rc::strong_count(&bytes) == 1 {
+                    pool.release_bytes(bytes);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl SharedBytes {
+    pub fn empty() -> Self {
+        SharedBytes(None, None)
+    }
+
+    pub fn new(bytes: Rc<BytesMut>, pool: Rc<SharedBytesPool>) -> SharedBytes {
+        SharedBytes(Some(bytes), Some(pool))
+    }
+
+    #[inline(always)]
+    #[allow(mutable_transmutes)]
+    #[cfg_attr(feature = "cargo-clippy", allow(mut_from_ref, inline_always))]
+    pub(crate) fn get_mut(&self) -> &mut BytesMut {
+        let r: &BytesMut = self.0.as_ref().unwrap().as_ref();
+        unsafe { &mut *(r as *const _ as *mut _) }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.0.as_ref().unwrap().len()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.0.as_ref().unwrap().is_empty()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn as_ref(&self) -> &[u8] {
+        self.0.as_ref().unwrap().as_ref()
+    }
+
+    pub fn split_to(&self, n: usize) -> BytesMut {
+        self.get_mut().split_to(n)
+    }
+
+    pub fn take(&self) -> BytesMut {
+        self.get_mut().take()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn reserve(&self, cnt: usize) {
+        self.get_mut().reserve(cnt)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    #[cfg_attr(feature = "cargo-clippy", allow(needless_pass_by_value))]
+    pub fn extend(&self, data: Binary) {
+        let buf = self.get_mut();
+        let data = data.as_ref();
+        buf.reserve(data.len());
+        SharedBytes::put_slice(buf, data);
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn extend_from_slice(&self, data: &[u8]) {
+        let buf = self.get_mut();
+        buf.reserve(data.len());
+        SharedBytes::put_slice(buf, data);
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub(crate) fn put_slice(buf: &mut BytesMut, src: &[u8]) {
+        let len = src.len();
+        unsafe {
+            buf.bytes_mut()[..len].copy_from_slice(src);
+            buf.advance_mut(len);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub(crate) fn extend_from_slice_(buf: &mut BytesMut, data: &[u8]) {
+        buf.reserve(data.len());
+        SharedBytes::put_slice(buf, data);
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for SharedBytes {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        SharedBytes(Some(Rc::new(BytesMut::new())), None)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Clone for SharedBytes {
+    fn clone(&self) -> SharedBytes {
+        SharedBytes(self.0.clone(), self.1.clone())
+    }
+}
+
+impl io::Write for SharedBytes {
+    fn write(&mut self, buf: &[u8]) -> io::Result<usize> {
+        self.extend_from_slice(buf);
+        Ok(buf.len())
+    }
+    fn flush(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
--- a/src/server/srv.rs
+++ b/src/server/srv.rs
@@ -3,11 +3,8 @@ use std::sync::{mpsc as sync_mpsc, Arc};
 use std::time::Duration;
 use std::{io, net, thread};

-use actix::{
-    fut, signal, Actor, ActorFuture, Addr, Arbiter, AsyncContext, Context, Handler,
-    Response, StreamHandler, System, WrapFuture,
-};
-
+use actix::actors::signal;
+use actix::prelude::*;
 use futures::sync::mpsc;
 use futures::{Future, Sink, Stream};
 use mio;
@@ -54,16 +51,27 @@ where
    keep_alive: KeepAlive,
    factory: Arc<Fn() -> Vec<H> + Send + Sync>,
    #[cfg_attr(feature = "cargo-clippy", allow(type_complexity))]
-    workers: Vec<(usize, Addr<Worker<H::Handler>>)>,
+    workers: Vec<(usize, Addr<Syn, Worker<H::Handler>>)>,
    sockets: Vec<Socket>,
    accept: Vec<(mio::SetReadiness, sync_mpsc::Sender<Command>)>,
    exit: bool,
    shutdown_timeout: u16,
-    signals: Option<Addr<signal::ProcessSignals>>,
+    signals: Option<Addr<Syn, signal::ProcessSignals>>,
    no_http2: bool,
    no_signals: bool,
 }

+unsafe impl<H> Sync for HttpServer<H>
+where
+    H: IntoHttpHandler,
+{
+}
+unsafe impl<H> Send for HttpServer<H>
+where
+    H: IntoHttpHandler,
+{
+}
+
 enum ServerCommand {
    WorkerDied(usize, Slab<SocketInfo>),
 }
@@ -159,16 +167,17 @@ where
        self
    }

-    /// Stop actix system.
+    /// Send `SystemExit` message to actix system
    ///
-    /// `SystemExit` message stops currently running system.
+    /// `SystemExit` message stops currently running system arbiter and all
+    /// nested arbiters.
    pub fn system_exit(mut self) -> Self {
        self.exit = true;
        self
    }

    /// Set alternative address for `ProcessSignals` actor.
-    pub fn signals(mut self, addr: Addr<signal::ProcessSignals>) -> Self {
+    pub fn signals(mut self, addr: Addr<Syn, signal::ProcessSignals>) -> Self {
        self.signals = Some(addr);
        self
    }
@@ -349,19 +358,19 @@ where
        // start workers
        let mut workers = Vec::new();
        for idx in 0..self.threads {
+            let s = settings.clone();
            let (tx, rx) = mpsc::unbounded::<Conn<net::TcpStream>>();

            let ka = self.keep_alive;
            let socks = sockets.clone();
            let factory = Arc::clone(&self.factory);
-            let parts = settings.parts();
-
            let addr = Arbiter::start(move |ctx: &mut Context<_>| {
-                let s = ServerSettings::from_parts(parts);
-                let apps: Vec<_> =
-                    (*factory)().into_iter().map(|h| h.into_handler()).collect();
+                let apps: Vec<_> = (*factory)()
+                    .into_iter()
+                    .map(|h| h.into_handler(s.clone()))
+                    .collect();
                ctx.add_message_stream(rx);
-                Worker::new(apps, socks, ka, s)
+                Worker::new(apps, socks, ka)
            });
            workers.push((idx, tx));
            self.workers.push((idx, addr));
@@ -371,12 +380,12 @@ where
    }

    // subscribe to os signals
-    fn subscribe_to_signals(&self) -> Option<Addr<signal::ProcessSignals>> {
+    fn subscribe_to_signals(&self) -> Option<Addr<Syn, signal::ProcessSignals>> {
        if !self.no_signals {
            if let Some(ref signals) = self.signals {
                Some(signals.clone())
            } else {
-                Some(System::current().registry().get::<signal::ProcessSignals>())
+                Some(Arbiter::system_registry().get::<signal::ProcessSignals>())
            }
        } else {
            None
@@ -396,21 +405,24 @@ impl<H: IntoHttpHandler> HttpServer<H> {
    /// This method requires to run within properly configured `Actix` system.
    ///
    /// ```rust
+    /// extern crate actix;
    /// extern crate actix_web;
-    /// use actix_web::{actix, server, App, HttpResponse};
+    /// use actix_web::{server, App, HttpResponse};
    ///
    /// fn main() {
    ///     let sys = actix::System::new("example");  // <- create Actix system
    ///
-    ///     server::new(|| App::new().resource("/", |r| r.h(|_: &_| HttpResponse::Ok())))
-    ///         .bind("127.0.0.1:0")
-    ///         .expect("Can not bind to 127.0.0.1:0")
+    ///     server::new(
+    ///         || App::new()
+    ///              .resource("/", |r| r.h(|_| HttpResponse::Ok())))
+    ///         .bind("127.0.0.1:0").expect("Can not bind to 127.0.0.1:0")
    ///         .start();
-    /// #   actix::System::current().stop();
-    ///    sys.run();  // <- Run actix system, this method starts all async processes
+    /// #  actix::Arbiter::system().do_send(actix::msgs::SystemExit(0));
+    ///
+    ///    let _ = sys.run();  // <- Run actix system, this method actually starts all async processes
    /// }
    /// ```
-    pub fn start(mut self) -> Addr<Self> {
+    pub fn start(mut self) -> Addr<Syn, Self> {
        if self.sockets.is_empty() {
            panic!("HttpServer::bind() has to be called before start()");
        } else {
@@ -446,7 +458,7 @@ impl<H: IntoHttpHandler> HttpServer<H> {

            // start http server actor
            let signals = self.subscribe_to_signals();
-            let addr = Actor::create(move |ctx| {
+            let addr: Addr<Syn, _> = Actor::create(move |ctx| {
                ctx.add_stream(rx);
                self
            });
@@ -466,21 +478,28 @@ impl<H: IntoHttpHandler> HttpServer<H> {
    ///
    /// ```rust,ignore
    /// # extern crate futures;
+    /// # extern crate actix;
    /// # extern crate actix_web;
    /// # use futures::Future;
    /// use actix_web::*;
    ///
    /// fn main() {
-    ///     HttpServer::new(|| App::new().resource("/", |r| r.h(|_| HttpResponse::Ok())))
-    ///         .bind("127.0.0.1:0")
-    ///         .expect("Can not bind to 127.0.0.1:0")
+    ///     HttpServer::new(
+    ///         || App::new()
+    ///              .resource("/", |r| r.h(|_| HttpResponse::Ok())))
+    ///         .bind("127.0.0.1:0").expect("Can not bind to 127.0.0.1:0")
    ///         .run();
    /// }
    /// ```
-    pub fn run(self) {
-        let sys = System::new("http-server");
-        self.start();
-        sys.run();
+    pub fn run(mut self) {
+        self.exit = true;
+        self.no_signals = false;
+
+        let _ = thread::spawn(move || {
+            let sys = System::new("http-server");
+            self.start();
+            let _ = sys.run();
+        }).join();
    }
 }

@@ -491,7 +510,7 @@ impl<H: IntoHttpHandler> HttpServer<H> {
 )]
 impl<H: IntoHttpHandler> HttpServer<H> {
    /// Start listening for incoming tls connections.
-    pub fn start_tls(mut self, acceptor: TlsAcceptor) -> io::Result<Addr<Self>> {
+    pub fn start_tls(mut self, acceptor: TlsAcceptor) -> io::Result<Addr<Syn, Self>> {
        for sock in &mut self.sockets {
            match sock.tp {
                StreamHandlerType::Normal => (),
@@ -514,7 +533,7 @@ impl<H: IntoHttpHandler> HttpServer<H> {
    /// This method sets alpn protocols to "h2" and "http/1.1"
    pub fn start_ssl(
        mut self, mut builder: SslAcceptorBuilder,
-    ) -> io::Result<Addr<Self>> {
+    ) -> io::Result<Addr<Syn, Self>> {
        // alpn support
        if !self.no_http2 {
            builder.set_alpn_protos(b"\x02h2\x08http/1.1")?;
@@ -544,28 +563,25 @@ impl<H: IntoHttpHandler> HttpServer<H> {
    /// Start listening for incoming connections from a stream.
    ///
    /// This method uses only one thread for handling incoming connections.
-    pub fn start_incoming<T, S>(mut self, stream: S, secure: bool) -> Addr<Self>
+    pub fn start_incoming<T, A, S>(mut self, stream: S, secure: bool) -> Addr<Syn, Self>
    where
-        S: Stream<Item = T, Error = io::Error> + Send + 'static,
-        T: AsyncRead + AsyncWrite + Send + 'static,
+        S: Stream<Item = (T, A), Error = io::Error> + 'static,
+        T: AsyncRead + AsyncWrite + 'static,
+        A: 'static,
    {
        // set server settings
        let addr: net::SocketAddr = "127.0.0.1:8080".parse().unwrap();
        let settings = ServerSettings::new(Some(addr), &self.host, secure);
        let apps: Vec<_> = (*self.factory)()
            .into_iter()
-            .map(|h| h.into_handler())
+            .map(|h| h.into_handler(settings.clone()))
            .collect();
-        self.h = Some(Rc::new(WorkerSettings::new(
-            apps,
-            self.keep_alive,
-            settings,
-        )));
+        self.h = Some(Rc::new(WorkerSettings::new(apps, self.keep_alive)));

        // start server
        let signals = self.subscribe_to_signals();
-        let addr = HttpServer::create(move |ctx| {
-            ctx.add_message_stream(stream.map_err(|_| ()).map(move |t| Conn {
+        let addr: Addr<Syn, _> = HttpServer::create(move |ctx| {
+            ctx.add_message_stream(stream.map_err(|_| ()).map(move |(t, _)| Conn {
                io: WrapperStream::new(t),
                token: 0,
                peer: None,
@@ -573,7 +589,6 @@ impl<H: IntoHttpHandler> HttpServer<H> {
            }));
            self
        });
-
        if let Some(signals) = signals {
            signals.do_send(signal::Subscribe(addr.clone().recipient()))
        }
@@ -582,7 +597,7 @@ impl<H: IntoHttpHandler> HttpServer<H> {
 }

 /// Signals support
-/// Handle `SIGINT`, `SIGTERM`, `SIGQUIT` signals and stop actix system
+/// Handle `SIGINT`, `SIGTERM`, `SIGQUIT` signals and send `SystemExit(0)`
 /// message to `System` actor.
 impl<H: IntoHttpHandler> Handler<signal::Signal> for HttpServer<H> {
    type Result = ();
@@ -612,7 +627,6 @@ impl<H: IntoHttpHandler> Handler<signal::Signal> for HttpServer<H> {
 /// Commands from accept threads
 impl<H: IntoHttpHandler> StreamHandler<ServerCommand, ()> for HttpServer<H> {
    fn finished(&mut self, _: &mut Context<Self>) {}
-
    fn handle(&mut self, msg: ServerCommand, _: &mut Context<Self>) {
        match msg {
            ServerCommand::WorkerDied(idx, socks) => {
@@ -642,15 +656,16 @@ impl<H: IntoHttpHandler> StreamHandler<ServerCommand, ()> for HttpServer<H> {

                    let ka = self.keep_alive;
                    let factory = Arc::clone(&self.factory);
-                    let host = self.host.clone();
-                    let addr = socks[0].addr;
+                    let settings =
+                        ServerSettings::new(Some(socks[0].addr), &self.host, false);

                    let addr = Arbiter::start(move |ctx: &mut Context<_>| {
-                        let settings = ServerSettings::new(Some(addr), &host, false);
-                        let apps: Vec<_> =
-                            (*factory)().into_iter().map(|h| h.into_handler()).collect();
+                        let apps: Vec<_> = (*factory)()
+                            .into_iter()
+                            .map(|h| h.into_handler(settings.clone()))
+                            .collect();
                        ctx.add_message_stream(rx);
-                        Worker::new(apps, socks, ka, settings)
+                        Worker::new(apps, socks, ka)
                    });
                    for item in &self.accept {
                        let _ = item.1.send(Command::Worker(new_idx, tx.clone()));
@@ -672,7 +687,7 @@ where
    type Result = ();

    fn handle(&mut self, msg: Conn<T>, _: &mut Context<Self>) -> Self::Result {
-        Arbiter::spawn(HttpChannel::new(
+        Arbiter::handle().spawn(HttpChannel::new(
            Rc::clone(self.h.as_ref().unwrap()),
            msg.io,
            msg.peer,
@@ -704,7 +719,7 @@ impl<H: IntoHttpHandler> Handler<ResumeServer> for HttpServer<H> {
 }

 impl<H: IntoHttpHandler> Handler<StopServer> for HttpServer<H> {
-    type Result = Response<(), ()>;
+    type Result = actix::Response<(), ()>;

    fn handle(&mut self, msg: StopServer, ctx: &mut Context<Self>) -> Self::Result {
        // stop accept threads
@@ -723,26 +738,25 @@ impl<H: IntoHttpHandler> Handler<StopServer> for HttpServer<H> {
        };
        for worker in &self.workers {
            let tx2 = tx.clone();
-            ctx.spawn(
-                worker
-                    .1
-                    .send(StopWorker { graceful: dur })
-                    .into_actor(self)
-                    .then(move |_, slf, ctx| {
-                        slf.workers.pop();
-                        if slf.workers.is_empty() {
-                            let _ = tx2.send(());
+            worker
+                .1
+                .send(StopWorker { graceful: dur })
+                .into_actor(self)
+                .then(move |_, slf, ctx| {
+                    slf.workers.pop();
+                    if slf.workers.is_empty() {
+                        let _ = tx2.send(());

-                            // we need to stop system if server was spawned
-                            if slf.exit {
-                                ctx.run_later(Duration::from_millis(300), |_, _| {
-                                    System::current().stop();
-                                });
-                            }
+                        // we need to stop system if server was spawned
+                        if slf.exit {
+                            ctx.run_later(Duration::from_millis(300), |_, _| {
+                                Arbiter::system().do_send(actix::msgs::SystemExit(0))
+                            });
                        }
-                        fut::ok(())
-                    }),
-            );
+                    }
+                    actix::fut::ok(())
+                })
+                .spawn(ctx);
        }

        if !self.workers.is_empty() {
@@ -751,7 +765,7 @@ impl<H: IntoHttpHandler> Handler<StopServer> for HttpServer<H> {
            // we need to stop system if server was spawned
            if self.exit {
                ctx.run_later(Duration::from_millis(300), |_, _| {
-                    System::current().stop();
+                    Arbiter::system().do_send(actix::msgs::SystemExit(0))
                });
            }
            Response::reply(Ok(()))
--- a/src/server/utils.rs
+++ b/src/server/utils.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+use bytes::{BufMut, BytesMut};
+use futures::{Async, Poll};
+use std::io;
+
+use super::IoStream;
+
+const LW_BUFFER_SIZE: usize = 4096;
+const HW_BUFFER_SIZE: usize = 32_768;
+
+pub fn read_from_io<T: IoStream>(
+    io: &mut T, buf: &mut BytesMut,
+) -> Poll<usize, io::Error> {
+    unsafe {
+        if buf.remaining_mut() < LW_BUFFER_SIZE {
+            buf.reserve(HW_BUFFER_SIZE);
+        }
+        match io.read(buf.bytes_mut()) {
+            Ok(n) => {
+                buf.advance_mut(n);
+                Ok(Async::Ready(n))
+            }
+            Err(e) => {
+                if e.kind() == io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock {
+                    Ok(Async::NotReady)
+                } else {
+                    Err(e)
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
--- a/src/server/worker.rs
+++ b/src/server/worker.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,11 @@
-use futures::sync::oneshot;
+use futures::unsync::oneshot;
 use futures::Future;
 use net2::TcpStreamExt;
 use slab::Slab;
 use std::rc::Rc;
 use std::{net, time};
-use tokio::executor::current_thread;
-use tokio_reactor::Handle;
-use tokio_tcp::TcpStream;
+use tokio_core::net::TcpStream;
+use tokio_core::reactor::Handle;

 #[cfg(any(feature = "tls", feature = "alpn"))]
 use futures::future;
@@ -22,10 +21,10 @@ use openssl::ssl::SslAcceptor;
 use tokio_openssl::SslAcceptorExt;

 use actix::msgs::StopArbiter;
-use actix::{Actor, Arbiter, AsyncContext, Context, Handler, Message, Response};
+use actix::*;

 use server::channel::HttpChannel;
-use server::settings::{ServerSettings, WorkerSettings};
+use server::settings::WorkerSettings;
 use server::{HttpHandler, KeepAlive};

 #[derive(Message)]
@@ -61,6 +60,7 @@ where
    H: HttpHandler + 'static,
 {
    settings: Rc<WorkerSettings<H>>,
+    hnd: Handle,
    socks: Slab<SocketInfo>,
    tcp_ka: Option<time::Duration>,
 }
@@ -68,7 +68,6 @@ where
 impl<H: HttpHandler + 'static> Worker<H> {
    pub(crate) fn new(
        h: Vec<H>, socks: Slab<SocketInfo>, keep_alive: KeepAlive,
-        settings: ServerSettings,
    ) -> Worker<H> {
        let tcp_ka = if let KeepAlive::Tcp(val) = keep_alive {
            Some(time::Duration::new(val as u64, 0))
@@ -77,7 +76,8 @@ impl<H: HttpHandler + 'static> Worker<H> {
        };

        Worker {
-            settings: Rc::new(WorkerSettings::new(h, keep_alive, settings)),
+            settings: Rc::new(WorkerSettings::new(h, keep_alive)),
+            hnd: Arbiter::handle().clone(),
            socks,
            tcp_ka,
        }
@@ -96,14 +96,14 @@ impl<H: HttpHandler + 'static> Worker<H> {
            let num = slf.settings.num_channels();
            if num == 0 {
                let _ = tx.send(true);
-                Arbiter::current().do_send(StopArbiter(0));
+                Arbiter::arbiter().do_send(StopArbiter(0));
            } else if let Some(d) = dur.checked_sub(time::Duration::new(1, 0)) {
                slf.shutdown_timeout(ctx, tx, d);
            } else {
                info!("Force shutdown http worker, {} connections", num);
                slf.settings.head().traverse::<TcpStream, H>();
                let _ = tx.send(false);
-                Arbiter::current().do_send(StopArbiter(0));
+                Arbiter::arbiter().do_send(StopArbiter(0));
            }
        });
    }
@@ -130,11 +130,11 @@ where
        if self.tcp_ka.is_some() && msg.io.set_keepalive(self.tcp_ka).is_err() {
            error!("Can not set socket keep-alive option");
        }
-        self.socks
-            .get_mut(msg.token)
-            .unwrap()
-            .htype
-            .handle(Rc::clone(&self.settings), msg);
+        self.socks.get_mut(msg.token).unwrap().htype.handle(
+            Rc::clone(&self.settings),
+            &self.hnd,
+            msg,
+        );
    }
 }

@@ -174,15 +174,15 @@ pub(crate) enum StreamHandlerType {

 impl StreamHandlerType {
    fn handle<H: HttpHandler>(
-        &mut self, h: Rc<WorkerSettings<H>>, msg: Conn<net::TcpStream>,
+        &mut self, h: Rc<WorkerSettings<H>>, hnd: &Handle, msg: Conn<net::TcpStream>,
    ) {
        match *self {
            StreamHandlerType::Normal => {
                let _ = msg.io.set_nodelay(true);
-                let io = TcpStream::from_std(msg.io, &Handle::default())
+                let io = TcpStream::from_stream(msg.io, hnd)
                    .expect("failed to associate TCP stream");

-                current_thread::spawn(HttpChannel::new(h, io, msg.peer, msg.http2));
+                hnd.spawn(HttpChannel::new(h, io, msg.peer, msg.http2));
            }
            #[cfg(feature = "tls")]
            StreamHandlerType::Tls(ref acceptor) => {
@@ -190,52 +190,47 @@ impl StreamHandlerType {
                    io, peer, http2, ..
                } = msg;
                let _ = io.set_nodelay(true);
-                let io = TcpStream::from_std(io, &Handle::default())
+                let io = TcpStream::from_stream(io, hnd)
                    .expect("failed to associate TCP stream");

-                current_thread::spawn(TlsAcceptorExt::accept_async(acceptor, io).then(
-                    move |res| {
-                        match res {
-                            Ok(io) => current_thread::spawn(HttpChannel::new(
-                                h, io, peer, http2,
-                            )),
-                            Err(err) => {
-                                trace!("Error during handling tls connection: {}", err)
-                            }
-                        };
-                        future::result(Ok(()))
-                    },
-                ));
+                hnd.spawn(TlsAcceptorExt::accept_async(acceptor, io).then(move |res| {
+                    match res {
+                        Ok(io) => {
+                            Arbiter::handle().spawn(HttpChannel::new(h, io, peer, http2))
+                        }
+                        Err(err) => {
+                            trace!("Error during handling tls connection: {}", err)
+                        }
+                    };
+                    future::result(Ok(()))
+                }));
            }
            #[cfg(feature = "alpn")]
            StreamHandlerType::Alpn(ref acceptor) => {
                let Conn { io, peer, .. } = msg;
                let _ = io.set_nodelay(true);
-                let io = TcpStream::from_std(io, &Handle::default())
+                let io = TcpStream::from_stream(io, hnd)
                    .expect("failed to associate TCP stream");

-                current_thread::spawn(SslAcceptorExt::accept_async(acceptor, io).then(
-                    move |res| {
-                        match res {
-                            Ok(io) => {
-                                let http2 = if let Some(p) =
-                                    io.get_ref().ssl().selected_alpn_protocol()
-                                {
-                                    p.len() == 2 && &p == b"h2"
-                                } else {
-                                    false
-                                };
-                                current_thread::spawn(HttpChannel::new(
-                                    h, io, peer, http2,
-                                ));
-                            }
-                            Err(err) => {
-                                trace!("Error during handling tls connection: {}", err)
-                            }
-                        };
-                        future::result(Ok(()))
-                    },
-                ));
+                hnd.spawn(SslAcceptorExt::accept_async(acceptor, io).then(move |res| {
+                    match res {
+                        Ok(io) => {
+                            let http2 = if let Some(p) =
+                                io.get_ref().ssl().selected_alpn_protocol()
+                            {
+                                p.len() == 2 && &p == b"h2"
+                            } else {
+                                false
+                            };
+                            Arbiter::handle()
+                                .spawn(HttpChannel::new(h, io, peer, http2));
+                        }
+                        Err(err) => {
+                            trace!("Error during handling tls connection: {}", err)
+                        }
+                    };
+                    future::result(Ok(()))
+                }));
            }
        }
    }
--- a/src/test.rs
+++ b/src/test.rs
@@ -1,20 +1,21 @@
 //! Various helpers for Actix applications to use during testing.
+
 use std::rc::Rc;
 use std::str::FromStr;
 use std::sync::mpsc;
 use std::{net, thread};

-use actix_inner::{Actor, Addr, System};
-
+use actix::{msgs, Actor, Addr, Arbiter, Syn, System, SystemRunner, Unsync};
 use cookie::Cookie;
 use futures::Future;
 use http::header::HeaderName;
 use http::{HeaderMap, HttpTryFrom, Method, Uri, Version};
 use net2::TcpBuilder;
-use tokio::runtime::current_thread::Runtime;
+use tokio_core::net::TcpListener;
+use tokio_core::reactor::Core;

 #[cfg(feature = "alpn")]
-use openssl::ssl::SslAcceptorBuilder;
+use openssl::ssl::SslAcceptor;

 use application::{App, HttpApplication};
 use body::Binary;
@@ -27,11 +28,9 @@ use httpresponse::HttpResponse;
 use middleware::Middleware;
 use param::Params;
 use payload::Payload;
-use resource::Resource;
+use resource::ResourceHandler;
 use router::Router;
-use server::message::{Request, RequestPool};
 use server::{HttpServer, IntoHttpHandler, ServerSettings};
-use uri::Url as InnerUrl;
 use ws;

 /// The `TestServer` type.
@@ -42,10 +41,11 @@ use ws;
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```rust
+/// # extern crate actix;
 /// # extern crate actix_web;
 /// # use actix_web::*;
 /// #
-/// # fn my_handler(req: &HttpRequest) -> HttpResponse {
+/// # fn my_handler(req: HttpRequest) -> HttpResponse {
 /// #     HttpResponse::Ok().into()
 /// # }
 /// #
@@ -61,9 +61,11 @@ use ws;
 /// ```
 pub struct TestServer {
    addr: net::SocketAddr,
+    thread: Option<thread::JoinHandle<()>>,
+    system: SystemRunner,
+    server_sys: Addr<Syn, System>,
    ssl: bool,
-    conn: Addr<ClientConnector>,
-    rt: Runtime,
+    conn: Addr<Unsync, ClientConnector>,
 }

 impl TestServer {
@@ -106,32 +108,34 @@ impl TestServer {
        let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel();

        // run server in separate thread
-        thread::spawn(move || {
+        let join = thread::spawn(move || {
            let sys = System::new("actix-test-server");
            let tcp = net::TcpListener::bind("127.0.0.1:0").unwrap();
            let local_addr = tcp.local_addr().unwrap();
+            let tcp =
+                TcpListener::from_listener(tcp, &local_addr, Arbiter::handle()).unwrap();

            HttpServer::new(factory)
                .disable_signals()
-                .listen(tcp)
-                .start();
+                .start_incoming(tcp.incoming(), false);

-            tx.send((System::current(), local_addr, TestServer::get_conn()))
-                .unwrap();
-            sys.run();
+            tx.send((Arbiter::system(), local_addr)).unwrap();
+            let _ = sys.run();
        });

-        let (system, addr, conn) = rx.recv().unwrap();
-        System::set_current(system);
+        let sys = System::new("actix-test");
+        let (server_sys, addr) = rx.recv().unwrap();
        TestServer {
            addr,
-            conn,
+            server_sys,
            ssl: false,
-            rt: Runtime::new().unwrap(),
+            conn: TestServer::get_conn(),
+            thread: Some(join),
+            system: sys,
        }
    }

-    fn get_conn() -> Addr<ClientConnector> {
+    fn get_conn() -> Addr<Unsync, ClientConnector> {
        #[cfg(feature = "alpn")]
        {
            use openssl::ssl::{SslConnector, SslMethod, SslVerifyMode};
@@ -182,7 +186,10 @@ impl TestServer {

    /// Stop http server
    fn stop(&mut self) {
-        System::current().stop();
+        if let Some(handle) = self.thread.take() {
+            self.server_sys.do_send(msgs::SystemExit(0));
+            let _ = handle.join();
+        }
    }

    /// Execute future on current core
@@ -190,7 +197,7 @@ impl TestServer {
    where
        F: Future<Item = I, Error = E>,
    {
-        self.rt.block_on(fut)
+        self.system.run_until_complete(fut)
    }

    /// Connect to websocket server
@@ -198,8 +205,9 @@ impl TestServer {
        &mut self,
    ) -> Result<(ws::ClientReader, ws::ClientWriter), ws::ClientError> {
        let url = self.url("/");
-        self.rt
-            .block_on(ws::Client::with_connector(url, self.conn.clone()).connect())
+        self.system.run_until_complete(
+            ws::Client::with_connector(url, self.conn.clone()).connect(),
+        )
    }

    /// Create `GET` request
@@ -240,11 +248,10 @@ impl Drop for TestServer {
 pub struct TestServerBuilder<S> {
    state: Box<Fn() -> S + Sync + Send + 'static>,
    #[cfg(feature = "alpn")]
-    ssl: Option<SslAcceptorBuilder>,
+    ssl: Option<SslAcceptor>,
 }

 impl<S: 'static> TestServerBuilder<S> {
-    /// Create a new test server
    pub fn new<F>(state: F) -> TestServerBuilder<S>
    where
        F: Fn() -> S + Sync + Send + 'static,
@@ -258,7 +265,7 @@ impl<S: 'static> TestServerBuilder<S> {

    #[cfg(feature = "alpn")]
    /// Create ssl server
-    pub fn ssl(mut self, ssl: SslAcceptorBuilder) -> Self {
+    pub fn ssl(mut self, ssl: SslAcceptor) -> Self {
        self.ssl = Some(ssl);
        self
    }
@@ -277,45 +284,60 @@ impl<S: 'static> TestServerBuilder<S> {
        let ssl = false;

        // run server in separate thread
-        thread::spawn(move || {
+        let join = thread::spawn(move || {
+            let sys = System::new("actix-test-server");
+
            let tcp = net::TcpListener::bind("127.0.0.1:0").unwrap();
            let local_addr = tcp.local_addr().unwrap();
+            let tcp =
+                TcpListener::from_listener(tcp, &local_addr, Arbiter::handle()).unwrap();

-            let sys = System::new("actix-test-server");
            let state = self.state;
+
            let srv = HttpServer::new(move || {
                let mut app = TestApp::new(state());
                config(&mut app);
                vec![app]
-            }).workers(1)
-                .disable_signals();
-
-            tx.send((System::current(), local_addr, TestServer::get_conn()))
-                .unwrap();
+            }).disable_signals();

            #[cfg(feature = "alpn")]
            {
+                use futures::Stream;
+                use std::io;
+                use tokio_openssl::SslAcceptorExt;
+
                let ssl = self.ssl.take();
                if let Some(ssl) = ssl {
-                    srv.listen_ssl(tcp, ssl).unwrap().start();
+                    srv.start_incoming(
+                        tcp.incoming().and_then(move |(sock, addr)| {
+                            ssl.accept_async(sock)
+                                .map_err(|e| io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::Other, e))
+                                .map(move |s| (s, addr))
+                        }),
+                        false,
+                    );
                } else {
-                    srv.listen(tcp).start();
+                    srv.start_incoming(tcp.incoming(), false);
                }
            }
            #[cfg(not(feature = "alpn"))]
            {
-                srv.listen(tcp).start();
+                srv.start_incoming(tcp.incoming(), false);
            }
-            sys.run();
+
+            tx.send((Arbiter::system(), local_addr)).unwrap();
+            let _ = sys.run();
        });

-        let (system, addr, conn) = rx.recv().unwrap();
-        System::set_current(system);
+        let system = System::new("actix-test");
+        let (server_sys, addr) = rx.recv().unwrap();
        TestServer {
            addr,
+            server_sys,
            ssl,
-            conn,
-            rt: Runtime::new().unwrap(),
+            system,
+            conn: TestServer::get_conn(),
+            thread: Some(join),
        }
    }
 }
@@ -332,12 +354,8 @@ impl<S: 'static> TestApp<S> {
    }

    /// Register handler for "/"
-    pub fn handler<F, R>(&mut self, handler: F)
-    where
-        F: Fn(&HttpRequest<S>) -> R + 'static,
-        R: Responder + 'static,
-    {
-        self.app = Some(self.app.take().unwrap().resource("/", |r| r.f(handler)));
+    pub fn handler<H: Handler<S>>(&mut self, handler: H) {
+        self.app = Some(self.app.take().unwrap().resource("/", |r| r.h(handler)));
    }

    /// Register middleware
@@ -353,7 +371,7 @@ impl<S: 'static> TestApp<S> {
    /// to `App::resource()` method.
    pub fn resource<F, R>(&mut self, path: &str, f: F) -> &mut TestApp<S>
    where
-        F: FnOnce(&mut Resource<S>) -> R + 'static,
+        F: FnOnce(&mut ResourceHandler<S>) -> R + 'static,
    {
        self.app = Some(self.app.take().unwrap().resource(path, f));
        self
@@ -363,8 +381,8 @@ impl<S: 'static> TestApp<S> {
 impl<S: 'static> IntoHttpHandler for TestApp<S> {
    type Handler = HttpApplication<S>;

-    fn into_handler(mut self) -> HttpApplication<S> {
-        self.app.take().unwrap().into_handler()
+    fn into_handler(mut self, settings: ServerSettings) -> HttpApplication<S> {
+        self.app.take().unwrap().into_handler(settings)
    }
 }

@@ -390,7 +408,7 @@ impl<S: 'static> Iterator for TestApp<S> {
 /// # use actix_web::*;
 /// use actix_web::test::TestRequest;
 ///
-/// fn index(req: &HttpRequest) -> HttpResponse {
+/// fn index(req: HttpRequest) -> HttpResponse {
 ///     if let Some(hdr) = req.headers().get(header::CONTENT_TYPE) {
 ///         HttpResponse::Ok().into()
 ///     } else {
@@ -400,11 +418,11 @@ impl<S: 'static> Iterator for TestApp<S> {
 ///
 /// fn main() {
 ///     let resp = TestRequest::with_header("content-type", "text/plain")
-///         .run(&index)
-///         .unwrap();
+///         .run(index).unwrap();
 ///     assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::OK);
 ///
-///     let resp = TestRequest::default().run(&index).unwrap();
+///     let resp = TestRequest::default()
+///         .run(index).unwrap();
 ///     assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST);
 /// }
 /// ```
@@ -414,10 +432,9 @@ pub struct TestRequest<S> {
    method: Method,
    uri: Uri,
    headers: HeaderMap,
-    params: Params,
+    params: Params<'static>,
    cookies: Option<Vec<Cookie<'static>>>,
    payload: Option<Payload>,
-    prefix: u16,
 }

 impl Default for TestRequest<()> {
@@ -431,7 +448,6 @@ impl Default for TestRequest<()> {
            params: Params::new(),
            cookies: None,
            payload: None,
-            prefix: 0,
        }
    }
 }
@@ -469,7 +485,6 @@ impl<S: 'static> TestRequest<S> {
            params: Params::new(),
            cookies: None,
            payload: None,
-            prefix: 0,
        }
    }

@@ -517,7 +532,7 @@ impl<S: 'static> TestRequest<S> {

    /// Set request path pattern parameter
    pub fn param(mut self, name: &'static str, value: &'static str) -> Self {
-        self.params.add_static(name, value);
+        self.params.add(name, value);
        self
    }

@@ -530,12 +545,6 @@ impl<S: 'static> TestRequest<S> {
        self
    }

-    /// Set request's prefix
-    pub fn prefix(mut self, prefix: u16) -> Self {
-        self.prefix = prefix;
-        self
-    }
-
    /// Complete request creation and generate `HttpRequest` instance
    pub fn finish(self) -> HttpRequest<S> {
        let TestRequest {
@@ -544,96 +553,44 @@ impl<S: 'static> TestRequest<S> {
            uri,
            version,
            headers,
-            mut params,
+            params,
            cookies,
            payload,
-            prefix,
        } = self;
-        let router = Router::<()>::new();
-
-        let pool = RequestPool::pool(ServerSettings::default());
-        let mut req = RequestPool::get(pool);
-        {
-            let inner = req.inner_mut();
-            inner.method = method;
-            inner.url = InnerUrl::new(uri);
-            inner.version = version;
-            inner.headers = headers;
-            *inner.payload.borrow_mut() = payload;
-        }
-        params.set_url(req.url().clone());
-        let mut info = router.route_info_params(0, params);
-        info.set_prefix(prefix);
-
-        let mut req = HttpRequest::new(req, Rc::new(state), info);
+        let mut req = HttpRequest::new(method, uri, version, headers, payload);
        req.set_cookies(cookies);
-        req
+        req.as_mut().params = params;
+        let (router, _) = Router::new::<S>("/", ServerSettings::default(), Vec::new());
+        req.with_state(Rc::new(state), router)
    }

    #[cfg(test)]
    /// Complete request creation and generate `HttpRequest` instance
-    pub(crate) fn finish_with_router(self, router: Router<S>) -> HttpRequest<S> {
+    pub(crate) fn finish_with_router(self, router: Router) -> HttpRequest<S> {
        let TestRequest {
            state,
            method,
            uri,
            version,
            headers,
-            mut params,
+            params,
            cookies,
            payload,
-            prefix,
        } = self;

-        let pool = RequestPool::pool(ServerSettings::default());
-        let mut req = RequestPool::get(pool);
-        {
-            let inner = req.inner_mut();
-            inner.method = method;
-            inner.url = InnerUrl::new(uri);
-            inner.version = version;
-            inner.headers = headers;
-            *inner.payload.borrow_mut() = payload;
-        }
-        params.set_url(req.url().clone());
-        let mut info = router.route_info_params(0, params);
-        info.set_prefix(prefix);
-        let mut req = HttpRequest::new(req, Rc::new(state), info);
+        let mut req = HttpRequest::new(method, uri, version, headers, payload);
        req.set_cookies(cookies);
-        req
-    }
-
-    /// Complete request creation and generate server `Request` instance
-    pub fn request(self) -> Request {
-        let TestRequest {
-            method,
-            uri,
-            version,
-            headers,
-            payload,
-            ..
-        } = self;
-
-        let pool = RequestPool::pool(ServerSettings::default());
-        let mut req = RequestPool::get(pool);
-        {
-            let inner = req.inner_mut();
-            inner.method = method;
-            inner.url = InnerUrl::new(uri);
-            inner.version = version;
-            inner.headers = headers;
-            *inner.payload.borrow_mut() = payload;
-        }
-        req
+        req.as_mut().params = params;
+        req.with_state(Rc::new(state), router)
    }

    /// This method generates `HttpRequest` instance and runs handler
    /// with generated request.
    ///
    /// This method panics is handler returns actor or async result.
-    pub fn run<H: Handler<S>>(self, h: &H) -> Result<HttpResponse, Error> {
+    pub fn run<H: Handler<S>>(self, mut h: H) -> Result<HttpResponse, Error> {
        let req = self.finish();
-        let resp = h.handle(&req);
+        let resp = h.handle(req.clone());

        match resp.respond_to(&req) {
            Ok(resp) => match resp.into().into() {
@@ -659,8 +616,8 @@ impl<S: 'static> TestRequest<S> {
        let req = self.finish();
        let fut = h(req.clone());

-        let mut core = Runtime::new().unwrap();
-        match core.block_on(fut) {
+        let mut core = Core::new().unwrap();
+        match core.run(fut) {
            Ok(r) => match r.respond_to(&req) {
                Ok(reply) => match reply.into().into() {
                    AsyncResultItem::Ok(resp) => Ok(resp),
--- a/src/uri.rs
+++ b/src/uri.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 use http::Uri;
-use std::rc::Rc;

 #[allow(dead_code)]
 const GEN_DELIMS: &[u8] = b":/?#[]@";
@@ -35,10 +34,10 @@ lazy_static! {
    static ref DEFAULT_QUOTER: Quoter = { Quoter::new(b"@:", b"/+") };
 }

-#[derive(Default, Clone, Debug)]
+#[derive(Default)]
 pub(crate) struct Url {
    uri: Uri,
-    path: Option<Rc<String>>,
+    path: Option<String>,
 }

 impl Url {
@@ -96,7 +95,7 @@ impl Quoter {
        q
    }

-    pub fn requote(&self, val: &[u8]) -> Option<Rc<String>> {
+    pub fn requote(&self, val: &[u8]) -> Option<String> {
        let mut has_pct = 0;
        let mut pct = [b'%', 0, 0];
        let mut idx = 0;
@@ -146,9 +145,7 @@ impl Quoter {
        }

        if let Some(data) = cloned {
-            // Unsafe: we get data from http::Uri, which does utf-8 checks already
-            // this code only decodes valid pct encoded values
-            Some(unsafe { Rc::new(String::from_utf8_unchecked(data)) })
+            Some(unsafe { String::from_utf8_unchecked(data) })
        } else {
            None
        }
--- a/src/with.rs
+++ b/src/with.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 use futures::{Async, Future, Poll};
+use std::cell::UnsafeCell;
 use std::marker::PhantomData;
+use std::ops::{Deref, DerefMut};
 use std::rc::Rc;

 use error::Error;
@@ -7,14 +9,110 @@ use handler::{AsyncResult, AsyncResultItem, FromRequest, Handler, Responder};
 use httprequest::HttpRequest;
 use httpresponse::HttpResponse;

-pub(crate) struct With<T, S, F, R>
+/// Extractor configuration
+///
+/// `Route::with()` and `Route::with_async()` returns instance
+/// of the `ExtractorConfig` type. It could be used for extractor configuration.
+///
+/// In this example `Form<FormData>` configured.
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// # extern crate actix_web;
+/// #[macro_use] extern crate serde_derive;
+/// use actix_web::{App, Form, Result, http};
+///
+/// #[derive(Deserialize)]
+/// struct FormData {
+///     username: String,
+/// }
+///
+/// fn index(form: Form<FormData>) -> Result<String> {
+///     Ok(format!("Welcome {}!", form.username))
+/// }
+///
+/// fn main() {
+///     let app = App::new().resource(
+///        "/index.html", |r| {
+///            r.method(http::Method::GET)
+///              .with(index)
+///              .limit(4096);} // <- change form extractor configuration
+///     );
+/// }
+/// ```
+///
+/// Same could be donce with multiple extractors
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// # extern crate actix_web;
+/// #[macro_use] extern crate serde_derive;
+/// use actix_web::{App, Form, Path, Result, http};
+///
+/// #[derive(Deserialize)]
+/// struct FormData {
+///     username: String,
+/// }
+///
+/// fn index(data: (Path<(String,)>, Form<FormData>)) -> Result<String> {
+///     Ok(format!("Welcome {}!", data.1.username))
+/// }
+///
+/// fn main() {
+///     let app = App::new().resource(
+///        "/index.html", |r| {
+///            r.method(http::Method::GET)
+///              .with(index)
+///              .1.limit(4096);} // <- change form extractor configuration
+///     );
+/// }
+/// ```
+pub struct ExtractorConfig<S: 'static, T: FromRequest<S>> {
+    cfg: Rc<UnsafeCell<T::Config>>,
+}
+
+impl<S: 'static, T: FromRequest<S>> Default for ExtractorConfig<S, T> {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        ExtractorConfig {
+            cfg: Rc::new(UnsafeCell::new(T::Config::default())),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<S: 'static, T: FromRequest<S>> Clone for ExtractorConfig<S, T> {
+    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
+        ExtractorConfig {
+            cfg: Rc::clone(&self.cfg),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<S: 'static, T: FromRequest<S>> AsRef<T::Config> for ExtractorConfig<S, T> {
+    fn as_ref(&self) -> &T::Config {
+        unsafe { &*self.cfg.get() }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<S: 'static, T: FromRequest<S>> Deref for ExtractorConfig<S, T> {
+    type Target = T::Config;
+
+    fn deref(&self) -> &T::Config {
+        unsafe { &*self.cfg.get() }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<S: 'static, T: FromRequest<S>> DerefMut for ExtractorConfig<S, T> {
+    fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut T::Config {
+        unsafe { &mut *self.cfg.get() }
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct With<T, S, F, R>
 where
    F: Fn(T) -> R,
    T: FromRequest<S>,
    S: 'static,
 {
-    hnd: Rc<F>,
-    cfg: Rc<T::Config>,
+    hnd: Rc<UnsafeCell<F>>,
+    cfg: ExtractorConfig<S, T>,
    _s: PhantomData<S>,
 }

@@ -24,10 +122,10 @@ where
    T: FromRequest<S>,
    S: 'static,
 {
-    pub fn new(f: F, cfg: T::Config) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(f: F, cfg: ExtractorConfig<S, T>) -> Self {
        With {
-            cfg: Rc::new(cfg),
-            hnd: Rc::new(f),
+            cfg,
+            hnd: Rc::new(UnsafeCell::new(f)),
            _s: PhantomData,
        }
    }
@@ -42,9 +140,9 @@ where
 {
    type Result = AsyncResult<HttpResponse>;

-    fn handle(&self, req: &HttpRequest<S>) -> Self::Result {
+    fn handle(&mut self, req: HttpRequest<S>) -> Self::Result {
        let mut fut = WithHandlerFut {
-            req: req.clone(),
+            req,
            started: false,
            hnd: Rc::clone(&self.hnd),
            cfg: self.cfg.clone(),
@@ -68,8 +166,8 @@ where
    S: 'static,
 {
    started: bool,
-    hnd: Rc<F>,
-    cfg: Rc<T::Config>,
+    hnd: Rc<UnsafeCell<F>>,
+    cfg: ExtractorConfig<S, T>,
    req: HttpRequest<S>,
    fut1: Option<Box<Future<Item = T, Error = Error>>>,
    fut2: Option<Box<Future<Item = HttpResponse, Error = Error>>>,
@@ -108,7 +206,8 @@ where
            }
        };

-        let item = match (*self.hnd)(item).respond_to(&self.req) {
+        let hnd: &mut F = unsafe { &mut *self.hnd.get() };
+        let item = match (*hnd)(item).respond_to(&self.req) {
            Ok(item) => item.into(),
            Err(e) => return Err(e.into()),
        };
@@ -124,7 +223,7 @@ where
    }
 }

-pub(crate) struct WithAsync<T, S, F, R, I, E>
+pub struct WithAsync<T, S, F, R, I, E>
 where
    F: Fn(T) -> R,
    R: Future<Item = I, Error = E>,
@@ -133,8 +232,8 @@ where
    T: FromRequest<S>,
    S: 'static,
 {
-    hnd: Rc<F>,
-    cfg: Rc<T::Config>,
+    hnd: Rc<UnsafeCell<F>>,
+    cfg: ExtractorConfig<S, T>,
    _s: PhantomData<S>,
 }

@@ -147,10 +246,10 @@ where
    T: FromRequest<S>,
    S: 'static,
 {
-    pub fn new(f: F, cfg: T::Config) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(f: F, cfg: ExtractorConfig<S, T>) -> Self {
        WithAsync {
-            cfg: Rc::new(cfg),
-            hnd: Rc::new(f),
+            cfg,
+            hnd: Rc::new(UnsafeCell::new(f)),
            _s: PhantomData,
        }
    }
@@ -167,12 +266,12 @@ where
 {
    type Result = AsyncResult<HttpResponse>;

-    fn handle(&self, req: &HttpRequest<S>) -> Self::Result {
+    fn handle(&mut self, req: HttpRequest<S>) -> Self::Result {
        let mut fut = WithAsyncHandlerFut {
-            req: req.clone(),
+            req,
            started: false,
            hnd: Rc::clone(&self.hnd),
-            cfg: Rc::clone(&self.cfg),
+            cfg: self.cfg.clone(),
            fut1: None,
            fut2: None,
            fut3: None,
@@ -196,8 +295,8 @@ where
    S: 'static,
 {
    started: bool,
-    hnd: Rc<F>,
-    cfg: Rc<T::Config>,
+    hnd: Rc<UnsafeCell<F>>,
+    cfg: ExtractorConfig<S, T>,
    req: HttpRequest<S>,
    fut1: Option<Box<Future<Item = T, Error = Error>>>,
    fut2: Option<R>,
@@ -257,7 +356,458 @@ where
            }
        };

-        self.fut2 = Some((*self.hnd)(item));
+        let hnd: &mut F = unsafe { &mut *self.hnd.get() };
+        self.fut2 = Some((*hnd)(item));
+        self.poll()
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct With2<T1, T2, S, F, R>
+where
+    F: Fn(T1, T2) -> R,
+    T1: FromRequest<S> + 'static,
+    T2: FromRequest<S> + 'static,
+    S: 'static,
+{
+    hnd: Rc<UnsafeCell<F>>,
+    cfg1: ExtractorConfig<S, T1>,
+    cfg2: ExtractorConfig<S, T2>,
+    _s: PhantomData<S>,
+}
+
+impl<T1, T2, S, F, R> With2<T1, T2, S, F, R>
+where
+    F: Fn(T1, T2) -> R,
+    T1: FromRequest<S> + 'static,
+    T2: FromRequest<S> + 'static,
+    S: 'static,
+{
+    pub fn new(
+        f: F, cfg1: ExtractorConfig<S, T1>, cfg2: ExtractorConfig<S, T2>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        With2 {
+            hnd: Rc::new(UnsafeCell::new(f)),
+            cfg1,
+            cfg2,
+            _s: PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T1, T2, S, F, R> Handler<S> for With2<T1, T2, S, F, R>
+where
+    F: Fn(T1, T2) -> R + 'static,
+    R: Responder + 'static,
+    T1: FromRequest<S> + 'static,
+    T2: FromRequest<S> + 'static,
+    S: 'static,
+{
+    type Result = AsyncResult<HttpResponse>;
+
+    fn handle(&mut self, req: HttpRequest<S>) -> Self::Result {
+        let mut fut = WithHandlerFut2 {
+            req,
+            started: false,
+            hnd: Rc::clone(&self.hnd),
+            cfg1: self.cfg1.clone(),
+            cfg2: self.cfg2.clone(),
+            item: None,
+            fut1: None,
+            fut2: None,
+            fut3: None,
+        };
+        match fut.poll() {
+            Ok(Async::Ready(resp)) => AsyncResult::ok(resp),
+            Ok(Async::NotReady) => AsyncResult::async(Box::new(fut)),
+            Err(e) => AsyncResult::ok(e),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+struct WithHandlerFut2<T1, T2, S, F, R>
+where
+    F: Fn(T1, T2) -> R + 'static,
+    R: Responder + 'static,
+    T1: FromRequest<S> + 'static,
+    T2: FromRequest<S> + 'static,
+    S: 'static,
+{
+    started: bool,
+    hnd: Rc<UnsafeCell<F>>,
+    cfg1: ExtractorConfig<S, T1>,
+    cfg2: ExtractorConfig<S, T2>,
+    req: HttpRequest<S>,
+    item: Option<T1>,
+    fut1: Option<Box<Future<Item = T1, Error = Error>>>,
+    fut2: Option<Box<Future<Item = T2, Error = Error>>>,
+    fut3: Option<Box<Future<Item = HttpResponse, Error = Error>>>,
+}
+
+impl<T1, T2, S, F, R> Future for WithHandlerFut2<T1, T2, S, F, R>
+where
+    F: Fn(T1, T2) -> R + 'static,
+    R: Responder + 'static,
+    T1: FromRequest<S> + 'static,
+    T2: FromRequest<S> + 'static,
+    S: 'static,
+{
+    type Item = HttpResponse;
+    type Error = Error;
+
+    fn poll(&mut self) -> Poll<Self::Item, Self::Error> {
+        if let Some(ref mut fut) = self.fut3 {
+            return fut.poll();
+        }
+
+        if !self.started {
+            self.started = true;
+            let reply = T1::from_request(&self.req, self.cfg1.as_ref()).into();
+            let item1 = match reply.into() {
+                AsyncResultItem::Err(err) => return Err(err),
+                AsyncResultItem::Ok(msg) => msg,
+                AsyncResultItem::Future(fut) => {
+                    self.fut1 = Some(fut);
+                    return self.poll();
+                }
+            };
+
+            let reply = T2::from_request(&self.req, self.cfg2.as_ref()).into();
+            let item2 = match reply.into() {
+                AsyncResultItem::Err(err) => return Err(err),
+                AsyncResultItem::Ok(msg) => msg,
+                AsyncResultItem::Future(fut) => {
+                    self.item = Some(item1);
+                    self.fut2 = Some(fut);
+                    return self.poll();
+                }
+            };
+
+            let hnd: &mut F = unsafe { &mut *self.hnd.get() };
+            match (*hnd)(item1, item2).respond_to(&self.req) {
+                Ok(item) => match item.into().into() {
+                    AsyncResultItem::Err(err) => return Err(err),
+                    AsyncResultItem::Ok(resp) => return Ok(Async::Ready(resp)),
+                    AsyncResultItem::Future(fut) => {
+                        self.fut3 = Some(fut);
+                        return self.poll();
+                    }
+                },
+                Err(e) => return Err(e.into()),
+            }
+        }
+
+        if self.fut1.is_some() {
+            match self.fut1.as_mut().unwrap().poll()? {
+                Async::Ready(item) => {
+                    let reply = T2::from_request(&self.req, self.cfg2.as_ref()).into();
+                    let item2 = match reply.into() {
+                        AsyncResultItem::Err(err) => return Err(err),
+                        AsyncResultItem::Ok(msg) => msg,
+                        AsyncResultItem::Future(fut) => {
+                            self.item = Some(item);
+                            self.fut2 = Some(fut);
+                            return self.poll();
+                        }
+                    };
+
+                    let hnd: &mut F = unsafe { &mut *self.hnd.get() };
+                    match (*hnd)(item, item2).respond_to(&self.req) {
+                        Ok(item) => match item.into().into() {
+                            AsyncResultItem::Err(err) => return Err(err),
+                            AsyncResultItem::Ok(resp) => return Ok(Async::Ready(resp)),
+                            AsyncResultItem::Future(fut) => {
+                                self.fut3 = Some(fut);
+                                return self.poll();
+                            }
+                        },
+                        Err(e) => return Err(e.into()),
+                    }
+                }
+                Async::NotReady => return Ok(Async::NotReady),
+            }
+        }
+
+        let item = match self.fut2.as_mut().unwrap().poll()? {
+            Async::Ready(item) => item,
+            Async::NotReady => return Ok(Async::NotReady),
+        };
+
+        let hnd: &mut F = unsafe { &mut *self.hnd.get() };
+        let item = match (*hnd)(self.item.take().unwrap(), item).respond_to(&self.req) {
+            Ok(item) => item.into(),
+            Err(err) => return Err(err.into()),
+        };
+
+        match item.into() {
+            AsyncResultItem::Err(err) => return Err(err),
+            AsyncResultItem::Ok(resp) => return Ok(Async::Ready(resp)),
+            AsyncResultItem::Future(fut) => self.fut3 = Some(fut),
+        }
+
+        self.poll()
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct With3<T1, T2, T3, S, F, R>
+where
+    F: Fn(T1, T2, T3) -> R,
+    T1: FromRequest<S> + 'static,
+    T2: FromRequest<S> + 'static,
+    T3: FromRequest<S> + 'static,
+    S: 'static,
+{
+    hnd: Rc<UnsafeCell<F>>,
+    cfg1: ExtractorConfig<S, T1>,
+    cfg2: ExtractorConfig<S, T2>,
+    cfg3: ExtractorConfig<S, T3>,
+    _s: PhantomData<S>,
+}
+
+impl<T1, T2, T3, S, F, R> With3<T1, T2, T3, S, F, R>
+where
+    F: Fn(T1, T2, T3) -> R,
+    T1: FromRequest<S> + 'static,
+    T2: FromRequest<S> + 'static,
+    T3: FromRequest<S> + 'static,
+    S: 'static,
+{
+    pub fn new(
+        f: F, cfg1: ExtractorConfig<S, T1>, cfg2: ExtractorConfig<S, T2>,
+        cfg3: ExtractorConfig<S, T3>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        With3 {
+            hnd: Rc::new(UnsafeCell::new(f)),
+            cfg1,
+            cfg2,
+            cfg3,
+            _s: PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T1, T2, T3, S, F, R> Handler<S> for With3<T1, T2, T3, S, F, R>
+where
+    F: Fn(T1, T2, T3) -> R + 'static,
+    R: Responder + 'static,
+    T1: FromRequest<S>,
+    T2: FromRequest<S>,
+    T3: FromRequest<S>,
+    T1: 'static,
+    T2: 'static,
+    T3: 'static,
+    S: 'static,
+{
+    type Result = AsyncResult<HttpResponse>;
+
+    fn handle(&mut self, req: HttpRequest<S>) -> Self::Result {
+        let mut fut = WithHandlerFut3 {
+            req,
+            hnd: Rc::clone(&self.hnd),
+            cfg1: self.cfg1.clone(),
+            cfg2: self.cfg2.clone(),
+            cfg3: self.cfg3.clone(),
+            started: false,
+            item1: None,
+            item2: None,
+            fut1: None,
+            fut2: None,
+            fut3: None,
+            fut4: None,
+        };
+        match fut.poll() {
+            Ok(Async::Ready(resp)) => AsyncResult::ok(resp),
+            Ok(Async::NotReady) => AsyncResult::async(Box::new(fut)),
+            Err(e) => AsyncResult::err(e),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+struct WithHandlerFut3<T1, T2, T3, S, F, R>
+where
+    F: Fn(T1, T2, T3) -> R + 'static,
+    R: Responder + 'static,
+    T1: FromRequest<S> + 'static,
+    T2: FromRequest<S> + 'static,
+    T3: FromRequest<S> + 'static,
+    S: 'static,
+{
+    hnd: Rc<UnsafeCell<F>>,
+    req: HttpRequest<S>,
+    cfg1: ExtractorConfig<S, T1>,
+    cfg2: ExtractorConfig<S, T2>,
+    cfg3: ExtractorConfig<S, T3>,
+    started: bool,
+    item1: Option<T1>,
+    item2: Option<T2>,
+    fut1: Option<Box<Future<Item = T1, Error = Error>>>,
+    fut2: Option<Box<Future<Item = T2, Error = Error>>>,
+    fut3: Option<Box<Future<Item = T3, Error = Error>>>,
+    fut4: Option<Box<Future<Item = HttpResponse, Error = Error>>>,
+}
+
+impl<T1, T2, T3, S, F, R> Future for WithHandlerFut3<T1, T2, T3, S, F, R>
+where
+    F: Fn(T1, T2, T3) -> R + 'static,
+    R: Responder + 'static,
+    T1: FromRequest<S> + 'static,
+    T2: FromRequest<S> + 'static,
+    T3: FromRequest<S> + 'static,
+    S: 'static,
+{
+    type Item = HttpResponse;
+    type Error = Error;
+
+    fn poll(&mut self) -> Poll<Self::Item, Self::Error> {
+        if let Some(ref mut fut) = self.fut4 {
+            return fut.poll();
+        }
+
+        if !self.started {
+            self.started = true;
+            let reply = T1::from_request(&self.req, self.cfg1.as_ref()).into();
+            let item1 = match reply.into() {
+                AsyncResultItem::Err(err) => return Err(err),
+                AsyncResultItem::Ok(msg) => msg,
+                AsyncResultItem::Future(fut) => {
+                    self.fut1 = Some(fut);
+                    return self.poll();
+                }
+            };
+
+            let reply = T2::from_request(&self.req, self.cfg2.as_ref()).into();
+            let item2 = match reply.into() {
+                AsyncResultItem::Err(err) => return Err(err),
+                AsyncResultItem::Ok(msg) => msg,
+                AsyncResultItem::Future(fut) => {
+                    self.item1 = Some(item1);
+                    self.fut2 = Some(fut);
+                    return self.poll();
+                }
+            };
+
+            let reply = T3::from_request(&self.req, self.cfg3.as_ref()).into();
+            let item3 = match reply.into() {
+                AsyncResultItem::Err(err) => return Err(err),
+                AsyncResultItem::Ok(msg) => msg,
+                AsyncResultItem::Future(fut) => {
+                    self.item1 = Some(item1);
+                    self.item2 = Some(item2);
+                    self.fut3 = Some(fut);
+                    return self.poll();
+                }
+            };
+
+            let hnd: &mut F = unsafe { &mut *self.hnd.get() };
+            match (*hnd)(item1, item2, item3).respond_to(&self.req) {
+                Ok(item) => match item.into().into() {
+                    AsyncResultItem::Err(err) => return Err(err),
+                    AsyncResultItem::Ok(resp) => return Ok(Async::Ready(resp)),
+                    AsyncResultItem::Future(fut) => {
+                        self.fut4 = Some(fut);
+                        return self.poll();
+                    }
+                },
+                Err(e) => return Err(e.into()),
+            }
+        }
+
+        if self.fut1.is_some() {
+            match self.fut1.as_mut().unwrap().poll()? {
+                Async::Ready(item) => {
+                    self.item1 = Some(item);
+                    self.fut1.take();
+                    let reply = T2::from_request(&self.req, self.cfg2.as_ref()).into();
+                    let item2 = match reply.into() {
+                        AsyncResultItem::Err(err) => return Err(err),
+                        AsyncResultItem::Ok(msg) => msg,
+                        AsyncResultItem::Future(fut) => {
+                            self.fut2 = Some(fut);
+                            return self.poll();
+                        }
+                    };
+
+                    let reply = T3::from_request(&self.req, self.cfg3.as_ref()).into();
+                    let item3 = match reply.into() {
+                        AsyncResultItem::Err(err) => return Err(err),
+                        AsyncResultItem::Ok(msg) => msg,
+                        AsyncResultItem::Future(fut) => {
+                            self.item2 = Some(item2);
+                            self.fut3 = Some(fut);
+                            return self.poll();
+                        }
+                    };
+                    let hnd: &mut F = unsafe { &mut *self.hnd.get() };
+                    match (*hnd)(self.item1.take().unwrap(), item2, item3)
+                        .respond_to(&self.req)
+                    {
+                        Ok(item) => match item.into().into() {
+                            AsyncResultItem::Err(err) => return Err(err),
+                            AsyncResultItem::Ok(resp) => return Ok(Async::Ready(resp)),
+                            AsyncResultItem::Future(fut) => {
+                                self.fut4 = Some(fut);
+                                return self.poll();
+                            }
+                        },
+                        Err(e) => return Err(e.into()),
+                    }
+                }
+                Async::NotReady => return Ok(Async::NotReady),
+            }
+        }
+
+        if self.fut2.is_some() {
+            match self.fut2.as_mut().unwrap().poll()? {
+                Async::Ready(item) => {
+                    self.fut2.take();
+                    let reply = T3::from_request(&self.req, self.cfg3.as_ref()).into();
+                    let item3 = match reply.into() {
+                        AsyncResultItem::Err(err) => return Err(err),
+                        AsyncResultItem::Ok(msg) => msg,
+                        AsyncResultItem::Future(fut) => {
+                            self.item2 = Some(item);
+                            self.fut3 = Some(fut);
+                            return self.poll();
+                        }
+                    };
+                    let hnd: &mut F = unsafe { &mut *self.hnd.get() };
+                    match (*hnd)(self.item1.take().unwrap(), item, item3)
+                        .respond_to(&self.req)
+                    {
+                        Ok(item) => match item.into().into() {
+                            AsyncResultItem::Err(err) => return Err(err),
+                            AsyncResultItem::Ok(resp) => return Ok(Async::Ready(resp)),
+                            AsyncResultItem::Future(fut) => {
+                                self.fut4 = Some(fut);
+                                return self.poll();
+                            }
+                        },
+                        Err(e) => return Err(e.into()),
+                    }
+                }
+                Async::NotReady => return Ok(Async::NotReady),
+            }
+        }
+
+        let item = match self.fut3.as_mut().unwrap().poll()? {
+            Async::Ready(item) => item,
+            Async::NotReady => return Ok(Async::NotReady),
+        };
+
+        let hnd: &mut F = unsafe { &mut *self.hnd.get() };
+        let item =
+            match (*hnd)(self.item1.take().unwrap(), self.item2.take().unwrap(), item)
+                .respond_to(&self.req)
+            {
+                Ok(item) => item.into(),
+                Err(err) => return Err(err.into()),
+            };
+
+        match item.into() {
+            AsyncResultItem::Err(err) => return Err(err),
+            AsyncResultItem::Ok(resp) => return Ok(Async::Ready(resp)),
+            AsyncResultItem::Future(fut) => self.fut4 = Some(fut),
+        }
+
        self.poll()
    }
 }
--- a/src/ws/client.rs
+++ b/src/ws/client.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 //! Http client request
-use std::cell::RefCell;
+use std::cell::UnsafeCell;
 use std::rc::Rc;
 use std::time::Duration;
 use std::{fmt, io, str};
@@ -7,73 +7,59 @@ use std::{fmt, io, str};
 use base64;
 use bytes::Bytes;
 use cookie::Cookie;
-use futures::sync::mpsc::{unbounded, UnboundedSender};
+use futures::unsync::mpsc::{unbounded, UnboundedSender};
 use futures::{Async, Future, Poll, Stream};
 use http::header::{self, HeaderName, HeaderValue};
 use http::{Error as HttpError, HttpTryFrom, StatusCode};
 use rand;
 use sha1::Sha1;

-use actix::{Addr, SystemService};
+use actix::prelude::*;

 use body::{Binary, Body};
 use error::{Error, UrlParseError};
 use header::IntoHeaderValue;
 use httpmessage::HttpMessage;
-use payload::PayloadBuffer;
+use payload::PayloadHelper;

 use client::{
-    ClientConnector, ClientRequest, ClientRequestBuilder, HttpResponseParserError,
-    Pipeline, SendRequest, SendRequestError,
+    ClientConnector, ClientRequest, ClientRequestBuilder, ClientResponse,
+    HttpResponseParserError, SendRequest, SendRequestError,
 };

-use super::frame::{Frame, FramedMessage};
+use super::frame::Frame;
 use super::proto::{CloseReason, OpCode};
 use super::{Message, ProtocolError, WsWriter};

 /// Websocket client error
 #[derive(Fail, Debug)]
 pub enum ClientError {
-    /// Invalid url
    #[fail(display = "Invalid url")]
    InvalidUrl,
-    /// Invalid response status
    #[fail(display = "Invalid response status")]
    InvalidResponseStatus(StatusCode),
-    /// Invalid upgrade header
    #[fail(display = "Invalid upgrade header")]
    InvalidUpgradeHeader,
-    /// Invalid connection header
    #[fail(display = "Invalid connection header")]
    InvalidConnectionHeader(HeaderValue),
-    /// Missing CONNECTION header
    #[fail(display = "Missing CONNECTION header")]
    MissingConnectionHeader,
-    /// Missing SEC-WEBSOCKET-ACCEPT header
    #[fail(display = "Missing SEC-WEBSOCKET-ACCEPT header")]
    MissingWebSocketAcceptHeader,
-    /// Invalid challenge response
    #[fail(display = "Invalid challenge response")]
    InvalidChallengeResponse(String, HeaderValue),
-    /// Http parsing error
    #[fail(display = "Http parsing error")]
    Http(Error),
-    /// Url parsing error
    #[fail(display = "Url parsing error")]
    Url(UrlParseError),
-    /// Response parsing error
    #[fail(display = "Response parsing error")]
    ResponseParseError(HttpResponseParserError),
-    /// Send request error
    #[fail(display = "{}", _0)]
    SendRequest(SendRequestError),
-    /// Protocol error
    #[fail(display = "{}", _0)]
    Protocol(#[cause] ProtocolError),
-    /// IO Error
    #[fail(display = "{}", _0)]
    Io(io::Error),
-    /// "Disconnected"
    #[fail(display = "Disconnected")]
    Disconnected,
 }
@@ -118,14 +104,14 @@ impl From<HttpResponseParserError> for ClientError {
 ///
 /// Example of `WebSocket` client usage is available in
 /// [websocket example](
-/// https://github.com/actix/examples/blob/master/websocket/src/client.rs#L24)
+/// https://github.com/actix/actix-web/blob/master/examples/websocket/src/client.rs#L24)
 pub struct Client {
    request: ClientRequestBuilder,
    err: Option<ClientError>,
    http_err: Option<HttpError>,
    origin: Option<HeaderValue>,
    protocols: Option<String>,
-    conn: Addr<ClientConnector>,
+    conn: Addr<Unsync, ClientConnector>,
    max_size: usize,
    no_masking: bool,
 }
@@ -137,7 +123,9 @@ impl Client {
    }

    /// Create new websocket connection with custom `ClientConnector`
-    pub fn with_connector<S: AsRef<str>>(uri: S, conn: Addr<ClientConnector>) -> Client {
+    pub fn with_connector<S: AsRef<str>>(
+        uri: S, conn: Addr<Unsync, ClientConnector>,
+    ) -> Client {
        let mut cl = Client {
            request: ClientRequest::build(),
            err: None,
@@ -275,7 +263,7 @@ impl Client {

 struct Inner {
    tx: UnboundedSender<Bytes>,
-    rx: PayloadBuffer<Box<Pipeline>>,
+    rx: PayloadHelper<ClientResponse>,
    closed: bool,
 }

@@ -431,11 +419,11 @@ impl Future for ClientHandshake {

        let inner = Inner {
            tx: self.tx.take().unwrap(),
-            rx: PayloadBuffer::new(resp.payload()),
+            rx: PayloadHelper::new(resp),
            closed: false,
        };

-        let inner = Rc::new(RefCell::new(inner));
+        let inner = Rc::new(UnsafeCell::new(inner));
        Ok(Async::Ready((
            ClientReader {
                inner: Rc::clone(&inner),
@@ -447,9 +435,8 @@ impl Future for ClientHandshake {
    }
 }

-/// Websocket reader client
 pub struct ClientReader {
-    inner: Rc<RefCell<Inner>>,
+    inner: Rc<UnsafeCell<Inner>>,
    max_size: usize,
    no_masking: bool,
 }
@@ -460,6 +447,13 @@ impl fmt::Debug for ClientReader {
    }
 }

+impl ClientReader {
+    #[inline]
+    fn as_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Inner {
+        unsafe { &mut *self.inner.get() }
+    }
+}
+
 impl Stream for ClientReader {
    type Item = Message;
    type Error = ProtocolError;
@@ -467,7 +461,7 @@ impl Stream for ClientReader {
    fn poll(&mut self) -> Poll<Option<Self::Item>, Self::Error> {
        let max_size = self.max_size;
        let no_masking = self.no_masking;
-        let mut inner = self.inner.borrow_mut();
+        let inner = self.as_mut();
        if inner.closed {
            return Ok(Async::Ready(None));
        }
@@ -521,23 +515,26 @@ impl Stream for ClientReader {
    }
 }

-/// Websocket writer client
 pub struct ClientWriter {
-    inner: Rc<RefCell<Inner>>,
+    inner: Rc<UnsafeCell<Inner>>,
 }

 impl ClientWriter {
    /// Write payload
    #[inline]
-    fn write(&mut self, mut data: FramedMessage) {
-        let inner = self.inner.borrow_mut();
-        if !inner.closed {
-            let _ = inner.tx.unbounded_send(data.0.take());
+    fn write(&mut self, mut data: Binary) {
+        if !self.as_mut().closed {
+            let _ = self.as_mut().tx.unbounded_send(data.take());
        } else {
            warn!("Trying to write to disconnected response");
        }
    }

+    #[inline]
+    fn as_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Inner {
+        unsafe { &mut *self.inner.get() }
+    }
+
    /// Send text frame
    #[inline]
    pub fn text<T: Into<Binary>>(&mut self, text: T) {
--- a/src/ws/context.rs
+++ b/src/ws/context.rs
@@ -1,35 +1,30 @@
-extern crate actix;
-
-use bytes::Bytes;
-use futures::sync::oneshot::{self, Sender};
-use futures::{Async, Future, Poll, Stream};
+use futures::sync::oneshot::Sender;
+use futures::unsync::oneshot;
+use futures::{Async, Poll};
 use smallvec::SmallVec;

-use self::actix::dev::{
-    AsyncContextParts, ContextFut, ContextParts, Envelope, Mailbox, StreamHandler,
-    ToEnvelope,
-};
-use self::actix::fut::ActorFuture;
-use self::actix::{
-    Actor, ActorContext, ActorState, Addr, AsyncContext, Handler,
-    Message as ActixMessage, SpawnHandle,
+use actix::dev::{ContextImpl, SyncEnvelope, ToEnvelope};
+use actix::fut::ActorFuture;
+use actix::{
+    Actor, ActorContext, ActorState, Addr, AsyncContext, Handler, Message, SpawnHandle,
+    Syn, Unsync,
 };

 use body::{Binary, Body};
 use context::{ActorHttpContext, Drain, Frame as ContextFrame};
-use error::{Error, ErrorInternalServerError, PayloadError};
+use error::{Error, ErrorInternalServerError};
 use httprequest::HttpRequest;

-use ws::frame::{Frame, FramedMessage};
+use ws::frame::Frame;
 use ws::proto::{CloseReason, OpCode};
-use ws::{Message, ProtocolError, WsStream, WsWriter};
+use ws::WsWriter;

 /// Execution context for `WebSockets` actors
 pub struct WebsocketContext<A, S = ()>
 where
    A: Actor<Context = WebsocketContext<A, S>>,
 {
-    inner: ContextParts<A>,
+    inner: ContextImpl<A>,
    stream: Option<SmallVec<[ContextFrame; 4]>>,
    request: HttpRequest<S>,
    disconnected: bool,
@@ -80,9 +75,16 @@ where
        self.inner.cancel_future(handle)
    }

+    #[doc(hidden)]
    #[inline]
-    fn address(&self) -> Addr<A> {
-        self.inner.address()
+    fn unsync_address(&mut self) -> Addr<Unsync, A> {
+        self.inner.unsync_address()
+    }
+
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    #[inline]
+    fn sync_address(&mut self) -> Addr<Syn, A> {
+        self.inner.sync_address()
    }
 }

@@ -91,39 +93,23 @@ where
    A: Actor<Context = Self>,
 {
    #[inline]
-    /// Create a new Websocket context from a request and an actor
-    pub fn create<P>(req: HttpRequest<S>, actor: A, stream: WsStream<P>) -> Body
-    where
-        A: StreamHandler<Message, ProtocolError>,
-        P: Stream<Item = Bytes, Error = PayloadError> + 'static,
-    {
-        let mb = Mailbox::default();
-        let mut ctx = WebsocketContext {
-            inner: ContextParts::new(mb.sender_producer()),
-            stream: None,
-            request: req,
-            disconnected: false,
-        };
-        ctx.add_stream(stream);
-
-        Body::Actor(Box::new(WebsocketContextFut::new(ctx, actor, mb)))
+    pub fn new(req: HttpRequest<S>, actor: A) -> WebsocketContext<A, S> {
+        WebsocketContext::from_request(req).actor(actor)
    }

-    /// Create a new Websocket context
-    pub fn with_factory<F>(req: HttpRequest<S>, f: F) -> Body
-    where
-        F: FnOnce(&mut Self) -> A + 'static,
-    {
-        let mb = Mailbox::default();
-        let mut ctx = WebsocketContext {
-            inner: ContextParts::new(mb.sender_producer()),
+    pub fn from_request(req: HttpRequest<S>) -> WebsocketContext<A, S> {
+        WebsocketContext {
+            inner: ContextImpl::new(None),
            stream: None,
            request: req,
            disconnected: false,
-        };
+        }
+    }

-        let act = f(&mut ctx);
-        Body::Actor(Box::new(WebsocketContextFut::new(ctx, act, mb)))
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn actor(mut self, actor: A) -> WebsocketContext<A, S> {
+        self.inner.set_actor(actor);
+        self
    }
 }

@@ -132,19 +118,15 @@ where
    A: Actor<Context = Self>,
 {
    /// Write payload
-    ///
-    /// This is a low-level function that accepts framed messages that should
-    /// be created using `Frame::message()`. If you want to send text or binary
-    /// data you should prefer the `text()` or `binary()` convenience functions
-    /// that handle the framing for you.
    #[inline]
-    pub fn write_raw(&mut self, data: FramedMessage) {
+    fn write(&mut self, data: Binary) {
        if !self.disconnected {
            if self.stream.is_none() {
                self.stream = Some(SmallVec::new());
            }
            let stream = self.stream.as_mut().unwrap();
-            stream.push(ContextFrame::Chunk(Some(data.0)));
+            stream.push(ContextFrame::Chunk(Some(data)));
+            self.inner.modify();
        } else {
            warn!("Trying to write to disconnected response");
        }
@@ -165,6 +147,7 @@ where
    /// Returns drain future
    pub fn drain(&mut self) -> Drain<A> {
        let (tx, rx) = oneshot::channel();
+        self.inner.modify();
        self.add_frame(ContextFrame::Drain(tx));
        Drain::new(rx)
    }
@@ -172,19 +155,19 @@ where
    /// Send text frame
    #[inline]
    pub fn text<T: Into<Binary>>(&mut self, text: T) {
-        self.write_raw(Frame::message(text.into(), OpCode::Text, true, false));
+        self.write(Frame::message(text.into(), OpCode::Text, true, false));
    }

    /// Send binary frame
    #[inline]
    pub fn binary<B: Into<Binary>>(&mut self, data: B) {
-        self.write_raw(Frame::message(data, OpCode::Binary, true, false));
+        self.write(Frame::message(data, OpCode::Binary, true, false));
    }

    /// Send ping frame
    #[inline]
    pub fn ping(&mut self, message: &str) {
-        self.write_raw(Frame::message(
+        self.write(Frame::message(
            Vec::from(message),
            OpCode::Ping,
            true,
@@ -195,7 +178,7 @@ where
    /// Send pong frame
    #[inline]
    pub fn pong(&mut self, message: &str) {
-        self.write_raw(Frame::message(
+        self.write(Frame::message(
            Vec::from(message),
            OpCode::Pong,
            true,
@@ -206,7 +189,7 @@ where
    /// Send close frame
    #[inline]
    pub fn close(&mut self, reason: Option<CloseReason>) {
-        self.write_raw(Frame::close(reason, false));
+        self.write(Frame::close(reason, false));
    }

    /// Check if connection still open
@@ -223,6 +206,7 @@ where
        if let Some(s) = self.stream.as_mut() {
            s.push(frame)
        }
+        self.inner.modify();
    }

    /// Handle of the running future
@@ -269,52 +253,28 @@ where
    }
 }

-impl<A, S> AsyncContextParts<A> for WebsocketContext<A, S>
+impl<A, S> ActorHttpContext for WebsocketContext<A, S>
 where
    A: Actor<Context = Self>,
-{
-    fn parts(&mut self) -> &mut ContextParts<A> {
-        &mut self.inner
-    }
-}
-
-struct WebsocketContextFut<A, S>
-where
-    A: Actor<Context = WebsocketContext<A, S>>,
-{
-    fut: ContextFut<A, WebsocketContext<A, S>>,
-}
-
-impl<A, S> WebsocketContextFut<A, S>
-where
-    A: Actor<Context = WebsocketContext<A, S>>,
-{
-    fn new(ctx: WebsocketContext<A, S>, act: A, mailbox: Mailbox<A>) -> Self {
-        let fut = ContextFut::new(ctx, act, mailbox);
-        WebsocketContextFut { fut }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<A, S> ActorHttpContext for WebsocketContextFut<A, S>
-where
-    A: Actor<Context = WebsocketContext<A, S>>,
    S: 'static,
 {
    #[inline]
    fn disconnected(&mut self) {
-        self.fut.ctx().disconnected = true;
-        self.fut.ctx().stop();
+        self.disconnected = true;
+        self.stop();
    }

    fn poll(&mut self) -> Poll<Option<SmallVec<[ContextFrame; 4]>>, Error> {
-        if self.fut.alive() && self.fut.poll().is_err() {
+        let ctx: &mut WebsocketContext<A, S> = unsafe { &mut *(self as *mut _) };
+
+        if self.inner.alive() && self.inner.poll(ctx).is_err() {
            return Err(ErrorInternalServerError("error"));
        }

        // frames
-        if let Some(data) = self.fut.ctx().stream.take() {
+        if let Some(data) = self.stream.take() {
            Ok(Async::Ready(Some(data)))
-        } else if self.fut.alive() {
+        } else if self.inner.alive() {
            Ok(Async::NotReady)
        } else {
            Ok(Async::Ready(None))
@@ -322,13 +282,23 @@ where
    }
 }

-impl<A, M, S> ToEnvelope<A, M> for WebsocketContext<A, S>
+impl<A, M, S> ToEnvelope<Syn, A, M> for WebsocketContext<A, S>
 where
    A: Actor<Context = WebsocketContext<A, S>> + Handler<M>,
-    M: ActixMessage + Send + 'static,
+    M: Message + Send + 'static,
    M::Result: Send,
 {
-    fn pack(msg: M, tx: Option<Sender<M::Result>>) -> Envelope<A> {
-        Envelope::new(msg, tx)
+    fn pack(msg: M, tx: Option<Sender<M::Result>>) -> SyncEnvelope<A> {
+        SyncEnvelope::new(msg, tx)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<A, S> From<WebsocketContext<A, S>> for Body
+where
+    A: Actor<Context = WebsocketContext<A, S>>,
+    S: 'static,
+{
+    fn from(ctx: WebsocketContext<A, S>) -> Body {
+        Body::Actor(Box::new(ctx))
    }
 }
--- a/src/ws/frame.rs
+++ b/src/ws/frame.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
-use byteorder::{ByteOrder, LittleEndian, NetworkEndian};
+#![cfg_attr(feature = "cargo-clippy", allow(cast_ptr_alignment))]
+use byteorder::{BigEndian, ByteOrder, NetworkEndian};
 use bytes::{BufMut, Bytes, BytesMut};
 use futures::{Async, Poll, Stream};
 use rand;
-use std::fmt;
+use std::{fmt, ptr};

 use body::Binary;
 use error::PayloadError;
-use payload::PayloadBuffer;
+use payload::PayloadHelper;

 use ws::mask::apply_mask;
 use ws::proto::{CloseCode, CloseReason, OpCode};
@@ -28,7 +29,7 @@ impl Frame {

    /// Create a new Close control frame.
    #[inline]
-    pub fn close(reason: Option<CloseReason>, genmask: bool) -> FramedMessage {
+    pub fn close(reason: Option<CloseReason>, genmask: bool) -> Binary {
        let payload = match reason {
            None => Vec::new(),
            Some(reason) => {
@@ -48,7 +49,7 @@ impl Frame {

    #[cfg_attr(feature = "cargo-clippy", allow(type_complexity))]
    fn read_copy_md<S>(
-        pl: &mut PayloadBuffer<S>, server: bool, max_size: usize,
+        pl: &mut PayloadHelper<S>, server: bool, max_size: usize,
    ) -> Poll<Option<(usize, bool, OpCode, usize, Option<u32>)>, ProtocolError>
    where
        S: Stream<Item = Bytes, Error = PayloadError>,
@@ -94,12 +95,9 @@ impl Frame {
                Async::Ready(None) => return Ok(Async::Ready(None)),
                Async::NotReady => return Ok(Async::NotReady),
            };
-            let len = NetworkEndian::read_uint(&buf[idx..], 8);
-            if len > max_size as u64 {
-                return Err(ProtocolError::Overflow);
-            }
+            let len = NetworkEndian::read_uint(&buf[idx..], 8) as usize;
            idx += 8;
-            len as usize
+            len
        } else {
            len as usize
        };
@@ -117,7 +115,8 @@ impl Frame {
            };

            let mask: &[u8] = &buf[idx..idx + 4];
-            let mask_u32 = LittleEndian::read_u32(mask);
+            let mask_u32: u32 =
+                unsafe { ptr::read_unaligned(mask.as_ptr() as *const u32) };
            idx += 4;
            Some(mask_u32)
        } else {
@@ -168,12 +167,9 @@ impl Frame {
            if chunk_len < 10 {
                return Ok(Async::NotReady);
            }
-            let len = NetworkEndian::read_uint(&chunk[idx..], 8);
-            if len > max_size as u64 {
-                return Err(ProtocolError::Overflow);
-            }
+            let len = NetworkEndian::read_uint(&chunk[idx..], 8) as usize;
            idx += 8;
-            len as usize
+            len
        } else {
            len as usize
        };
@@ -189,7 +185,8 @@ impl Frame {
            }

            let mask: &[u8] = &chunk[idx..idx + 4];
-            let mask_u32 = LittleEndian::read_u32(mask);
+            let mask_u32: u32 =
+                unsafe { ptr::read_unaligned(mask.as_ptr() as *const u32) };
            idx += 4;
            Some(mask_u32)
        } else {
@@ -201,7 +198,7 @@ impl Frame {

    /// Parse the input stream into a frame.
    pub fn parse<S>(
-        pl: &mut PayloadBuffer<S>, server: bool, max_size: usize,
+        pl: &mut PayloadHelper<S>, server: bool, max_size: usize,
    ) -> Poll<Option<Frame>, ProtocolError>
    where
        S: Stream<Item = Bytes, Error = PayloadError>,
@@ -230,7 +227,7 @@ impl Frame {
        }

        // remove prefix
-        pl.drop_bytes(idx);
+        pl.drop_payload(idx);

        // no need for body
        if length == 0 {
@@ -260,14 +257,13 @@ impl Frame {
        }

        // unmask
-        let data = if let Some(mask) = mask {
-            let mut buf = BytesMut::new();
-            buf.extend_from_slice(&data);
-            apply_mask(&mut buf, mask);
-            buf.freeze()
-        } else {
-            data
-        };
+        if let Some(mask) = mask {
+            let p: &mut [u8] = unsafe {
+                let ptr: &[u8] = &data;
+                &mut *(ptr as *const _ as *mut _)
+            };
+            apply_mask(p, mask);
+        }

        Ok(Async::Ready(Some(Frame {
            finished,
@@ -279,7 +275,7 @@ impl Frame {
    /// Parse the payload of a close frame.
    pub fn parse_close_payload(payload: &Binary) -> Option<CloseReason> {
        if payload.len() >= 2 {
-            let raw_code = NetworkEndian::read_u16(payload.as_ref());
+            let raw_code = NetworkEndian::read_uint(payload.as_ref(), 2) as u16;
            let code = CloseCode::from(raw_code);
            let description = if payload.len() > 2 {
                Some(String::from_utf8_lossy(&payload.as_ref()[2..]).into())
@@ -295,7 +291,7 @@ impl Frame {
    /// Generate binary representation
    pub fn message<B: Into<Binary>>(
        data: B, code: OpCode, finished: bool, genmask: bool,
-    ) -> FramedMessage {
+    ) -> Binary {
        let payload = data.into();
        let one: u8 = if finished {
            0x80 | Into::<u8>::into(code)
@@ -316,28 +312,39 @@ impl Frame {
        } else if payload_len <= 65_535 {
            let mut buf = BytesMut::with_capacity(p_len + 4);
            buf.put_slice(&[one, two | 126]);
-            buf.put_u16_be(payload_len as u16);
+            {
+                let buf_mut = unsafe { buf.bytes_mut() };
+                BigEndian::write_u16(&mut buf_mut[..2], payload_len as u16);
+            }
+            unsafe { buf.advance_mut(2) };
            buf
        } else {
            let mut buf = BytesMut::with_capacity(p_len + 10);
            buf.put_slice(&[one, two | 127]);
-            buf.put_u64_be(payload_len as u64);
+            {
+                let buf_mut = unsafe { buf.bytes_mut() };
+                BigEndian::write_u64(&mut buf_mut[..8], payload_len as u64);
+            }
+            unsafe { buf.advance_mut(8) };
            buf
        };

-        let binary = if genmask {
+        if genmask {
            let mask = rand::random::<u32>();
-            buf.put_u32_le(mask);
-            buf.extend_from_slice(payload.as_ref());
-            let pos = buf.len() - payload_len;
-            apply_mask(&mut buf[pos..], mask);
+            unsafe {
+                {
+                    let buf_mut = buf.bytes_mut();
+                    *(buf_mut as *mut _ as *mut u32) = mask;
+                    buf_mut[4..payload_len + 4].copy_from_slice(payload.as_ref());
+                    apply_mask(&mut buf_mut[4..], mask);
+                }
+                buf.advance_mut(payload_len + 4);
+            }
            buf.into()
        } else {
            buf.put_slice(payload.as_ref());
            buf.into()
-        };
-
-        FramedMessage(binary)
+        }
    }
 }

@@ -374,10 +381,6 @@ impl fmt::Display for Frame {
    }
 }

-/// `WebSocket` message with framing.
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct FramedMessage(pub(crate) Binary);
-
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
    use super::*;
@@ -399,14 +402,14 @@ mod tests {

    #[test]
    fn test_parse() {
-        let mut buf = PayloadBuffer::new(once(Ok(BytesMut::from(
+        let mut buf = PayloadHelper::new(once(Ok(BytesMut::from(
            &[0b0000_0001u8, 0b0000_0001u8][..],
        ).freeze())));
        assert!(is_none(&Frame::parse(&mut buf, false, 1024)));

        let mut buf = BytesMut::from(&[0b0000_0001u8, 0b0000_0001u8][..]);
        buf.extend(b"1");
-        let mut buf = PayloadBuffer::new(once(Ok(buf.freeze())));
+        let mut buf = PayloadHelper::new(once(Ok(buf.freeze())));

        let frame = extract(Frame::parse(&mut buf, false, 1024));
        assert!(!frame.finished);
@@ -417,7 +420,7 @@ mod tests {
    #[test]
    fn test_parse_length0() {
        let buf = BytesMut::from(&[0b0000_0001u8, 0b0000_0000u8][..]);
-        let mut buf = PayloadBuffer::new(once(Ok(buf.freeze())));
+        let mut buf = PayloadHelper::new(once(Ok(buf.freeze())));

        let frame = extract(Frame::parse(&mut buf, false, 1024));
        assert!(!frame.finished);
@@ -428,13 +431,13 @@ mod tests {
    #[test]
    fn test_parse_length2() {
        let buf = BytesMut::from(&[0b0000_0001u8, 126u8][..]);
-        let mut buf = PayloadBuffer::new(once(Ok(buf.freeze())));
+        let mut buf = PayloadHelper::new(once(Ok(buf.freeze())));
        assert!(is_none(&Frame::parse(&mut buf, false, 1024)));

        let mut buf = BytesMut::from(&[0b0000_0001u8, 126u8][..]);
        buf.extend(&[0u8, 4u8][..]);
        buf.extend(b"1234");
-        let mut buf = PayloadBuffer::new(once(Ok(buf.freeze())));
+        let mut buf = PayloadHelper::new(once(Ok(buf.freeze())));

        let frame = extract(Frame::parse(&mut buf, false, 1024));
        assert!(!frame.finished);
@@ -445,13 +448,13 @@ mod tests {
    #[test]
    fn test_parse_length4() {
        let buf = BytesMut::from(&[0b0000_0001u8, 127u8][..]);
-        let mut buf = PayloadBuffer::new(once(Ok(buf.freeze())));
+        let mut buf = PayloadHelper::new(once(Ok(buf.freeze())));
        assert!(is_none(&Frame::parse(&mut buf, false, 1024)));

        let mut buf = BytesMut::from(&[0b0000_0001u8, 127u8][..]);
        buf.extend(&[0u8, 0u8, 0u8, 0u8, 0u8, 0u8, 0u8, 4u8][..]);
        buf.extend(b"1234");
-        let mut buf = PayloadBuffer::new(once(Ok(buf.freeze())));
+        let mut buf = PayloadHelper::new(once(Ok(buf.freeze())));

        let frame = extract(Frame::parse(&mut buf, false, 1024));
        assert!(!frame.finished);
@@ -464,7 +467,7 @@ mod tests {
        let mut buf = BytesMut::from(&[0b0000_0001u8, 0b1000_0001u8][..]);
        buf.extend(b"0001");
        buf.extend(b"1");
-        let mut buf = PayloadBuffer::new(once(Ok(buf.freeze())));
+        let mut buf = PayloadHelper::new(once(Ok(buf.freeze())));

        assert!(Frame::parse(&mut buf, false, 1024).is_err());

@@ -478,7 +481,7 @@ mod tests {
    fn test_parse_frame_no_mask() {
        let mut buf = BytesMut::from(&[0b0000_0001u8, 0b0000_0001u8][..]);
        buf.extend(&[1u8]);
-        let mut buf = PayloadBuffer::new(once(Ok(buf.freeze())));
+        let mut buf = PayloadHelper::new(once(Ok(buf.freeze())));

        assert!(Frame::parse(&mut buf, true, 1024).is_err());

@@ -492,7 +495,7 @@ mod tests {
    fn test_parse_frame_max_size() {
        let mut buf = BytesMut::from(&[0b0000_0001u8, 0b0000_0010u8][..]);
        buf.extend(&[1u8, 1u8]);
-        let mut buf = PayloadBuffer::new(once(Ok(buf.freeze())));
+        let mut buf = PayloadHelper::new(once(Ok(buf.freeze())));

        assert!(Frame::parse(&mut buf, true, 1).is_err());

@@ -508,7 +511,7 @@ mod tests {

        let mut v = vec![137u8, 4u8];
        v.extend(b"data");
-        assert_eq!(frame.0, v.into());
+        assert_eq!(frame, v.into());
    }

    #[test]
@@ -517,7 +520,7 @@ mod tests {

        let mut v = vec![138u8, 4u8];
        v.extend(b"data");
-        assert_eq!(frame.0, v.into());
+        assert_eq!(frame, v.into());
    }

    #[test]
@@ -527,12 +530,12 @@ mod tests {

        let mut v = vec![136u8, 6u8, 3u8, 232u8];
        v.extend(b"data");
-        assert_eq!(frame.0, v.into());
+        assert_eq!(frame, v.into());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_empty_close_frame() {
        let frame = Frame::close(None, false);
-        assert_eq!(frame.0, vec![0x88, 0x00].into());
+        assert_eq!(frame, vec![0x88, 0x00].into());
    }
 }
--- a/src/ws/mask.rs
+++ b/src/ws/mask.rs
@@ -1,123 +1,119 @@
 //! This is code from [Tungstenite project](https://github.com/snapview/tungstenite-rs)
 #![cfg_attr(feature = "cargo-clippy", allow(cast_ptr_alignment))]
+use std::cmp::min;
+use std::mem::uninitialized;
 use std::ptr::copy_nonoverlapping;
-use std::slice;

-// Holds a slice guaranteed to be shorter than 8 bytes
-struct ShortSlice<'a>(&'a mut [u8]);
+/// Mask/unmask a frame.
+#[inline]
+pub fn apply_mask(buf: &mut [u8], mask: u32) {
+    apply_mask_fast32(buf, mask)
+}

-impl<'a> ShortSlice<'a> {
-    unsafe fn new(slice: &'a mut [u8]) -> Self {
-        // Sanity check for debug builds
-        debug_assert!(slice.len() < 8);
-        ShortSlice(slice)
-    }
-    fn len(&self) -> usize {
-        self.0.len()
+/// A safe unoptimized mask application.
+#[inline]
+#[allow(dead_code)]
+fn apply_mask_fallback(buf: &mut [u8], mask: &[u8; 4]) {
+    for (i, byte) in buf.iter_mut().enumerate() {
+        *byte ^= mask[i & 3];
    }
 }

 /// Faster version of `apply_mask()` which operates on 8-byte blocks.
 #[inline]
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "cargo-clippy", allow(cast_lossless))]
-pub(crate) fn apply_mask(buf: &mut [u8], mask_u32: u32) {
-    // Extend the mask to 64 bits
-    let mut mask_u64 = ((mask_u32 as u64) << 32) | (mask_u32 as u64);
-    // Split the buffer into three segments
-    let (head, mid, tail) = align_buf(buf);
+fn apply_mask_fast32(buf: &mut [u8], mask_u32: u32) {
+    let mut ptr = buf.as_mut_ptr();
+    let mut len = buf.len();

-    // Initial unaligned segment
-    let head_len = head.len();
-    if head_len > 0 {
-        xor_short(head, mask_u64);
-        if cfg!(target_endian = "big") {
-            mask_u64 = mask_u64.rotate_left(8 * head_len as u32);
+    // Possible first unaligned block.
+    let head = min(len, (8 - (ptr as usize & 0x7)) & 0x3);
+    let mask_u32 = if head > 0 {
+        let n = if head > 4 { head - 4 } else { head };
+
+        let mask_u32 = if n > 0 {
+            unsafe {
+                xor_mem(ptr, mask_u32, n);
+                ptr = ptr.offset(head as isize);
+            }
+            len -= n;
+            if cfg!(target_endian = "big") {
+                mask_u32.rotate_left(8 * n as u32)
+            } else {
+                mask_u32.rotate_right(8 * n as u32)
+            }
        } else {
-            mask_u64 = mask_u64.rotate_right(8 * head_len as u32);
+            mask_u32
+        };
+
+        if head > 4 {
+            unsafe {
+                *(ptr as *mut u32) ^= mask_u32;
+                ptr = ptr.offset(4);
+                len -= 4;
+            }
+        }
+        mask_u32
+    } else {
+        mask_u32
+    };
+
+    if len > 0 {
+        debug_assert_eq!(ptr as usize % 4, 0);
+    }
+
+    // Properly aligned middle of the data.
+    if len >= 8 {
+        let mut mask_u64 = mask_u32 as u64;
+        mask_u64 = mask_u64 << 32 | mask_u32 as u64;
+
+        while len >= 8 {
+            unsafe {
+                *(ptr as *mut u64) ^= mask_u64;
+                ptr = ptr.offset(8);
+                len -= 8;
+            }
        }
    }
-    // Aligned segment
-    for v in mid {
-        *v ^= mask_u64;
+
+    while len >= 4 {
+        unsafe {
+            *(ptr as *mut u32) ^= mask_u32;
+            ptr = ptr.offset(4);
+            len -= 4;
+        }
    }
-    // Final unaligned segment
-    if tail.len() > 0 {
-        xor_short(tail, mask_u64);
+
+    // Possible last block.
+    if len > 0 {
+        unsafe {
+            xor_mem(ptr, mask_u32, len);
+        }
    }
 }

 #[inline]
 // TODO: copy_nonoverlapping here compiles to call memcpy. While it is not so
-// inefficient, it could be done better. The compiler does not understand that
-// a `ShortSlice` must be smaller than a u64.
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "cargo-clippy", allow(needless_pass_by_value))]
-fn xor_short(buf: ShortSlice, mask: u64) {
-    // Unsafe: we know that a `ShortSlice` fits in a u64
-    unsafe {
-        let (ptr, len) = (buf.0.as_mut_ptr(), buf.0.len());
-        let mut b: u64 = 0;
-        #[allow(trivial_casts)]
-        copy_nonoverlapping(ptr, &mut b as *mut _ as *mut u8, len);
-        b ^= mask;
-        #[allow(trivial_casts)]
-        copy_nonoverlapping(&b as *const _ as *const u8, ptr, len);
-    }
-}
-
-#[inline]
-// Unsafe: caller must ensure the buffer has the correct size and alignment
-unsafe fn cast_slice(buf: &mut [u8]) -> &mut [u64] {
-    // Assert correct size and alignment in debug builds
-    debug_assert!(buf.len().trailing_zeros() >= 3);
-    debug_assert!((buf.as_ptr() as usize).trailing_zeros() >= 3);
-
-    slice::from_raw_parts_mut(buf.as_mut_ptr() as *mut u64, buf.len() >> 3)
-}
-
-#[inline]
-// Splits a slice into three parts: an unaligned short head and tail, plus an aligned
-// u64 mid section.
-fn align_buf(buf: &mut [u8]) -> (ShortSlice, &mut [u64], ShortSlice) {
-    let start_ptr = buf.as_ptr() as usize;
-    let end_ptr = start_ptr + buf.len();
-
-    // Round *up* to next aligned boundary for start
-    let start_aligned = (start_ptr + 7) & !0x7;
-    // Round *down* to last aligned boundary for end
-    let end_aligned = end_ptr & !0x7;
-
-    if end_aligned >= start_aligned {
-        // We have our three segments (head, mid, tail)
-        let (tmp, tail) = buf.split_at_mut(end_aligned - start_ptr);
-        let (head, mid) = tmp.split_at_mut(start_aligned - start_ptr);
-
-        // Unsafe: we know the middle section is correctly aligned, and the outer
-        // sections are smaller than 8 bytes
-        unsafe { (ShortSlice::new(head), cast_slice(mid), ShortSlice(tail)) }
-    } else {
-        // We didn't cross even one aligned boundary!
-
-        // Unsafe: The outer sections are smaller than 8 bytes
-        unsafe { (ShortSlice::new(buf), &mut [], ShortSlice::new(&mut [])) }
-    }
+// inefficient, it could be done better. The compiler does not see that len is
+// limited to 3.
+unsafe fn xor_mem(ptr: *mut u8, mask: u32, len: usize) {
+    let mut b: u32 = uninitialized();
+    #[allow(trivial_casts)]
+    copy_nonoverlapping(ptr, &mut b as *mut _ as *mut u8, len);
+    b ^= mask;
+    #[allow(trivial_casts)]
+    copy_nonoverlapping(&b as *const _ as *const u8, ptr, len);
 }

 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-    use super::apply_mask;
-    use byteorder::{ByteOrder, LittleEndian};
-
-    /// A safe unoptimized mask application.
-    fn apply_mask_fallback(buf: &mut [u8], mask: &[u8; 4]) {
-        for (i, byte) in buf.iter_mut().enumerate() {
-            *byte ^= mask[i & 3];
-        }
-    }
+    use super::{apply_mask_fallback, apply_mask_fast32};
+    use std::ptr;

    #[test]
    fn test_apply_mask() {
        let mask = [0x6d, 0xb6, 0xb2, 0x80];
-        let mask_u32: u32 = LittleEndian::read_u32(&mask);
+        let mask_u32: u32 = unsafe { ptr::read_unaligned(mask.as_ptr() as *const u32) };

        let unmasked = vec![
            0xf3, 0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x80, 0x81, 0x82, 0xff, 0xfe, 0x00, 0x17,
@@ -130,7 +126,7 @@ mod tests {
            apply_mask_fallback(&mut masked, &mask);

            let mut masked_fast = unmasked.clone();
-            apply_mask(&mut masked_fast, mask_u32);
+            apply_mask_fast32(&mut masked_fast, mask_u32);

            assert_eq!(masked, masked_fast);
        }
@@ -141,7 +137,7 @@ mod tests {
            apply_mask_fallback(&mut masked[1..], &mask);

            let mut masked_fast = unmasked.clone();
-            apply_mask(&mut masked_fast[1..], mask_u32);
+            apply_mask_fast32(&mut masked_fast[1..], mask_u32);

            assert_eq!(masked, masked_fast);
        }
--- a/src/ws/mod.rs
+++ b/src/ws/mod.rs
@@ -7,13 +7,14 @@
 //! ## Example
 //!
 //! ```rust
+//! # extern crate actix;
 //! # extern crate actix_web;
-//! # use actix_web::actix::*;
+//! # use actix::*;
 //! # use actix_web::*;
 //! use actix_web::{ws, HttpRequest, HttpResponse};
 //!
 //! // do websocket handshake and start actor
-//! fn ws_index(req: &HttpRequest) -> Result<HttpResponse> {
+//! fn ws_index(req: HttpRequest) -> Result<HttpResponse> {
 //!     ws::start(req, Ws)
 //! }
 //!
@@ -25,6 +26,7 @@
 //!
 //! // Handler for ws::Message messages
 //! impl StreamHandler<ws::Message, ws::ProtocolError> for Ws {
+//!
 //!     fn handle(&mut self, msg: ws::Message, ctx: &mut Self::Context) {
 //!         match msg {
 //!             ws::Message::Ping(msg) => ctx.pong(&msg),
@@ -45,14 +47,14 @@ use bytes::Bytes;
 use futures::{Async, Poll, Stream};
 use http::{header, Method, StatusCode};

-use super::actix::{Actor, StreamHandler};
+use actix::{Actor, AsyncContext, StreamHandler};

 use body::Binary;
 use error::{Error, PayloadError, ResponseError};
 use httpmessage::HttpMessage;
 use httprequest::HttpRequest;
 use httpresponse::{ConnectionType, HttpResponse, HttpResponseBuilder};
-use payload::PayloadBuffer;
+use payload::PayloadHelper;

 mod client;
 mod context;
@@ -64,7 +66,7 @@ pub use self::client::{
    Client, ClientError, ClientHandshake, ClientReader, ClientWriter,
 };
 pub use self::context::WebsocketContext;
-pub use self::frame::{Frame, FramedMessage};
+pub use self::frame::Frame;
 pub use self::proto::{CloseCode, CloseReason, OpCode};

 /// Websocket protocol errors
@@ -158,29 +160,26 @@ impl ResponseError for HandshakeError {
 /// `WebSocket` Message
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Message)]
 pub enum Message {
-    /// Text message
    Text(String),
-    /// Binary message
    Binary(Binary),
-    /// Ping message
    Ping(String),
-    /// Pong message
    Pong(String),
-    /// Close message with optional reason
    Close(Option<CloseReason>),
 }

 /// Do websocket handshake and start actor
-pub fn start<A, S>(req: &HttpRequest<S>, actor: A) -> Result<HttpResponse, Error>
+pub fn start<A, S>(req: HttpRequest<S>, actor: A) -> Result<HttpResponse, Error>
 where
    A: Actor<Context = WebsocketContext<A, S>> + StreamHandler<Message, ProtocolError>,
    S: 'static,
 {
-    let mut resp = handshake(req)?;
-    let stream = WsStream::new(req.payload());
+    let mut resp = handshake(&req)?;
+    let stream = WsStream::new(req.clone());

-    let body = WebsocketContext::create(req.clone(), actor, stream);
-    Ok(resp.body(body))
+    let mut ctx = WebsocketContext::new(req, actor);
+    ctx.add_stream(stream);
+
+    Ok(resp.body(ctx))
 }

 /// Prepare `WebSocket` handshake response.
@@ -252,7 +251,7 @@ pub fn handshake<S>(

 /// Maps `Payload` stream into stream of `ws::Message` items
 pub struct WsStream<S> {
-    rx: PayloadBuffer<S>,
+    rx: PayloadHelper<S>,
    closed: bool,
    max_size: usize,
 }
@@ -264,7 +263,7 @@ where
    /// Create new websocket frames stream
    pub fn new(stream: S) -> WsStream<S> {
        WsStream {
-            rx: PayloadBuffer::new(stream),
+            rx: PayloadHelper::new(stream),
            closed: false,
            max_size: 65_536,
        }
@@ -358,113 +357,161 @@ pub trait WsWriter {
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
    use super::*;
-    use http::{header, Method};
-    use test::TestRequest;
+    use http::{header, HeaderMap, Method, Uri, Version};
+    use std::str::FromStr;

    #[test]
    fn test_handshake() {
-        let req = TestRequest::default().method(Method::POST).finish();
+        let req = HttpRequest::new(
+            Method::POST,
+            Uri::from_str("/").unwrap(),
+            Version::HTTP_11,
+            HeaderMap::new(),
+            None,
+        );
        assert_eq!(
            HandshakeError::GetMethodRequired,
            handshake(&req).err().unwrap()
        );

-        let req = TestRequest::default().finish();
+        let req = HttpRequest::new(
+            Method::GET,
+            Uri::from_str("/").unwrap(),
+            Version::HTTP_11,
+            HeaderMap::new(),
+            None,
+        );
        assert_eq!(
            HandshakeError::NoWebsocketUpgrade,
            handshake(&req).err().unwrap()
        );

-        let req = TestRequest::default()
-            .header(header::UPGRADE, header::HeaderValue::from_static("test"))
-            .finish();
+        let mut headers = HeaderMap::new();
+        headers.insert(header::UPGRADE, header::HeaderValue::from_static("test"));
+        let req = HttpRequest::new(
+            Method::GET,
+            Uri::from_str("/").unwrap(),
+            Version::HTTP_11,
+            headers,
+            None,
+        );
        assert_eq!(
            HandshakeError::NoWebsocketUpgrade,
            handshake(&req).err().unwrap()
        );

-        let req = TestRequest::default()
-            .header(
-                header::UPGRADE,
-                header::HeaderValue::from_static("websocket"),
-            )
-            .finish();
+        let mut headers = HeaderMap::new();
+        headers.insert(
+            header::UPGRADE,
+            header::HeaderValue::from_static("websocket"),
+        );
+        let req = HttpRequest::new(
+            Method::GET,
+            Uri::from_str("/").unwrap(),
+            Version::HTTP_11,
+            headers,
+            None,
+        );
        assert_eq!(
            HandshakeError::NoConnectionUpgrade,
            handshake(&req).err().unwrap()
        );

-        let req = TestRequest::default()
-            .header(
-                header::UPGRADE,
-                header::HeaderValue::from_static("websocket"),
-            )
-            .header(
-                header::CONNECTION,
-                header::HeaderValue::from_static("upgrade"),
-            )
-            .finish();
+        let mut headers = HeaderMap::new();
+        headers.insert(
+            header::UPGRADE,
+            header::HeaderValue::from_static("websocket"),
+        );
+        headers.insert(
+            header::CONNECTION,
+            header::HeaderValue::from_static("upgrade"),
+        );
+        let req = HttpRequest::new(
+            Method::GET,
+            Uri::from_str("/").unwrap(),
+            Version::HTTP_11,
+            headers,
+            None,
+        );
        assert_eq!(
            HandshakeError::NoVersionHeader,
            handshake(&req).err().unwrap()
        );

-        let req = TestRequest::default()
-            .header(
-                header::UPGRADE,
-                header::HeaderValue::from_static("websocket"),
-            )
-            .header(
-                header::CONNECTION,
-                header::HeaderValue::from_static("upgrade"),
-            )
-            .header(
-                header::SEC_WEBSOCKET_VERSION,
-                header::HeaderValue::from_static("5"),
-            )
-            .finish();
+        let mut headers = HeaderMap::new();
+        headers.insert(
+            header::UPGRADE,
+            header::HeaderValue::from_static("websocket"),
+        );
+        headers.insert(
+            header::CONNECTION,
+            header::HeaderValue::from_static("upgrade"),
+        );
+        headers.insert(
+            header::SEC_WEBSOCKET_VERSION,
+            header::HeaderValue::from_static("5"),
+        );
+        let req = HttpRequest::new(
+            Method::GET,
+            Uri::from_str("/").unwrap(),
+            Version::HTTP_11,
+            headers,
+            None,
+        );
        assert_eq!(
            HandshakeError::UnsupportedVersion,
            handshake(&req).err().unwrap()
        );

-        let req = TestRequest::default()
-            .header(
-                header::UPGRADE,
-                header::HeaderValue::from_static("websocket"),
-            )
-            .header(
-                header::CONNECTION,
-                header::HeaderValue::from_static("upgrade"),
-            )
-            .header(
-                header::SEC_WEBSOCKET_VERSION,
-                header::HeaderValue::from_static("13"),
-            )
-            .finish();
+        let mut headers = HeaderMap::new();
+        headers.insert(
+            header::UPGRADE,
+            header::HeaderValue::from_static("websocket"),
+        );
+        headers.insert(
+            header::CONNECTION,
+            header::HeaderValue::from_static("upgrade"),
+        );
+        headers.insert(
+            header::SEC_WEBSOCKET_VERSION,
+            header::HeaderValue::from_static("13"),
+        );
+        let req = HttpRequest::new(
+            Method::GET,
+            Uri::from_str("/").unwrap(),
+            Version::HTTP_11,
+            headers,
+            None,
+        );
        assert_eq!(
            HandshakeError::BadWebsocketKey,
            handshake(&req).err().unwrap()
        );

-        let req = TestRequest::default()
-            .header(
-                header::UPGRADE,
-                header::HeaderValue::from_static("websocket"),
-            )
-            .header(
-                header::CONNECTION,
-                header::HeaderValue::from_static("upgrade"),
-            )
-            .header(
-                header::SEC_WEBSOCKET_VERSION,
-                header::HeaderValue::from_static("13"),
-            )
-            .header(
-                header::SEC_WEBSOCKET_KEY,
-                header::HeaderValue::from_static("13"),
-            )
-            .finish();
+        let mut headers = HeaderMap::new();
+        headers.insert(
+            header::UPGRADE,
+            header::HeaderValue::from_static("websocket"),
+        );
+        headers.insert(
+            header::CONNECTION,
+            header::HeaderValue::from_static("upgrade"),
+        );
+        headers.insert(
+            header::SEC_WEBSOCKET_VERSION,
+            header::HeaderValue::from_static("13"),
+        );
+        headers.insert(
+            header::SEC_WEBSOCKET_KEY,
+            header::HeaderValue::from_static("13"),
+        );
+        let req = HttpRequest::new(
+            Method::GET,
+            Uri::from_str("/").unwrap(),
+            Version::HTTP_11,
+            headers,
+            None,
+        );
        assert_eq!(
            StatusCode::SWITCHING_PROTOCOLS,
            handshake(&req).unwrap().finish().status()
--- a/src/ws/proto.rs
+++ b/src/ws/proto.rs
@@ -180,11 +180,8 @@ impl From<u16> for CloseCode {
 }

 #[derive(Debug, Eq, PartialEq, Clone)]
-/// Reason for closing the connection
 pub struct CloseReason {
-    /// Exit code
    pub code: CloseCode,
-    /// Optional description of the exit code
    pub description: Option<String>,
 }

--- a/tests/test_client.rs
+++ b/tests/test_client.rs
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ fn test_simple() {
 #[test]
 fn test_with_query_parameter() {
    let mut srv = test::TestServer::new(|app| {
-        app.handler(|req: &HttpRequest| match req.query().get("qp") {
+        app.handler(|req: HttpRequest| match req.query().get("qp") {
            Some(_) => HttpResponse::Ok().finish(),
            None => HttpResponse::BadRequest().finish(),
        })
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ fn test_no_decompress() {
 #[test]
 fn test_client_gzip_encoding() {
    let mut srv = test::TestServer::new(|app| {
-        app.handler(|req: &HttpRequest| {
+        app.handler(|req: HttpRequest| {
            req.body()
                .and_then(|bytes: Bytes| {
                    Ok(HttpResponse::Ok()
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ fn test_client_gzip_encoding_large() {
    let data = STR.repeat(10);

    let mut srv = test::TestServer::new(|app| {
-        app.handler(|req: &HttpRequest| {
+        app.handler(|req: HttpRequest| {
            req.body()
                .and_then(|bytes: Bytes| {
                    Ok(HttpResponse::Ok()
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ fn test_client_gzip_encoding_large_random() {
        .collect::<String>();

    let mut srv = test::TestServer::new(|app| {
-        app.handler(|req: &HttpRequest| {
+        app.handler(|req: HttpRequest| {
            req.body()
                .and_then(|bytes: Bytes| {
                    Ok(HttpResponse::Ok()
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ fn test_client_gzip_encoding_large_random() {
 #[test]
 fn test_client_brotli_encoding() {
    let mut srv = test::TestServer::new(|app| {
-        app.handler(|req: &HttpRequest| {
+        app.handler(|req: HttpRequest| {
            req.body()
                .and_then(|bytes: Bytes| {
                    Ok(HttpResponse::Ok()
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ fn test_client_brotli_encoding_large_random() {
        .collect::<String>();

    let mut srv = test::TestServer::new(|app| {
-        app.handler(|req: &HttpRequest| {
+        app.handler(|req: HttpRequest| {
            req.body()
                .and_then(move |bytes: Bytes| {
                    Ok(HttpResponse::Ok()
@@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ fn test_client_brotli_encoding_large_random() {
 #[test]
 fn test_client_deflate_encoding() {
    let mut srv = test::TestServer::new(|app| {
-        app.handler(|req: &HttpRequest| {
+        app.handler(|req: HttpRequest| {
            req.body()
                .and_then(|bytes: Bytes| {
                    Ok(HttpResponse::Ok()
@@ -300,7 +300,7 @@ fn test_client_deflate_encoding_large_random() {
        .collect::<String>();

    let mut srv = test::TestServer::new(|app| {
-        app.handler(|req: &HttpRequest| {
+        app.handler(|req: HttpRequest| {
            req.body()
                .and_then(|bytes: Bytes| {
                    Ok(HttpResponse::Ok()
@@ -328,7 +328,7 @@ fn test_client_deflate_encoding_large_random() {
 #[test]
 fn test_client_streaming_explicit() {
    let mut srv = test::TestServer::new(|app| {
-        app.handler(|req: &HttpRequest| {
+        app.handler(|req: HttpRequest| {
            req.body()
                .map_err(Error::from)
                .and_then(|body| {
@@ -393,7 +393,7 @@ fn test_client_cookie_handling() {
    let mut srv = test::TestServer::new(move |app| {
        let cookie1 = cookie1b.clone();
        let cookie2 = cookie2b.clone();
-        app.handler(move |req: &HttpRequest| {
+        app.handler(move |req: HttpRequest| {
            // Check cookies were sent correctly
            req.cookie("cookie1").ok_or_else(err)
                    .and_then(|c1| if c1.value() == "value1" {
@@ -425,37 +425,7 @@ fn test_client_cookie_handling() {
    let response = srv.execute(request.send()).unwrap();
    assert!(response.status().is_success());
    let c1 = response.cookie("cookie1").expect("Missing cookie1");
-    assert_eq!(c1, cookie1);
+    assert_eq!(c1, &cookie1);
    let c2 = response.cookie("cookie2").expect("Missing cookie2");
-    assert_eq!(c2, cookie2);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_default_headers() {
-    let srv = test::TestServer::new(|app| app.handler(|_| HttpResponse::Ok().body(STR)));
-
-    let request = srv.get().finish().unwrap();
-    let repr = format!("{:?}", request);
-    assert!(repr.contains("\"accept-encoding\": \"gzip, deflate\""));
-    assert!(repr.contains(concat!(
-        "\"user-agent\": \"Actix-web/",
-        env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"),
-        "\""
-    )));
-
-    let request_override = srv
-        .get()
-        .header("User-Agent", "test")
-        .header("Accept-Encoding", "over_test")
-        .finish()
-        .unwrap();
-    let repr_override = format!("{:?}", request_override);
-    assert!(repr_override.contains("\"user-agent\": \"test\""));
-    assert!(repr_override.contains("\"accept-encoding\": \"over_test\""));
-    assert!(!repr_override.contains("\"accept-encoding\": \"gzip, deflate\""));
-    assert!(!repr_override.contains(concat!(
-        "\"user-agent\": \"Actix-web/",
-        env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"),
-        "\""
-    )));
+    assert_eq!(c2, &cookie2);
 }
--- a/tests/test_handlers.rs
+++ b/tests/test_handlers.rs
@@ -4,20 +4,21 @@ extern crate bytes;
 extern crate futures;
 extern crate h2;
 extern crate http;
-extern crate tokio_timer;
+extern crate tokio_core;
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate serde_derive;
 extern crate serde_json;

 use std::io;
-use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
+use std::time::Duration;

+use actix::*;
 use actix_web::*;
 use bytes::Bytes;
 use futures::Future;
 use http::StatusCode;
 use serde_json::Value;
-use tokio_timer::Delay;
+use tokio_core::reactor::Timeout;

 #[derive(Deserialize)]
 struct PParam {
@@ -42,28 +43,6 @@ fn test_path_extractor() {
    assert_eq!(bytes, Bytes::from_static(b"Welcome test!"));
 }

-#[test]
-fn test_async_handler() {
-    let mut srv = test::TestServer::new(|app| {
-        app.resource("/{username}/index.html", |r| {
-            r.route().with(|p: Path<PParam>| {
-                Delay::new(Instant::now() + Duration::from_millis(10))
-                    .and_then(move |_| Ok(format!("Welcome {}!", p.username)))
-                    .responder()
-            })
-        });
-    });
-
-    // client request
-    let request = srv.get().uri(srv.url("/test/index.html")).finish().unwrap();
-    let response = srv.execute(request.send()).unwrap();
-    assert!(response.status().is_success());
-
-    // read response
-    let bytes = srv.execute(response.body()).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(bytes, Bytes::from_static(b"Welcome test!"));
-}
-
 #[test]
 fn test_query_extractor() {
    let mut srv = test::TestServer::new(|app| {
@@ -91,65 +70,13 @@ fn test_query_extractor() {
    assert_eq!(response.status(), StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST);
 }

-#[derive(Deserialize, Debug)]
-pub enum ResponseType {
-    Token,
-    Code,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Deserialize)]
-pub struct AuthRequest {
-    id: u64,
-    response_type: ResponseType,
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_query_enum_extractor() {
-    let mut srv = test::TestServer::new(|app| {
-        app.resource("/index.html", |r| {
-            r.with(|p: Query<AuthRequest>| format!("{:?}", p.into_inner()))
-        });
-    });
-
-    // client request
-    let request = srv
-        .get()
-        .uri(srv.url("/index.html?id=64&response_type=Code"))
-        .finish()
-        .unwrap();
-    let response = srv.execute(request.send()).unwrap();
-    assert!(response.status().is_success());
-
-    // read response
-    let bytes = srv.execute(response.body()).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(
-        bytes,
-        Bytes::from_static(b"AuthRequest { id: 64, response_type: Code }")
-    );
-
-    let request = srv
-        .get()
-        .uri(srv.url("/index.html?id=64&response_type=Co"))
-        .finish()
-        .unwrap();
-    let response = srv.execute(request.send()).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(response.status(), StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST);
-
-    let request = srv
-        .get()
-        .uri(srv.url("/index.html?response_type=Code"))
-        .finish()
-        .unwrap();
-    let response = srv.execute(request.send()).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(response.status(), StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST);
-}
-
 #[test]
 fn test_async_extractor_async() {
    let mut srv = test::TestServer::new(|app| {
        app.resource("/{username}/index.html", |r| {
            r.route().with(|data: Json<Value>| {
-                Delay::new(Instant::now() + Duration::from_millis(10))
+                Timeout::new(Duration::from_millis(10), &Arbiter::handle())
+                    .unwrap()
                    .and_then(move |_| Ok(format!("{}", data.0)))
                    .responder()
            })
@@ -171,70 +98,11 @@ fn test_async_extractor_async() {
    assert_eq!(bytes, Bytes::from_static(b"{\"test\":1}"));
 }

-#[derive(Deserialize, Serialize)]
-struct FormData {
-    username: String,
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_form_extractor() {
-    let mut srv = test::TestServer::new(|app| {
-        app.resource("/{username}/index.html", |r| {
-            r.route()
-                .with(|form: Form<FormData>| format!("{}", form.username))
-        });
-    });
-
-    // client request
-    let request = srv
-        .post()
-        .uri(srv.url("/test1/index.html"))
-        .form(FormData {
-            username: "test".to_string(),
-        })
-        .unwrap();
-    let response = srv.execute(request.send()).unwrap();
-    assert!(response.status().is_success());
-
-    // read response
-    let bytes = srv.execute(response.body()).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(bytes, Bytes::from_static(b"test"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_form_extractor2() {
-    let mut srv = test::TestServer::new(|app| {
-        app.resource("/{username}/index.html", |r| {
-            r.route().with_config(
-                |form: Form<FormData>| format!("{}", form.username),
-                |cfg| {
-                    cfg.error_handler(|err, _| {
-                        error::InternalError::from_response(
-                            err,
-                            HttpResponse::Conflict().finish(),
-                        ).into()
-                    });
-                },
-            );
-        });
-    });
-
-    // client request
-    let request = srv
-        .post()
-        .uri(srv.url("/test1/index.html"))
-        .header("content-type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded")
-        .body("918237129hdk:D:D:D:D:D:DjASHDKJhaswkjeq")
-        .unwrap();
-    let response = srv.execute(request.send()).unwrap();
-    assert!(response.status().is_client_error());
-}
-
 #[test]
 fn test_path_and_query_extractor() {
    let mut srv = test::TestServer::new(|app| {
        app.resource("/{username}/index.html", |r| {
-            r.route().with(|(p, q): (Path<PParam>, Query<PParam>)| {
+            r.route().with2(|p: Path<PParam>, q: Query<PParam>| {
                format!("Welcome {} - {}!", p.username, q.username)
            })
        });
@@ -268,7 +136,7 @@ fn test_path_and_query_extractor2() {
    let mut srv = test::TestServer::new(|app| {
        app.resource("/{username}/index.html", |r| {
            r.route()
-                .with(|(_r, p, q): (HttpRequest, Path<PParam>, Query<PParam>)| {
+                .with3(|_: HttpRequest, p: Path<PParam>, q: Query<PParam>| {
                    format!("Welcome {} - {}!", p.username, q.username)
                })
        });
@@ -301,15 +169,15 @@ fn test_path_and_query_extractor2() {
 fn test_path_and_query_extractor2_async() {
    let mut srv = test::TestServer::new(|app| {
        app.resource("/{username}/index.html", |r| {
-            r.route().with(
-                |(p, _q, data): (Path<PParam>, Query<PParam>, Json<Value>)| {
-                    Delay::new(Instant::now() + Duration::from_millis(10))
+            r.route()
+                .with3(|p: Path<PParam>, _: Query<PParam>, data: Json<Value>| {
+                    Timeout::new(Duration::from_millis(10), &Arbiter::handle())
+                        .unwrap()
                        .and_then(move |_| {
                            Ok(format!("Welcome {} - {}!", p.username, data.0))
                        })
                        .responder()
-                },
-            )
+                })
        });
    });

@@ -332,8 +200,9 @@ fn test_path_and_query_extractor2_async() {
 fn test_path_and_query_extractor3_async() {
    let mut srv = test::TestServer::new(|app| {
        app.resource("/{username}/index.html", |r| {
-            r.route().with(|(p, data): (Path<PParam>, Json<Value>)| {
-                Delay::new(Instant::now() + Duration::from_millis(10))
+            r.route().with2(|p: Path<PParam>, data: Json<Value>| {
+                Timeout::new(Duration::from_millis(10), &Arbiter::handle())
+                    .unwrap()
                    .and_then(move |_| {
                        Ok(format!("Welcome {} - {}!", p.username, data.0))
                    })
@@ -357,8 +226,9 @@ fn test_path_and_query_extractor3_async() {
 fn test_path_and_query_extractor4_async() {
    let mut srv = test::TestServer::new(|app| {
        app.resource("/{username}/index.html", |r| {
-            r.route().with(|(data, p): (Json<Value>, Path<PParam>)| {
-                Delay::new(Instant::now() + Duration::from_millis(10))
+            r.route().with2(|data: Json<Value>, p: Path<PParam>| {
+                Timeout::new(Duration::from_millis(10), &Arbiter::handle())
+                    .unwrap()
                    .and_then(move |_| {
                        Ok(format!("Welcome {} - {}!", p.username, data.0))
                    })
@@ -382,15 +252,15 @@ fn test_path_and_query_extractor4_async() {
 fn test_path_and_query_extractor2_async2() {
    let mut srv = test::TestServer::new(|app| {
        app.resource("/{username}/index.html", |r| {
-            r.route().with(
-                |(p, data, _q): (Path<PParam>, Json<Value>, Query<PParam>)| {
-                    Delay::new(Instant::now() + Duration::from_millis(10))
+            r.route()
+                .with3(|p: Path<PParam>, data: Json<Value>, _: Query<PParam>| {
+                    Timeout::new(Duration::from_millis(10), &Arbiter::handle())
+                        .unwrap()
                        .and_then(move |_| {
                            Ok(format!("Welcome {} - {}!", p.username, data.0))
                        })
                        .responder()
-                },
-            )
+                })
        });
    });

@@ -422,15 +292,15 @@ fn test_path_and_query_extractor2_async2() {
 fn test_path_and_query_extractor2_async3() {
    let mut srv = test::TestServer::new(|app| {
        app.resource("/{username}/index.html", |r| {
-            r.route().with(
-                |(data, p, _q): (Json<Value>, Path<PParam>, Query<PParam>)| {
-                    Delay::new(Instant::now() + Duration::from_millis(10))
+            r.route()
+                .with3(|data: Json<Value>, p: Path<PParam>, _: Query<PParam>| {
+                    Timeout::new(Duration::from_millis(10), &Arbiter::handle())
+                        .unwrap()
                        .and_then(move |_| {
                            Ok(format!("Welcome {} - {}!", p.username, data.0))
                        })
                        .responder()
-                },
-            )
+                })
        });
    });

@@ -464,7 +334,8 @@ fn test_path_and_query_extractor2_async4() {
        app.resource("/{username}/index.html", |r| {
            r.route()
                .with(|data: (Json<Value>, Path<PParam>, Query<PParam>)| {
-                    Delay::new(Instant::now() + Duration::from_millis(10))
+                    Timeout::new(Duration::from_millis(10), &Arbiter::handle())
+                        .unwrap()
                        .and_then(move |_| {
                            Ok(format!("Welcome {} - {}!", data.1.username, (data.0).0))
                        })
@@ -572,8 +443,8 @@ fn test_nested_scope_and_path_extractor() {
 fn test_impl_trait(
    data: (Json<Value>, Path<PParam>, Query<PParam>),
 ) -> impl Future<Item = String, Error = io::Error> {
-    Delay::new(Instant::now() + Duration::from_millis(10))
-        .map_err(|_| io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::Other, "timeout"))
+    Timeout::new(Duration::from_millis(10), &Arbiter::handle())
+        .unwrap()
        .and_then(move |_| Ok(format!("Welcome {} - {}!", data.1.username, (data.0).0)))
 }

@@ -581,8 +452,8 @@ fn test_impl_trait(
 fn test_impl_trait_err(
    _data: (Json<Value>, Path<PParam>, Query<PParam>),
 ) -> impl Future<Item = String, Error = io::Error> {
-    Delay::new(Instant::now() + Duration::from_millis(10))
-        .map_err(|_| io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::Other, "timeout"))
+    Timeout::new(Duration::from_millis(10), &Arbiter::handle())
+        .unwrap()
        .and_then(move |_| Err(io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::Other, "other")))
 }

--- a/tests/test_middleware.rs
+++ b/tests/test_middleware.rs
@@ -1,17 +1,18 @@
 extern crate actix;
 extern crate actix_web;
 extern crate futures;
-extern crate tokio_timer;
+extern crate tokio_core;

 use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering};
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::thread;
-use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
+use std::time::Duration;

+use actix::*;
 use actix_web::error::{Error, ErrorInternalServerError};
 use actix_web::*;
 use futures::{future, Future};
-use tokio_timer::Delay;
+use tokio_core::reactor::Timeout;

 struct MiddlewareTest {
    start: Arc<AtomicUsize>,
@@ -20,21 +21,21 @@ struct MiddlewareTest {
 }

 impl<S> middleware::Middleware<S> for MiddlewareTest {
-    fn start(&self, _: &HttpRequest<S>) -> Result<middleware::Started> {
+    fn start(&self, _: &mut HttpRequest<S>) -> Result<middleware::Started> {
        self.start
            .store(self.start.load(Ordering::Relaxed) + 1, Ordering::Relaxed);
        Ok(middleware::Started::Done)
    }

    fn response(
-        &self, _: &HttpRequest<S>, resp: HttpResponse,
+        &self, _: &mut HttpRequest<S>, resp: HttpResponse,
    ) -> Result<middleware::Response> {
        self.response
            .store(self.response.load(Ordering::Relaxed) + 1, Ordering::Relaxed);
        Ok(middleware::Response::Done(resp))
    }

-    fn finish(&self, _: &HttpRequest<S>, _: &HttpResponse) -> middleware::Finished {
+    fn finish(&self, _: &mut HttpRequest<S>, _: &HttpResponse) -> middleware::Finished {
        self.finish
            .store(self.finish.load(Ordering::Relaxed) + 1, Ordering::Relaxed);
        middleware::Finished::Done
@@ -245,7 +246,8 @@ fn test_middleware_async_handler() {
            })
            .resource("/", |r| {
                r.route().a(|_| {
-                    Delay::new(Instant::now() + Duration::from_millis(10))
+                    Timeout::new(Duration::from_millis(10), &Arbiter::handle())
+                        .unwrap()
                        .and_then(|_| Ok(HttpResponse::Ok()))
                })
            })
@@ -280,7 +282,8 @@ fn test_resource_middleware_async_handler() {
        App::new().resource("/test", |r| {
            r.middleware(mw);
            r.route().a(|_| {
-                Delay::new(Instant::now() + Duration::from_millis(10))
+                Timeout::new(Duration::from_millis(10), &Arbiter::handle())
+                    .unwrap()
                    .and_then(|_| Ok(HttpResponse::Ok()))
            })
        })
@@ -315,7 +318,8 @@ fn test_scope_middleware_async_handler() {
                })
                .resource("/test", |r| {
                    r.route().a(|_| {
-                        Delay::new(Instant::now() + Duration::from_millis(10))
+                        Timeout::new(Duration::from_millis(10), &Arbiter::handle())
+                            .unwrap()
                            .and_then(|_| Ok(HttpResponse::Ok()))
                    })
                })
@@ -331,7 +335,7 @@ fn test_scope_middleware_async_handler() {
    assert_eq!(num3.load(Ordering::Relaxed), 1);
 }

-fn index_test_middleware_async_error(_: &HttpRequest) -> FutureResponse<HttpResponse> {
+fn index_test_middleware_async_error(_: HttpRequest) -> FutureResponse<HttpResponse> {
    future::result(Err(error::ErrorBadRequest("TEST"))).responder()
 }

@@ -412,7 +416,7 @@ fn test_resource_middleware_async_error() {

        App::new().resource("/test", move |r| {
            r.middleware(mw);
-            r.f(index_test_middleware_async_error);
+            r.h(index_test_middleware_async_error);
        })
    });

@@ -432,8 +436,8 @@ struct MiddlewareAsyncTest {
 }

 impl<S> middleware::Middleware<S> for MiddlewareAsyncTest {
-    fn start(&self, _: &HttpRequest<S>) -> Result<middleware::Started> {
-        let to = Delay::new(Instant::now() + Duration::from_millis(10));
+    fn start(&self, _: &mut HttpRequest<S>) -> Result<middleware::Started> {
+        let to = Timeout::new(Duration::from_millis(10), &Arbiter::handle()).unwrap();

        let start = Arc::clone(&self.start);
        Ok(middleware::Started::Future(Box::new(
@@ -445,9 +449,9 @@ impl<S> middleware::Middleware<S> for MiddlewareAsyncTest {
    }

    fn response(
-        &self, _: &HttpRequest<S>, resp: HttpResponse,
+        &self, _: &mut HttpRequest<S>, resp: HttpResponse,
    ) -> Result<middleware::Response> {
-        let to = Delay::new(Instant::now() + Duration::from_millis(10));
+        let to = Timeout::new(Duration::from_millis(10), &Arbiter::handle()).unwrap();

        let response = Arc::clone(&self.response);
        Ok(middleware::Response::Future(Box::new(
@@ -458,8 +462,8 @@ impl<S> middleware::Middleware<S> for MiddlewareAsyncTest {
        )))
    }

-    fn finish(&self, _: &HttpRequest<S>, _: &HttpResponse) -> middleware::Finished {
-        let to = Delay::new(Instant::now() + Duration::from_millis(10));
+    fn finish(&self, _: &mut HttpRequest<S>, _: &HttpResponse) -> middleware::Finished {
+        let to = Timeout::new(Duration::from_millis(10), &Arbiter::handle()).unwrap();

        let finish = Arc::clone(&self.finish);
        middleware::Finished::Future(Box::new(to.from_err().and_then(move |_| {
@@ -697,7 +701,7 @@ fn test_async_resource_middleware() {
        };
        App::new().resource("/test", move |r| {
            r.middleware(mw);
-            r.f(|_| HttpResponse::Ok());
+            r.h(|_| HttpResponse::Ok());
        })
    });

@@ -736,7 +740,7 @@ fn test_async_resource_middleware_multiple() {
        App::new().resource("/test", move |r| {
            r.middleware(mw1);
            r.middleware(mw2);
-            r.f(|_| HttpResponse::Ok());
+            r.h(|_| HttpResponse::Ok());
        })
    });

@@ -775,7 +779,7 @@ fn test_async_sync_resource_middleware_multiple() {
        App::new().resource("/test", move |r| {
            r.middleware(mw1);
            r.middleware(mw2);
-            r.f(|_| HttpResponse::Ok());
+            r.h(|_| HttpResponse::Ok());
        })
    });

@@ -793,7 +797,7 @@ fn test_async_sync_resource_middleware_multiple() {
 struct MiddlewareWithErr;

 impl<S> middleware::Middleware<S> for MiddlewareWithErr {
-    fn start(&self, _: &HttpRequest<S>) -> Result<middleware::Started, Error> {
+    fn start(&self, _req: &mut HttpRequest<S>) -> Result<middleware::Started, Error> {
        Err(ErrorInternalServerError("middleware error"))
    }
 }
@@ -801,7 +805,7 @@ impl<S> middleware::Middleware<S> for MiddlewareWithErr {
 struct MiddlewareAsyncWithErr;

 impl<S> middleware::Middleware<S> for MiddlewareAsyncWithErr {
-    fn start(&self, _: &HttpRequest<S>) -> Result<middleware::Started, Error> {
+    fn start(&self, _req: &mut HttpRequest<S>) -> Result<middleware::Started, Error> {
        Ok(middleware::Started::Future(Box::new(future::err(
            ErrorInternalServerError("middleware error"),
        ))))
@@ -827,11 +831,11 @@ fn test_middleware_chain_with_error() {
        App::new()
            .middleware(mw1)
            .middleware(MiddlewareWithErr)
-            .resource("/test", |r| r.f(|_| HttpResponse::Ok()))
+            .resource("/test", |r| r.h(|_| HttpResponse::Ok()))
    });

    let request = srv.get().uri(srv.url("/test")).finish().unwrap();
-    srv.execute(request.send()).unwrap();
+    let response = srv.execute(request.send()).unwrap();

    assert_eq!(num1.load(Ordering::Relaxed), 1);
    assert_eq!(num2.load(Ordering::Relaxed), 1);
@@ -857,11 +861,11 @@ fn test_middleware_async_chain_with_error() {
        App::new()
            .middleware(mw1)
            .middleware(MiddlewareAsyncWithErr)
-            .resource("/test", |r| r.f(|_| HttpResponse::Ok()))
+            .resource("/test", |r| r.h(|_| HttpResponse::Ok()))
    });

    let request = srv.get().uri(srv.url("/test")).finish().unwrap();
-    srv.execute(request.send()).unwrap();
+    let response = srv.execute(request.send()).unwrap();

    assert_eq!(num1.load(Ordering::Relaxed), 1);
    assert_eq!(num2.load(Ordering::Relaxed), 1);
@@ -888,12 +892,12 @@ fn test_scope_middleware_chain_with_error() {
            scope
                .middleware(mw1)
                .middleware(MiddlewareWithErr)
-                .resource("/test", |r| r.f(|_| HttpResponse::Ok()))
+                .resource("/test", |r| r.h(|_| HttpResponse::Ok()))
        })
    });

    let request = srv.get().uri(srv.url("/scope/test")).finish().unwrap();
-    srv.execute(request.send()).unwrap();
+    let response = srv.execute(request.send()).unwrap();

    assert_eq!(num1.load(Ordering::Relaxed), 1);
    assert_eq!(num2.load(Ordering::Relaxed), 1);
@@ -920,12 +924,12 @@ fn test_scope_middleware_async_chain_with_error() {
            scope
                .middleware(mw1)
                .middleware(MiddlewareAsyncWithErr)
-                .resource("/test", |r| r.f(|_| HttpResponse::Ok()))
+                .resource("/test", |r| r.h(|_| HttpResponse::Ok()))
        })
    });

    let request = srv.get().uri(srv.url("/scope/test")).finish().unwrap();
-    srv.execute(request.send()).unwrap();
+    let response = srv.execute(request.send()).unwrap();

    assert_eq!(num1.load(Ordering::Relaxed), 1);
    assert_eq!(num2.load(Ordering::Relaxed), 1);
@@ -951,12 +955,12 @@ fn test_resource_middleware_chain_with_error() {
        App::new().resource("/test", move |r| {
            r.middleware(mw1);
            r.middleware(MiddlewareWithErr);
-            r.f(|_| HttpResponse::Ok());
+            r.h(|_| HttpResponse::Ok());
        })
    });

    let request = srv.get().uri(srv.url("/test")).finish().unwrap();
-    srv.execute(request.send()).unwrap();
+    let response = srv.execute(request.send()).unwrap();

    assert_eq!(num1.load(Ordering::Relaxed), 1);
    assert_eq!(num2.load(Ordering::Relaxed), 1);
@@ -982,93 +986,14 @@ fn test_resource_middleware_async_chain_with_error() {
        App::new().resource("/test", move |r| {
            r.middleware(mw1);
            r.middleware(MiddlewareAsyncWithErr);
-            r.f(|_| HttpResponse::Ok());
+            r.h(|_| HttpResponse::Ok());
        })
    });

    let request = srv.get().uri(srv.url("/test")).finish().unwrap();
-    srv.execute(request.send()).unwrap();
+    let response = srv.execute(request.send()).unwrap();

    assert_eq!(num1.load(Ordering::Relaxed), 1);
    assert_eq!(num2.load(Ordering::Relaxed), 1);
    assert_eq!(num3.load(Ordering::Relaxed), 1);
 }
-
-#[cfg(feature = "session")]
-#[test]
-fn test_session_storage_middleware() {
-    use actix_web::middleware::session::{
-        CookieSessionBackend, RequestSession, SessionStorage,
-    };
-
-    const SIMPLE_NAME: &'static str = "simple";
-    const SIMPLE_PAYLOAD: &'static str = "kantan";
-    const COMPLEX_NAME: &'static str = "test";
-    const COMPLEX_PAYLOAD: &'static str = "url=https://test.com&generate_204";
-    //TODO: investigate how to handle below input
-    //const COMPLEX_PAYLOAD: &'static str = "FJc%26continue_url%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fconnectivitycheck.gstatic.com%252Fgenerate_204";
-
-    let mut srv = test::TestServer::with_factory(move || {
-        App::new()
-            .middleware(SessionStorage::new(
-                CookieSessionBackend::signed(&[0; 32]).secure(false),
-            ))
-            .resource("/index", move |r| {
-                r.f(|req| {
-                    let res = req.session().set(COMPLEX_NAME, COMPLEX_PAYLOAD);
-                    assert!(res.is_ok());
-                    let value = req.session().get::<String>(COMPLEX_NAME);
-                    assert!(value.is_ok());
-                    let value = value.unwrap();
-                    assert!(value.is_some());
-                    assert_eq!(value.unwrap(), COMPLEX_PAYLOAD);
-
-                    let res = req.session().set(SIMPLE_NAME, SIMPLE_PAYLOAD);
-                    assert!(res.is_ok());
-                    let value = req.session().get::<String>(SIMPLE_NAME);
-                    assert!(value.is_ok());
-                    let value = value.unwrap();
-                    assert!(value.is_some());
-                    assert_eq!(value.unwrap(), SIMPLE_PAYLOAD);
-
-                    HttpResponse::Ok()
-                })
-            })
-            .resource("/expect_cookie", move |r| {
-                r.f(|req| {
-                    let _cookies = req.cookies().expect("To get cookies");
-
-                    let value = req.session().get::<String>(SIMPLE_NAME);
-                    assert!(value.is_ok());
-                    let value = value.unwrap();
-                    assert!(value.is_some());
-                    assert_eq!(value.unwrap(), SIMPLE_PAYLOAD);
-
-                    let value = req.session().get::<String>(COMPLEX_NAME);
-                    assert!(value.is_ok());
-                    let value = value.unwrap();
-                    assert!(value.is_some());
-                    assert_eq!(value.unwrap(), COMPLEX_PAYLOAD);
-
-                    HttpResponse::Ok()
-                })
-            })
-    });
-
-    let request = srv.get().uri(srv.url("/index")).finish().unwrap();
-    let response = srv.execute(request.send()).unwrap();
-
-    assert!(response.headers().contains_key("set-cookie"));
-    let set_cookie = response.headers().get("set-cookie");
-    assert!(set_cookie.is_some());
-    let set_cookie = set_cookie.unwrap().to_str().expect("Convert to str");
-
-    let request = srv
-        .get()
-        .uri(srv.url("/expect_cookie"))
-        .header("cookie", set_cookie.split(';').next().unwrap())
-        .finish()
-        .unwrap();
-
-    srv.execute(request.send()).unwrap();
-}
--- a/tests/test_server.rs
+++ b/tests/test_server.rs
@@ -1,20 +1,15 @@
 extern crate actix;
 extern crate actix_web;
-#[cfg(feature = "brotli")]
-extern crate brotli2;
 extern crate bytes;
 extern crate flate2;
 extern crate futures;
 extern crate h2;
 extern crate http as modhttp;
 extern crate rand;
-extern crate tokio;
-extern crate tokio_reactor;
-extern crate tokio_tcp;
+extern crate tokio_core;

-use std::io::{Read, Write};
-use std::sync::{mpsc, Arc};
-use std::{net, thread, time};
+#[cfg(feature = "brotli")]
+extern crate brotli2;

 #[cfg(feature = "brotli")]
 use brotli2::write::{BrotliDecoder, BrotliEncoder};
@@ -26,11 +21,12 @@ use futures::stream::once;
 use futures::{Future, Stream};
 use h2::client as h2client;
 use modhttp::Request;
-use rand::distributions::Alphanumeric;
 use rand::Rng;
-use tokio::executor::current_thread;
-use tokio::runtime::current_thread::Runtime;
-use tokio_tcp::TcpStream;
+use std::io::{Read, Write};
+use std::sync::{mpsc, Arc};
+use std::{net, thread, time};
+use tokio_core::net::TcpStream;
+use tokio_core::reactor::Core;

 use actix::System;
 use actix_web::*;
@@ -63,29 +59,28 @@ fn test_start() {
    let _ = test::TestServer::unused_addr();
    let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel();

-    thread::spawn(|| {
-        System::run(move || {
-            let srv = server::new(|| {
-                vec![App::new().resource("/", |r| {
-                    r.method(http::Method::GET).f(|_| HttpResponse::Ok())
-                })]
-            });
-
-            let srv = srv.bind("127.0.0.1:0").unwrap();
-            let addr = srv.addrs()[0];
-            let srv_addr = srv.start();
-            let _ = tx.send((addr, srv_addr, System::current()));
+    thread::spawn(move || {
+        let sys = System::new("test");
+        let srv = server::new(|| {
+            vec![App::new().resource("/", |r| {
+                r.method(http::Method::GET).f(|_| HttpResponse::Ok())
+            })]
        });
-    });
-    let (addr, srv_addr, sys) = rx.recv().unwrap();
-    System::set_current(sys.clone());

-    let mut rt = Runtime::new().unwrap();
+        let srv = srv.bind("127.0.0.1:0").unwrap();
+        let addr = srv.addrs()[0];
+        let srv_addr = srv.start();
+        let _ = tx.send((addr, srv_addr));
+        sys.run();
+    });
+    let (addr, srv_addr) = rx.recv().unwrap();
+
+    let mut sys = System::new("test-server");
    {
        let req = client::ClientRequest::get(format!("http://{}/", addr).as_str())
            .finish()
            .unwrap();
-        let response = rt.block_on(req.send()).unwrap();
+        let response = sys.run_until_complete(req.send()).unwrap();
        assert!(response.status().is_success());
    }

@@ -97,21 +92,19 @@ fn test_start() {
            .timeout(time::Duration::from_millis(200))
            .finish()
            .unwrap();
-        assert!(rt.block_on(req.send()).is_err());
+        assert!(sys.run_until_complete(req.send()).is_err());
    }

    // resume
    let _ = srv_addr.send(server::ResumeServer).wait();
-    thread::sleep(time::Duration::from_millis(200));
+    thread::sleep(time::Duration::from_millis(400));
    {
        let req = client::ClientRequest::get(format!("http://{}/", addr).as_str())
            .finish()
            .unwrap();
-        let response = rt.block_on(req.send()).unwrap();
+        let response = sys.run_until_complete(req.send()).unwrap();
        assert!(response.status().is_success());
    }
-
-    let _ = sys.stop();
 }

 #[test]
@@ -120,37 +113,35 @@ fn test_shutdown() {
    let _ = test::TestServer::unused_addr();
    let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel();

-    thread::spawn(|| {
-        System::run(move || {
-            let srv = server::new(|| {
-                vec![App::new().resource("/", |r| {
-                    r.method(http::Method::GET).f(|_| HttpResponse::Ok())
-                })]
-            });
-
-            let srv = srv.bind("127.0.0.1:0").unwrap();
-            let addr = srv.addrs()[0];
-            let srv_addr = srv.shutdown_timeout(1).start();
-            let _ = tx.send((addr, srv_addr, System::current()));
+    thread::spawn(move || {
+        let sys = System::new("test");
+        let srv = server::new(|| {
+            vec![App::new().resource("/", |r| {
+                r.method(http::Method::GET).f(|_| HttpResponse::Ok())
+            })]
        });
-    });
-    let (addr, srv_addr, sys) = rx.recv().unwrap();
-    System::set_current(sys.clone());

-    let mut rt = Runtime::new().unwrap();
+        let srv = srv.bind("127.0.0.1:0").unwrap();
+        let addr = srv.addrs()[0];
+        let srv_addr = srv.shutdown_timeout(1).start();
+        let _ = tx.send((addr, srv_addr));
+        sys.run();
+    });
+    let (addr, srv_addr) = rx.recv().unwrap();
+
+    let mut sys = System::new("test-server");
+
    {
        let req = client::ClientRequest::get(format!("http://{}/", addr).as_str())
            .finish()
            .unwrap();
-        let response = rt.block_on(req.send()).unwrap();
+        let response = sys.run_until_complete(req.send()).unwrap();
        srv_addr.do_send(server::StopServer { graceful: true });
        assert!(response.status().is_success());
    }

    thread::sleep(time::Duration::from_millis(1000));
    assert!(net::TcpStream::connect(addr).is_err());
-
-    let _ = sys.stop();
 }

 #[test]
@@ -269,7 +260,7 @@ fn test_body_gzip_large() {
 #[test]
 fn test_body_gzip_large_random() {
    let data = rand::thread_rng()
-        .sample_iter(&Alphanumeric)
+        .gen_ascii_chars()
        .take(70_000)
        .collect::<String>();
    let srv_data = Arc::new(data.clone());
@@ -368,8 +359,8 @@ fn test_head_empty() {
    }

    // read response
-    let bytes = srv.execute(response.body()).unwrap();
-    assert!(bytes.is_empty());
+    //let bytes = srv.execute(response.body()).unwrap();
+    //assert!(bytes.is_empty());
 }

 #[test]
@@ -396,8 +387,8 @@ fn test_head_binary() {
    }

    // read response
-    let bytes = srv.execute(response.body()).unwrap();
-    assert!(bytes.is_empty());
+    //let bytes = srv.execute(response.body()).unwrap();
+    //assert!(bytes.is_empty());
 }

 #[test]
@@ -470,39 +461,6 @@ fn test_body_chunked_explicit() {
    assert_eq!(Bytes::from(dec), Bytes::from_static(STR.as_ref()));
 }

-#[test]
-fn test_body_identity() {
-    let mut e = DeflateEncoder::new(Vec::new(), Compression::default());
-    e.write_all(STR.as_ref()).unwrap();
-    let enc = e.finish().unwrap();
-    let enc2 = enc.clone();
-
-    let mut srv = test::TestServer::new(move |app| {
-        let enc3 = enc2.clone();
-        app.handler(move |_| {
-            HttpResponse::Ok()
-                .content_encoding(http::ContentEncoding::Identity)
-                .header(http::header::CONTENT_ENCODING, "deflate")
-                .body(enc3.clone())
-        })
-    });
-
-    // client request
-    let request = srv
-        .get()
-        .header("accept-encoding", "deflate")
-        .finish()
-        .unwrap();
-    let response = srv.execute(request.send()).unwrap();
-    assert!(response.status().is_success());
-
-    // read response
-    let bytes = srv.execute(response.body()).unwrap();
-
-    // decode deflate
-    assert_eq!(bytes, Bytes::from(STR));
-}
-
 #[test]
 fn test_body_deflate() {
    let mut srv = test::TestServer::new(|app| {
@@ -557,7 +515,7 @@ fn test_body_brotli() {
 #[test]
 fn test_gzip_encoding() {
    let mut srv = test::TestServer::new(|app| {
-        app.handler(|req: &HttpRequest| {
+        app.handler(|req: HttpRequest| {
            req.body()
                .and_then(|bytes: Bytes| {
                    Ok(HttpResponse::Ok()
@@ -590,7 +548,7 @@ fn test_gzip_encoding() {
 fn test_gzip_encoding_large() {
    let data = STR.repeat(10);
    let mut srv = test::TestServer::new(|app| {
-        app.handler(|req: &HttpRequest| {
+        app.handler(|req: HttpRequest| {
            req.body()
                .and_then(|bytes: Bytes| {
                    Ok(HttpResponse::Ok()
@@ -622,12 +580,12 @@ fn test_gzip_encoding_large() {
 #[test]
 fn test_reading_gzip_encoding_large_random() {
    let data = rand::thread_rng()
-        .sample_iter(&Alphanumeric)
+        .gen_ascii_chars()
        .take(60_000)
        .collect::<String>();

    let mut srv = test::TestServer::new(|app| {
-        app.handler(|req: &HttpRequest| {
+        app.handler(|req: HttpRequest| {
            req.body()
                .and_then(|bytes: Bytes| {
                    Ok(HttpResponse::Ok()
@@ -660,7 +618,7 @@ fn test_reading_gzip_encoding_large_random() {
 #[test]
 fn test_reading_deflate_encoding() {
    let mut srv = test::TestServer::new(|app| {
-        app.handler(|req: &HttpRequest| {
+        app.handler(|req: HttpRequest| {
            req.body()
                .and_then(|bytes: Bytes| {
                    Ok(HttpResponse::Ok()
@@ -693,7 +651,7 @@ fn test_reading_deflate_encoding() {
 fn test_reading_deflate_encoding_large() {
    let data = STR.repeat(10);
    let mut srv = test::TestServer::new(|app| {
-        app.handler(|req: &HttpRequest| {
+        app.handler(|req: HttpRequest| {
            req.body()
                .and_then(|bytes: Bytes| {
                    Ok(HttpResponse::Ok()
@@ -725,12 +683,12 @@ fn test_reading_deflate_encoding_large() {
 #[test]
 fn test_reading_deflate_encoding_large_random() {
    let data = rand::thread_rng()
-        .sample_iter(&Alphanumeric)
+        .gen_ascii_chars()
        .take(160_000)
        .collect::<String>();

    let mut srv = test::TestServer::new(|app| {
-        app.handler(|req: &HttpRequest| {
+        app.handler(|req: HttpRequest| {
            req.body()
                .and_then(|bytes: Bytes| {
                    Ok(HttpResponse::Ok()
@@ -764,7 +722,7 @@ fn test_reading_deflate_encoding_large_random() {
 #[test]
 fn test_brotli_encoding() {
    let mut srv = test::TestServer::new(|app| {
-        app.handler(|req: &HttpRequest| {
+        app.handler(|req: HttpRequest| {
            req.body()
                .and_then(|bytes: Bytes| {
                    Ok(HttpResponse::Ok()
@@ -798,7 +756,7 @@ fn test_brotli_encoding() {
 fn test_brotli_encoding_large() {
    let data = STR.repeat(10);
    let mut srv = test::TestServer::new(|app| {
-        app.handler(|req: &HttpRequest| {
+        app.handler(|req: HttpRequest| {
            req.body()
                .and_then(|bytes: Bytes| {
                    Ok(HttpResponse::Ok()
@@ -832,8 +790,9 @@ fn test_h2() {
    let srv = test::TestServer::new(|app| app.handler(|_| HttpResponse::Ok().body(STR)));
    let addr = srv.addr();

-    let mut core = Runtime::new().unwrap();
-    let tcp = TcpStream::connect(&addr);
+    let mut core = Core::new().unwrap();
+    let handle = core.handle();
+    let tcp = TcpStream::connect(&addr, &handle);

    let tcp = tcp
        .then(|res| h2client::handshake(res.unwrap()))
@@ -847,7 +806,7 @@ fn test_h2() {
            let (response, _) = client.send_request(request, false).unwrap();

            // Spawn a task to run the conn...
-            current_thread::spawn(h2.map_err(|e| println!("GOT ERR={:?}", e)));
+            handle.spawn(h2.map_err(|e| println!("GOT ERR={:?}", e)));

            response.and_then(|response| {
                assert_eq!(response.status(), http::StatusCode::OK);
@@ -860,7 +819,7 @@ fn test_h2() {
                })
            })
        });
-    let _res = core.block_on(tcp);
+    let _res = core.run(tcp);
    // assert_eq!(_res.unwrap(), Bytes::from_static(STR.as_ref()));
 }

--- a/tests/test_ws.rs
+++ b/tests/test_ws.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ extern crate rand;

 use bytes::Bytes;
 use futures::Stream;
-use rand::distributions::Alphanumeric;
 use rand::Rng;

 #[cfg(feature = "alpn")]
@@ -87,7 +86,7 @@ fn test_close_description() {
 #[test]
 fn test_large_text() {
    let data = rand::thread_rng()
-        .sample_iter(&Alphanumeric)
+        .gen_ascii_chars()
        .take(65_536)
        .collect::<String>();

@@ -105,7 +104,7 @@ fn test_large_text() {
 #[test]
 fn test_large_bin() {
    let data = rand::thread_rng()
-        .sample_iter(&Alphanumeric)
+        .gen_ascii_chars()
        .take(65_536)
        .collect::<String>();

@@ -120,31 +119,6 @@ fn test_large_bin() {
    }
 }

-#[test]
-fn test_client_frame_size() {
-    let data = rand::thread_rng()
-        .sample_iter(&Alphanumeric)
-        .take(131_072)
-        .collect::<String>();
-
-    let mut srv = test::TestServer::new(|app| {
-        app.handler(|req| -> Result<HttpResponse> {
-            let mut resp = ws::handshake(req)?;
-            let stream = ws::WsStream::new(req.payload()).max_size(131_072);
-
-            let body = ws::WebsocketContext::create(req.clone(), Ws, stream);
-            Ok(resp.body(body))
-        })
-    });
-    let (reader, mut writer) = srv.ws().unwrap();
-
-    writer.binary(data.clone());
-    match srv.execute(reader.into_future()).err().unwrap().0 {
-        ws::ProtocolError::Overflow => (),
-        _ => panic!(),
-    }
-}
-
 struct Ws2 {
    count: usize,
    bin: bool,
@@ -252,7 +226,7 @@ fn test_ws_server_ssl() {
        .set_certificate_chain_file("tests/cert.pem")
        .unwrap();

-    let mut srv = test::TestServer::build().ssl(builder).start(|app| {
+    let mut srv = test::TestServer::build().ssl(builder.build()).start(|app| {
        app.handler(|req| {
            ws::start(
                req,
--- a/tools/wsload/Cargo.toml
+++ b/tools/wsload/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+[package]
+name = "wsclient"
+version = "0.1.0"
+authors = ["Nikolay Kim <fafhrd91@gmail.com>"]
+workspace = "../.."
+
+[[bin]]
+name = "wsclient"
+path = "src/wsclient.rs"
+
+[dependencies]
+env_logger = "*"
+futures = "0.1"
+clap = "2"
+url = "1.6"
+rand = "0.4"
+time = "*"
+num_cpus = "1"
+tokio-core = "0.1"
+actix = "0.5"
+actix-web = { path="../../" }
--- a/tools/wsload/src/wsclient.rs
+++ b/tools/wsload/src/wsclient.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,320 @@
+//! Simple websocket client.
+
+#![allow(unused_variables)]
+extern crate actix;
+extern crate actix_web;
+extern crate clap;
+extern crate env_logger;
+extern crate futures;
+extern crate num_cpus;
+extern crate rand;
+extern crate time;
+extern crate tokio_core;
+extern crate url;
+
+use futures::Future;
+use rand::{thread_rng, Rng};
+use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering};
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use actix::prelude::*;
+use actix_web::ws;
+
+fn main() {
+    ::std::env::set_var("RUST_LOG", "actix_web=info");
+    let _ = env_logger::init();
+
+    let matches = clap::App::new("ws tool")
+        .version("0.1")
+        .about("Applies load to websocket server")
+        .args_from_usage(
+            "<url> 'WebSocket url'
+                [bin]... -b, 'use binary frames'
+                -s, --size=[NUMBER] 'size of PUBLISH packet payload to send in KB'
+                -w, --warm-up=[SECONDS] 'seconds before counter values are considered for reporting'
+                -r, --sample-rate=[SECONDS] 'seconds between average reports'
+                -c, --concurrency=[NUMBER] 'number of websocket connections to open and use concurrently for sending'
+                -t, --threads=[NUMBER] 'number of threads to use'
+                --max-payload=[NUMBER] 'max size of payload before reconnect KB'",
+        )
+        .get_matches();
+
+    let bin: bool = matches.value_of("bin").is_some();
+    let ws_url = matches.value_of("url").unwrap().to_owned();
+    let _ = url::Url::parse(&ws_url).map_err(|e| {
+        println!("Invalid url: {}", ws_url);
+        std::process::exit(0);
+    });
+
+    let threads = parse_u64_default(matches.value_of("threads"), num_cpus::get() as u64);
+    let concurrency = parse_u64_default(matches.value_of("concurrency"), 1);
+    let payload_size: usize = match matches.value_of("size") {
+        Some(s) => parse_u64_default(Some(s), 1) as usize * 1024,
+        None => 1024,
+    };
+    let max_payload_size: usize = match matches.value_of("max-payload") {
+        Some(s) => parse_u64_default(Some(s), 0) as usize * 1024,
+        None => 0,
+    };
+    let warmup_seconds = parse_u64_default(matches.value_of("warm-up"), 2) as u64;
+    let sample_rate = parse_u64_default(matches.value_of("sample-rate"), 1) as usize;
+
+    let perf_counters = Arc::new(PerfCounters::new());
+    let payload = Arc::new(
+        thread_rng()
+            .gen_ascii_chars()
+            .take(payload_size)
+            .collect::<String>(),
+    );
+
+    let sys = actix::System::new("ws-client");
+
+    let _: () = Perf {
+        counters: perf_counters.clone(),
+        payload: payload.len(),
+        sample_rate_secs: sample_rate,
+    }.start();
+
+    for t in 0..threads {
+        let pl = payload.clone();
+        let ws = ws_url.clone();
+        let perf = perf_counters.clone();
+        let addr = Arbiter::new(format!("test {}", t));
+
+        addr.do_send(actix::msgs::Execute::new(move || -> Result<(), ()> {
+            for _ in 0..concurrency {
+                let pl2 = pl.clone();
+                let perf2 = perf.clone();
+                let ws2 = ws.clone();
+
+                Arbiter::handle().spawn(
+                    ws::Client::new(&ws)
+                        .write_buffer_capacity(0)
+                        .connect()
+                        .map_err(|e| {
+                            println!("Error: {}", e);
+                            //Arbiter::system().do_send(actix::msgs::SystemExit(0));
+                            ()
+                        })
+                        .map(move |(reader, writer)| {
+                            let addr: Addr<Syn, _> = ChatClient::create(move |ctx| {
+                                ChatClient::add_stream(reader, ctx);
+                                ChatClient {
+                                    url: ws2,
+                                    conn: writer,
+                                    payload: pl2,
+                                    bin: bin,
+                                    ts: time::precise_time_ns(),
+                                    perf_counters: perf2,
+                                    sent: 0,
+                                    max_payload_size: max_payload_size,
+                                }
+                            });
+                        }),
+                );
+            }
+            Ok(())
+        }));
+    }
+
+    let res = sys.run();
+}
+
+fn parse_u64_default(input: Option<&str>, default: u64) -> u64 {
+    input
+        .map(|v| v.parse().expect(&format!("not a valid number: {}", v)))
+        .unwrap_or(default)
+}
+
+struct Perf {
+    counters: Arc<PerfCounters>,
+    payload: usize,
+    sample_rate_secs: usize,
+}
+
+impl Actor for Perf {
+    type Context = Context<Self>;
+
+    fn started(&mut self, ctx: &mut Context<Self>) {
+        self.sample_rate(ctx);
+    }
+}
+
+impl Perf {
+    fn sample_rate(&self, ctx: &mut Context<Self>) {
+        ctx.run_later(
+            Duration::new(self.sample_rate_secs as u64, 0),
+            |act, ctx| {
+                let req_count = act.counters.pull_request_count();
+                if req_count != 0 {
+                    let conns = act.counters.pull_connections_count();
+                    let latency = act.counters.pull_latency_ns();
+                    let latency_max = act.counters.pull_latency_max_ns();
+                    println!(
+                        "rate: {}, conns: {}, throughput: {:?} kb, latency: {}, latency max: {}",
+                        req_count / act.sample_rate_secs,
+                        conns / act.sample_rate_secs,
+                        (((req_count * act.payload) as f64) / 1024.0)
+                            / act.sample_rate_secs as f64,
+                        time::Duration::nanoseconds((latency / req_count as u64) as i64),
+                        time::Duration::nanoseconds(latency_max as i64)
+                    );
+                }
+
+                act.sample_rate(ctx);
+            },
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+struct ChatClient {
+    url: String,
+    conn: ws::ClientWriter,
+    payload: Arc<String>,
+    ts: u64,
+    bin: bool,
+    perf_counters: Arc<PerfCounters>,
+    sent: usize,
+    max_payload_size: usize,
+}
+
+impl Actor for ChatClient {
+    type Context = Context<Self>;
+
+    fn started(&mut self, ctx: &mut Context<Self>) {
+        self.send_text();
+        self.perf_counters.register_connection();
+    }
+}
+
+impl ChatClient {
+    fn send_text(&mut self) -> bool {
+        self.sent += self.payload.len();
+
+        if self.max_payload_size > 0 && self.sent > self.max_payload_size {
+            let ws = self.url.clone();
+            let pl = self.payload.clone();
+            let bin = self.bin;
+            let perf_counters = self.perf_counters.clone();
+            let max_payload_size = self.max_payload_size;
+
+            Arbiter::handle().spawn(
+                ws::Client::new(&self.url)
+                    .connect()
+                    .map_err(|e| {
+                        println!("Error: {}", e);
+                        Arbiter::system().do_send(actix::msgs::SystemExit(0));
+                        ()
+                    })
+                    .map(move |(reader, writer)| {
+                        let addr: Addr<Syn, _> = ChatClient::create(move |ctx| {
+                            ChatClient::add_stream(reader, ctx);
+                            ChatClient {
+                                url: ws,
+                                conn: writer,
+                                payload: pl,
+                                bin: bin,
+                                ts: time::precise_time_ns(),
+                                perf_counters: perf_counters,
+                                sent: 0,
+                                max_payload_size: max_payload_size,
+                            }
+                        });
+                    }),
+            );
+            false
+        } else {
+            self.ts = time::precise_time_ns();
+            if self.bin {
+                self.conn.binary(&self.payload);
+            } else {
+                self.conn.text(&self.payload);
+            }
+            true
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Handle server websocket messages
+impl StreamHandler<ws::Message, ws::ProtocolError> for ChatClient {
+    fn finished(&mut self, ctx: &mut Context<Self>) {
+        ctx.stop()
+    }
+
+    fn handle(&mut self, msg: ws::Message, ctx: &mut Context<Self>) {
+        match msg {
+            ws::Message::Text(txt) => {
+                if txt == self.payload.as_ref().as_str() {
+                    self.perf_counters.register_request();
+                    self.perf_counters
+                        .register_latency(time::precise_time_ns() - self.ts);
+                    if !self.send_text() {
+                        ctx.stop();
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    println!("not equal");
+                }
+            }
+            _ => (),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct PerfCounters {
+    req: AtomicUsize,
+    conn: AtomicUsize,
+    lat: AtomicUsize,
+    lat_max: AtomicUsize,
+}
+
+impl PerfCounters {
+    pub fn new() -> PerfCounters {
+        PerfCounters {
+            req: AtomicUsize::new(0),
+            conn: AtomicUsize::new(0),
+            lat: AtomicUsize::new(0),
+            lat_max: AtomicUsize::new(0),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn pull_request_count(&self) -> usize {
+        self.req.swap(0, Ordering::SeqCst)
+    }
+
+    pub fn pull_connections_count(&self) -> usize {
+        self.conn.swap(0, Ordering::SeqCst)
+    }
+
+    pub fn pull_latency_ns(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.lat.swap(0, Ordering::SeqCst) as u64
+    }
+
+    pub fn pull_latency_max_ns(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.lat_max.swap(0, Ordering::SeqCst) as u64
+    }
+
+    pub fn register_request(&self) {
+        self.req.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
+    }
+
+    pub fn register_connection(&self) {
+        self.conn.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
+    }
+
+    pub fn register_latency(&self, nanos: u64) {
+        let nanos = nanos as usize;
+        self.lat.fetch_add(nanos, Ordering::SeqCst);
+        loop {
+            let current = self.lat_max.load(Ordering::SeqCst);
+            if current >= nanos
+                || self
+                    .lat_max
+                    .compare_and_swap(current, nanos, Ordering::SeqCst)
+                    == current
+            {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
Author	SHA1	Message	Date
Nikolay Kim	1fcf1d4a49	prepare release	2018-06-21 09:47:46 +06:00
Nikolay Kim	4012606910	SendRequest execution fails with the entered unreachable code #329	2018-06-21 09:47:28 +06:00
Nikolay Kim	e975124630	Allow to disable masking for websockets client	2018-06-21 09:38:59 +06:00
Nikolay Kim	6862aa6ee7	prepare release	2018-06-13 05:04:59 -07:00
Nikolay Kim	8a22558f25	http/2 end-of-frame is not set if body is empty bytes #307	2018-06-12 14:47:45 -07:00
Nikolay Kim	b5b9f9656e	do not allow stream or actor responses for internal error #301	2018-06-11 19:44:11 -07:00
Nikolay Kim	2fffc55d34	update changelog	2018-06-11 18:53:36 -07:00
Nikolay Kim	7d39f1582e	InternalError can trigger memory unsafety #301	2018-06-11 18:52:54 -07:00
Nikolay Kim	75ed053a35	bump version	2018-06-11 12:32:31 -07:00
Nikolay Kim	cfedf5fff4	Merge branch '0.6' of github.com:actix/actix-web into 0.6	2018-06-11 12:32:05 -07:00
Nikolay Kim	be73a36339	use custom resolver	2018-06-11 12:28:43 -07:00
Nikolay Kim	1ad8ba2604	Fix docs.rs build	2018-06-11 12:25:20 -07:00
Armin Ronacher	6848a12095	prepare 0.6.12 release	2018-06-09 01:22:19 +02:00
Nikolay Kim	4797298706	Allow to use custom resolver for ClientConnector	2018-06-08 16:10:47 -07:00
Nikolay Kim	5eaf4cbefd	update changelog	2018-06-08 08:42:10 -07:00
Nikolay Kim	7f1844e541	fix doc test	2018-06-07 20:22:50 -07:00
Nikolay Kim	6c7ac7fc22	update changelog	2018-06-07 20:07:58 -07:00
Nikolay Kim	42f9e1034b	add Host predicate	2018-06-07 20:05:45 -07:00
Nikolay Kim	e3cd0fdd13	add application filters	2018-06-07 20:05:26 -07:00
Nikolay Kim	40ff550460	update changelog	2018-06-07 20:04:40 -07:00
Armin Ronacher	7119340d44	Added improved failure interoperability with downcasting (#285 ) Deprecates Error::cause and introduces failure interoperability functions and downcasting.	2018-06-07 20:03:10 -07:00
Nikolay Kim	e140bc3906	prep release	2018-06-05 09:44:29 -07:00
Nikolay Kim	fdc08d365d	metadata for docs.rs	2018-06-05 08:59:30 -07:00
Nikolay Kim	8f1b88e39e	update changelog	2018-06-05 08:53:27 -07:00
Nikolay Kim	6a40a0a466	fix multipart boundary parsing #282	2018-06-05 08:52:46 -07:00
Nikolay Kim	89fc6b6ac9	changelog	2018-06-05 07:42:52 -07:00
Nikolay Kim	afa67b838a	CORS: Do not validate Origin header on non-OPTION requests #271	2018-06-05 07:41:13 -07:00
Nikolay Kim	f7b7d282bf	Middleware::response is not invoked if error result was returned by another Middleware::start #255	2018-06-04 13:57:54 -07:00
Nikolay Kim	09780ea9f3	changelog updates	2018-06-02 15:03:34 -07:00
Nikolay Kim	a7dab950f3	Support chunked encoding for UrlEncoded body #262	2018-06-02 15:02:42 -07:00
Nikolay Kim	ec0737e392	fix doc test	2018-06-02 13:48:37 -07:00
Nikolay Kim	d664993d56	remove debug prints	2018-06-02 11:58:11 -07:00
Nikolay Kim	a9c6c57a67	remove debug print	2018-06-02 11:55:27 -07:00
Nikolay Kim	08e7374eee	update changelog	2018-06-02 11:46:53 -07:00
Nikolay Kim	42da1448fb	fixed HttpRequest::url_for for a named route with no variables #265	2018-06-02 11:46:02 -07:00