Restructure folders (#411)

basics/docker_sample/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+[package]
+name = "docker_sample"
+version = "0.1.0"
+authors = ["docker_sample <docker_sample@sample.com>"]
+edition = "2018"
+
+[dependencies]
+actix-web = "3"

basics/docker_sample/Dockerfile

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+FROM rust:1-slim-buster AS base
+
+ENV USER=root
+
+WORKDIR /code
+RUN cargo init
+COPY Cargo.toml /code/Cargo.toml
+RUN cargo fetch
+
+COPY src /code/src
+
+CMD [ "cargo", "test", "--offline" ]
+
+FROM base AS builder
+
+RUN cargo build --release --offline
+
+FROM rust:1-slim-buster
+
+COPY --from=builder /code/target/release/docker_sample /usr/bin/docker_sample
+
+EXPOSE 5000
+
+ENTRYPOINT [ "/usr/bin/docker_sample" ]

basics/docker_sample/README.MD

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+# Docker sample
+
+## Build image
+
+```shell
+docker build -t docker_sample .
+```
+
+## Run built image
+
+```shell
+docker run -d -p 5000:5000 docker_sample
+# and the server should start instantly
+curl http://localhost:5000
+```
+
+## Running unit tests
+
+```shell
+docker build -t docker_sample:test --target base .
+docker run --rm docker_sample:test
+```

basics/docker_sample/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate actix_web;
+
+use actix_web::{App, HttpResponse, HttpServer, Responder};
+
+#[get("/")]
+async fn index() -> impl Responder {
+    println!("GET: /");
+    HttpResponse::Ok().body("Hello world!")
+}
+
+#[get("/again")]
+async fn again() -> impl Responder {
+    println!("GET: /again");
+    HttpResponse::Ok().body("Hello world again!")
+}
+
+#[actix_web::main]
+async fn main() -> std::io::Result<()> {
+    println!("Starting actix-web server");
+
+    HttpServer::new(|| App::new().service(index).service(again))
+        .bind("0.0.0.0:5000")?
+        .run()
+        .await
+}

basics/error_handling/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+[package]
+name = "error_handling"
+version = "1.0.0"
+authors = ["dowwie <dkcdkg@gmail.com>"]
+edition = "2018"
+
+[dependencies]
+actix-web = "3"
+derive_more = "0.99.2"
+rand = "0.7"
+env_logger = "0.8"

basics/error_handling/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+This project illustrates custom error propagation through futures in actix-web

basics/error_handling/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+/*
+The goal of this example is to show how to propagate a custom error type,
+to a web handler that will evaluate the type of error that
+was raised and return an appropriate HTTPResponse.
+
+This example uses a 50/50 chance of returning 200 Ok, otherwise one of four possible
+http errors will be chosen, each with an equal chance of being selected:
+    1. 403 Forbidden
+    2. 401 Unauthorized
+    3. 500 InternalServerError
+    4. 400 BadRequest
+
+*/
+
+use actix_web::{web, App, Error, HttpResponse, HttpServer, ResponseError};
+use derive_more::Display; // naming it clearly for illustration purposes
+use rand::{
+    distributions::{Distribution, Standard},
+    thread_rng, Rng,
+};
+
+#[derive(Debug, Display)]
+pub enum CustomError {
+    #[display(fmt = "Custom Error 1")]
+    CustomOne,
+    #[display(fmt = "Custom Error 2")]
+    CustomTwo,
+    #[display(fmt = "Custom Error 3")]
+    CustomThree,
+    #[display(fmt = "Custom Error 4")]
+    CustomFour,
+}
+
+impl Distribution<CustomError> for Standard {
+    fn sample<R: Rng + ?Sized>(&self, rng: &mut R) -> CustomError {
+        match rng.gen_range(0, 4) {
+            0 => CustomError::CustomOne,
+            1 => CustomError::CustomTwo,
+            2 => CustomError::CustomThree,
+            _ => CustomError::CustomFour,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Actix web uses `ResponseError` for conversion of errors to a response
+impl ResponseError for CustomError {
+    fn error_response(&self) -> HttpResponse {
+        match self {
+            CustomError::CustomOne => {
+                println!("do some stuff related to CustomOne error");
+                HttpResponse::Forbidden().finish()
+            }
+
+            CustomError::CustomTwo => {
+                println!("do some stuff related to CustomTwo error");
+                HttpResponse::Unauthorized().finish()
+            }
+
+            CustomError::CustomThree => {
+                println!("do some stuff related to CustomThree error");
+                HttpResponse::InternalServerError().finish()
+            }
+
+            _ => {
+                println!("do some stuff related to CustomFour error");
+                HttpResponse::BadRequest().finish()
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// randomly returns either () or one of the 4 CustomError variants
+async fn do_something_random() -> Result<(), CustomError> {
+    let mut rng = thread_rng();
+
+    // 20% chance that () will be returned by this function
+    if rng.gen_bool(2.0 / 10.0) {
+        Ok(())
+    } else {
+        Err(rand::random::<CustomError>())
+    }
+}
+
+async fn do_something() -> Result<HttpResponse, Error> {
+    do_something_random().await?;
+
+    Ok(HttpResponse::Ok().body("Nothing interesting happened. Try again."))
+}
+
+#[actix_web::main]
+async fn main() -> std::io::Result<()> {
+    std::env::set_var("RUST_LOG", "actix_web=info");
+    env_logger::init();
+
+    HttpServer::new(move || {
+        App::new()
+            .service(web::resource("/something").route(web::get().to(do_something)))
+    })
+    .bind("127.0.0.1:8088")?
+    .run()
+    .await
+}

basics/hello-world/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+[package]
+name = "hello-world"
+version = "2.0.0"
+authors = ["Nikolay Kim <fafhrd91@gmail.com>"]
+edition = "2018"
+
+[dependencies]
+actix-web = "3"
+env_logger = "0.8"
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+actix-rt = "1"

basics/hello-world/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+use actix_web::{middleware, web, App, HttpRequest, HttpServer};
+
+async fn index(req: HttpRequest) -> &'static str {
+    println!("REQ: {:?}", req);
+    "Hello world!"
+}
+
+#[actix_web::main]
+async fn main() -> std::io::Result<()> {
+    std::env::set_var("RUST_LOG", "actix_web=info");
+    env_logger::init();
+
+    HttpServer::new(|| {
+        App::new()
+            // enable logger
+            .wrap(middleware::Logger::default())
+            .service(web::resource("/index.html").to(|| async { "Hello world!" }))
+            .service(web::resource("/").to(index))
+    })
+    .bind("127.0.0.1:8080")?
+    .run()
+    .await
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use actix_web::dev::Service;
+    use actix_web::{http, test, web, App, Error};
+
+    #[actix_rt::test]
+    async fn test_index() -> Result<(), Error> {
+        let app = App::new().route("/", web::get().to(index));
+        let mut app = test::init_service(app).await;
+
+        let req = test::TestRequest::get().uri("/").to_request();
+        let resp = app.call(req).await.unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(resp.status(), http::StatusCode::OK);
+
+        let response_body = match resp.response().body().as_ref() {
+            Some(actix_web::body::Body::Bytes(bytes)) => bytes,
+            _ => panic!("Response error"),
+        };
+
+        assert_eq!(response_body, r##"Hello world!"##);
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}

basics/http-proxy/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+[package]
+name = "http-proxy"
+version = "2.0.0"
+authors = ["Nikolay Kim <fafhrd91@gmail.com>", "Rotem Yaari <vmalloc@gmail.com>"]
+edition = "2018"
+
+[dependencies]
+actix-web = { version = "3", features = ["openssl"] }
+clap = "2.33"
+url = "2.0"

basics/http-proxy/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+## HTTP Full proxy example
+
+This is a relatively simple HTTP proxy, forwarding HTTP requests to another HTTP server, including
+request body, headers, and streaming uploads.
+
+To start:
+
+``` shell
+cargo run <listen addr> <listen port> <forward addr> <forward port>
+```

basics/http-proxy/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+use std::net::ToSocketAddrs;
+
+use actix_web::client::Client;
+use actix_web::{middleware, web, App, Error, HttpRequest, HttpResponse, HttpServer};
+use clap::{value_t, Arg};
+use url::Url;
+
+async fn forward(
+    req: HttpRequest,
+    body: web::Bytes,
+    url: web::Data<Url>,
+    client: web::Data<Client>,
+) -> Result<HttpResponse, Error> {
+    let mut new_url = url.get_ref().clone();
+    new_url.set_path(req.uri().path());
+    new_url.set_query(req.uri().query());
+
+    // TODO: This forwarded implementation is incomplete as it only handles the inofficial
+    // X-Forwarded-For header but not the official Forwarded one.
+    let forwarded_req = client
+        .request_from(new_url.as_str(), req.head())
+        .no_decompress();
+    let forwarded_req = if let Some(addr) = req.head().peer_addr {
+        forwarded_req.header("x-forwarded-for", format!("{}", addr.ip()))
+    } else {
+        forwarded_req
+    };
+
+    let mut res = forwarded_req.send_body(body).await.map_err(Error::from)?;
+
+    let mut client_resp = HttpResponse::build(res.status());
+    // Remove `Connection` as per
+    // https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Connection#Directives
+    for (header_name, header_value) in
+        res.headers().iter().filter(|(h, _)| *h != "connection")
+    {
+        client_resp.header(header_name.clone(), header_value.clone());
+    }
+
+    Ok(client_resp.body(res.body().await?))
+}
+
+#[actix_web::main]
+async fn main() -> std::io::Result<()> {
+    let matches = clap::App::new("HTTP Proxy")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("listen_addr")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .value_name("LISTEN ADDR")
+                .index(1)
+                .required(true),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("listen_port")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .value_name("LISTEN PORT")
+                .index(2)
+                .required(true),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("forward_addr")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .value_name("FWD ADDR")
+                .index(3)
+                .required(true),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("forward_port")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .value_name("FWD PORT")
+                .index(4)
+                .required(true),
+        )
+        .get_matches();
+
+    let listen_addr = matches.value_of("listen_addr").unwrap();
+    let listen_port = value_t!(matches, "listen_port", u16).unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit());
+
+    let forwarded_addr = matches.value_of("forward_addr").unwrap();
+    let forwarded_port =
+        value_t!(matches, "forward_port", u16).unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit());
+
+    let forward_url = Url::parse(&format!(
+        "http://{}",
+        (forwarded_addr, forwarded_port)
+            .to_socket_addrs()
+            .unwrap()
+            .next()
+            .unwrap()
+    ))
+    .unwrap();
+
+    HttpServer::new(move || {
+        App::new()
+            .data(Client::new())
+            .data(forward_url.clone())
+            .wrap(middleware::Logger::default())
+            .default_service(web::route().to(forward))
+    })
+    .bind((listen_addr, listen_port))?
+    .system_exit()
+    .run()
+    .await
+}

basics/json-validation/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+[package]
+name = "awc_examples"
+version = "2.0.0"
+authors = ["dowwie <dkcdkg@gmail.com>"]
+edition = "2018"
+
+[dependencies]
+actix-web = { version = "3", features = ["openssl"] }
+env_logger = "0.8"
+futures = "0.3.1"
+serde = { version = "1.0.43", features = ["derive"] }
+serde_json = "1.0.16"
+validator = "0.10"
+validator_derive = "0.10"

basics/json-validation/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+This is a contrived example intended to illustrate a few important actix-web features.
+
+*Imagine* that you have a process that involves 3 steps.  The steps here
+are dumb in that they do nothing other than call an
+httpbin endpoint that returns the json that was posted to it.  The intent here
+is to illustrate how to chain these steps together as futures and return
+a final result in a response.
+
+Actix-web features illustrated here include:
+
+    1. handling json input param
+    2. validating user-submitted parameters using the 'validator' crate
+    2. actix-web client features:
+          - POSTing json body
+    3. chaining futures into a single response used by an asynch endpoint
+
+
+Example query from the command line using httpie:
+	```echo '{"id":"1", "name": "JohnDoe"}' | http 127.0.0.1:8080/something```

basics/json-validation/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+// This is a contrived example intended to illustrate actix-web features.
+// *Imagine* that you have a process that involves 3 steps.  The steps here
+// are dumb in that they do nothing other than call an
+// httpbin endpoint that returns the json that was posted to it.  The intent
+// here is to illustrate how to chain these steps together as futures and return
+// a final result in a response.
+//
+// Actix-web features illustrated here include:
+//     1. handling json input param
+//     2. validating user-submitted parameters using the 'validator' crate
+//     2. actix-web client features:
+//           - POSTing json body
+//     3. chaining futures into a single response used by an async endpoint
+
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::io;
+
+use actix_web::{
+    client::Client,
+    error::ErrorBadRequest,
+    web::{self, BytesMut},
+    App, Error, HttpResponse, HttpServer,
+};
+use futures::StreamExt;
+use validator::Validate;
+use validator_derive::Validate;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Validate, Deserialize, Serialize)]
+struct SomeData {
+    #[validate(length(min = 1, max = 1000000))]
+    id: String,
+    #[validate(length(min = 1, max = 100))]
+    name: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize)]
+struct HttpBinResponse {
+    args: HashMap<String, String>,
+    data: String,
+    files: HashMap<String, String>,
+    form: HashMap<String, String>,
+    headers: HashMap<String, String>,
+    json: SomeData,
+    origin: String,
+    url: String,
+}
+
+/// validate data, post json to httpbin, get it back in the response body, return deserialized
+async fn step_x(data: SomeData, client: &Client) -> Result<SomeData, Error> {
+    // validate data
+    data.validate().map_err(ErrorBadRequest)?;
+
+    let mut res = client
+        .post("https://httpbin.org/post")
+        .send_json(&data)
+        .await
+        .map_err(Error::from)?; // <- convert SendRequestError to an Error
+
+    let mut body = BytesMut::new();
+    while let Some(chunk) = res.next().await {
+        body.extend_from_slice(&chunk?);
+    }
+
+    let body: HttpBinResponse = serde_json::from_slice(&body).unwrap();
+    Ok(body.json)
+}
+
+async fn create_something(
+    some_data: web::Json<SomeData>,
+    client: web::Data<Client>,
+) -> Result<HttpResponse, Error> {
+    let some_data_2 = step_x(some_data.into_inner(), &client).await?;
+    let some_data_3 = step_x(some_data_2, &client).await?;
+    let d = step_x(some_data_3, &client).await?;
+
+    Ok(HttpResponse::Ok()
+        .content_type("application/json")
+        .body(serde_json::to_string(&d).unwrap()))
+}
+
+#[actix_web::main]
+async fn main() -> io::Result<()> {
+    std::env::set_var("RUST_LOG", "actix_web=info");
+    env_logger::init();
+    let endpoint = "127.0.0.1:8080";
+
+    println!("Starting server at: {:?}", endpoint);
+    HttpServer::new(|| {
+        App::new()
+            .data(Client::default())
+            .service(web::resource("/something").route(web::post().to(create_something)))
+    })
+    .bind(endpoint)?
+    .run()
+    .await
+}

basics/middleware/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+[package]
+name = "middleware-example"
+version = "2.0.0"
+authors = ["Gorm Casper <gcasper@gmail.com>", "Sven-Hendrik Haase <svenstaro@gmail.com>"]
+edition = "2018"
+
+[dependencies]
+actix-service = "1"
+actix-web = "3"
+
+env_logger = "0.8"
+futures = "0.3.1"
+pin-project = "0.4"

basics/middleware/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+# middleware examples
+
+This example showcases a bunch of different uses of middlewares. See also the [Middleware guide](https://actix.rs/docs/middleware/).
+
+## Usage
+
+```bash
+cd middleware
+cargo run
+# Started http server: 127.0.0.1:8080
+```
+
+Look in `src/main.rs` and comment the different middlewares in/out to see how
+they function.
+
+## Middlewares
+
+### redirect::CheckLogin
+
+A middleware implementing a request guard which sketches a rough approximation of what a login could look like.
+
+### read_request_body::Logging
+
+A middleware demonstrating how to read out the incoming request body.
+
+### read_response_body::Logging
+
+A middleware demonstrating how to read out the outgoing response body.
+
+### simple::SayHi
+
+A minimal middleware demonstrating the sequence of operations in an actix middleware.
+There is a second version of the same middleware using `wrap_fn` which shows how easily a middleware can be implemented in actix.

basics/middleware/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+#![allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
+
+use actix_service::Service;
+use actix_web::{web, App, HttpServer};
+use futures::future::FutureExt;
+
+#[allow(dead_code)]
+mod read_request_body;
+#[allow(dead_code)]
+mod read_response_body;
+#[allow(dead_code)]
+mod redirect;
+#[allow(dead_code)]
+mod simple;
+
+#[actix_web::main]
+async fn main() -> std::io::Result<()> {
+    std::env::set_var("RUST_LOG", "actix_web=debug");
+    env_logger::init();
+
+    HttpServer::new(|| {
+        App::new()
+            .wrap(redirect::CheckLogin)
+            .wrap(read_request_body::Logging)
+            .wrap(read_response_body::Logging)
+            .wrap(simple::SayHi)
+            .wrap_fn(|req, srv| {
+                println!("Hi from start. You requested: {}", req.path());
+
+                srv.call(req).map(|res| {
+                    println!("Hi from response");
+                    res
+                })
+            })
+            .service(web::resource("/login").to(|| async {
+                "You are on /login. Go to src/redirect.rs to change this behavior."
+            }))
+            .service(web::resource("/").to(|| async {
+                "Hello, middleware! Check the console where the server is run."
+            }))
+    })
+    .bind("127.0.0.1:8080")?
+    .run()
+    .await
+}

basics/middleware/src/read_request_body.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+use std::cell::RefCell;
+use std::pin::Pin;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+use std::task::{Context, Poll};
+
+use actix_service::{Service, Transform};
+use actix_web::web::BytesMut;
+use actix_web::{dev::ServiceRequest, dev::ServiceResponse, Error, HttpMessage};
+use futures::future::{ok, Future, Ready};
+use futures::stream::StreamExt;
+
+pub struct Logging;
+
+impl<S: 'static, B> Transform<S> for Logging
+where
+    S: Service<Request = ServiceRequest, Response = ServiceResponse<B>, Error = Error>,
+    S::Future: 'static,
+    B: 'static,
+{
+    type Request = ServiceRequest;
+    type Response = ServiceResponse<B>;
+    type Error = Error;
+    type InitError = ();
+    type Transform = LoggingMiddleware<S>;
+    type Future = Ready<Result<Self::Transform, Self::InitError>>;
+
+    fn new_transform(&self, service: S) -> Self::Future {
+        ok(LoggingMiddleware {
+            service: Rc::new(RefCell::new(service)),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct LoggingMiddleware<S> {
+    // This is special: We need this to avoid lifetime issues.
+    service: Rc<RefCell<S>>,
+}
+
+impl<S, B> Service for LoggingMiddleware<S>
+where
+    S: Service<Request = ServiceRequest, Response = ServiceResponse<B>, Error = Error>
+        + 'static,
+    S::Future: 'static,
+    B: 'static,
+{
+    type Request = ServiceRequest;
+    type Response = ServiceResponse<B>;
+    type Error = Error;
+    type Future = Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = Result<Self::Response, Self::Error>>>>;
+
+    fn poll_ready(&mut self, cx: &mut Context) -> Poll<Result<(), Self::Error>> {
+        self.service.poll_ready(cx)
+    }
+
+    fn call(&mut self, mut req: ServiceRequest) -> Self::Future {
+        let mut svc = self.service.clone();
+
+        Box::pin(async move {
+            let mut body = BytesMut::new();
+            let mut stream = req.take_payload();
+            while let Some(chunk) = stream.next().await {
+                body.extend_from_slice(&chunk?);
+            }
+
+            println!("request body: {:?}", body);
+            let res = svc.call(req).await?;
+
+            println!("response: {:?}", res.headers());
+            Ok(res)
+        })
+    }
+}

basics/middleware/src/read_response_body.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+use std::future::Future;
+use std::marker::PhantomData;
+use std::pin::Pin;
+use std::task::{Context, Poll};
+
+use actix_service::{Service, Transform};
+use actix_web::body::{BodySize, MessageBody, ResponseBody};
+use actix_web::web::{Bytes, BytesMut};
+use actix_web::{dev::ServiceRequest, dev::ServiceResponse, Error};
+use futures::future::{ok, Ready};
+
+pub struct Logging;
+
+impl<S: 'static, B> Transform<S> for Logging
+where
+    S: Service<Request = ServiceRequest, Response = ServiceResponse<B>, Error = Error>,
+    B: MessageBody + 'static,
+{
+    type Request = ServiceRequest;
+    type Response = ServiceResponse<BodyLogger<B>>;
+    type Error = Error;
+    type InitError = ();
+    type Transform = LoggingMiddleware<S>;
+    type Future = Ready<Result<Self::Transform, Self::InitError>>;
+
+    fn new_transform(&self, service: S) -> Self::Future {
+        ok(LoggingMiddleware { service })
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct LoggingMiddleware<S> {
+    service: S,
+}
+
+impl<S, B> Service for LoggingMiddleware<S>
+where
+    S: Service<Request = ServiceRequest, Response = ServiceResponse<B>, Error = Error>,
+    B: MessageBody,
+{
+    type Request = ServiceRequest;
+    type Response = ServiceResponse<BodyLogger<B>>;
+    type Error = Error;
+    type Future = WrapperStream<S, B>;
+
+    fn poll_ready(&mut self, cx: &mut Context) -> Poll<Result<(), Self::Error>> {
+        self.service.poll_ready(cx)
+    }
+
+    fn call(&mut self, req: ServiceRequest) -> Self::Future {
+        WrapperStream {
+            fut: self.service.call(req),
+            _t: PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[pin_project::pin_project]
+pub struct WrapperStream<S, B>
+where
+    B: MessageBody,
+    S: Service,
+{
+    #[pin]
+    fut: S::Future,
+    _t: PhantomData<(B,)>,
+}
+
+impl<S, B> Future for WrapperStream<S, B>
+where
+    B: MessageBody,
+    S: Service<Request = ServiceRequest, Response = ServiceResponse<B>, Error = Error>,
+{
+    type Output = Result<ServiceResponse<BodyLogger<B>>, Error>;
+
+    fn poll(self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Self::Output> {
+        let res = futures::ready!(self.project().fut.poll(cx));
+
+        Poll::Ready(res.map(|res| {
+            res.map_body(move |_, body| {
+                ResponseBody::Body(BodyLogger {
+                    body,
+                    body_accum: BytesMut::new(),
+                })
+            })
+        }))
+    }
+}
+
+#[pin_project::pin_project(PinnedDrop)]
+pub struct BodyLogger<B> {
+    #[pin]
+    body: ResponseBody<B>,
+    body_accum: BytesMut,
+}
+
+#[pin_project::pinned_drop]
+impl<B> PinnedDrop for BodyLogger<B> {
+    fn drop(self: Pin<&mut Self>) {
+        println!("response body: {:?}", self.body_accum);
+    }
+}
+
+impl<B: MessageBody> MessageBody for BodyLogger<B> {
+    fn size(&self) -> BodySize {
+        self.body.size()
+    }
+
+    fn poll_next(
+        self: Pin<&mut Self>,
+        cx: &mut Context<'_>,
+    ) -> Poll<Option<Result<Bytes, Error>>> {
+        let this = self.project();
+
+        match this.body.poll_next(cx) {
+            Poll::Ready(Some(Ok(chunk))) => {
+                this.body_accum.extend_from_slice(&chunk);
+                Poll::Ready(Some(Ok(chunk)))
+            }
+            Poll::Ready(Some(Err(e))) => Poll::Ready(Some(Err(e))),
+            Poll::Ready(None) => Poll::Ready(None),
+            Poll::Pending => Poll::Pending,
+        }
+    }
+}

basics/middleware/src/redirect.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+use std::task::{Context, Poll};
+
+use actix_service::{Service, Transform};
+use actix_web::dev::{ServiceRequest, ServiceResponse};
+use actix_web::{http, Error, HttpResponse};
+use futures::future::{ok, Either, Ready};
+
+pub struct CheckLogin;
+
+impl<S, B> Transform<S> for CheckLogin
+where
+    S: Service<Request = ServiceRequest, Response = ServiceResponse<B>, Error = Error>,
+    S::Future: 'static,
+{
+    type Request = ServiceRequest;
+    type Response = ServiceResponse<B>;
+    type Error = Error;
+    type InitError = ();
+    type Transform = CheckLoginMiddleware<S>;
+    type Future = Ready<Result<Self::Transform, Self::InitError>>;
+
+    fn new_transform(&self, service: S) -> Self::Future {
+        ok(CheckLoginMiddleware { service })
+    }
+}
+pub struct CheckLoginMiddleware<S> {
+    service: S,
+}
+
+impl<S, B> Service for CheckLoginMiddleware<S>
+where
+    S: Service<Request = ServiceRequest, Response = ServiceResponse<B>, Error = Error>,
+    S::Future: 'static,
+{
+    type Request = ServiceRequest;
+    type Response = ServiceResponse<B>;
+    type Error = Error;
+    type Future = Either<S::Future, Ready<Result<Self::Response, Self::Error>>>;
+
+    fn poll_ready(&mut self, cx: &mut Context) -> Poll<Result<(), Self::Error>> {
+        self.service.poll_ready(cx)
+    }
+
+    fn call(&mut self, req: ServiceRequest) -> Self::Future {
+        // We only need to hook into the `start` for this middleware.
+
+        let is_logged_in = false; // Change this to see the change in outcome in the browser
+
+        if is_logged_in {
+            Either::Left(self.service.call(req))
+        } else {
+            // Don't forward to /login if we are already on /login
+            if req.path() == "/login" {
+                Either::Left(self.service.call(req))
+            } else {
+                Either::Right(ok(req.into_response(
+                    HttpResponse::Found()
+                        .header(http::header::LOCATION, "/login")
+                        .finish()
+                        .into_body(),
+                )))
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

basics/middleware/src/simple.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+use std::pin::Pin;
+use std::task::{Context, Poll};
+
+use actix_service::{Service, Transform};
+use actix_web::{dev::ServiceRequest, dev::ServiceResponse, Error};
+use futures::future::{ok, Ready};
+use futures::Future;
+
+// There are two steps in middleware processing.
+// 1. Middleware initialization, middleware factory gets called with
+//    next service in chain as parameter.
+// 2. Middleware's call method gets called with normal request.
+pub struct SayHi;
+
+// Middleware factory is `Transform` trait from actix-service crate
+// `S` - type of the next service
+// `B` - type of response's body
+impl<S, B> Transform<S> for SayHi
+where
+    S: Service<Request = ServiceRequest, Response = ServiceResponse<B>, Error = Error>,
+    S::Future: 'static,
+    B: 'static,
+{
+    type Request = ServiceRequest;
+    type Response = ServiceResponse<B>;
+    type Error = Error;
+    type InitError = ();
+    type Transform = SayHiMiddleware<S>;
+    type Future = Ready<Result<Self::Transform, Self::InitError>>;
+
+    fn new_transform(&self, service: S) -> Self::Future {
+        ok(SayHiMiddleware { service })
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct SayHiMiddleware<S> {
+    service: S,
+}
+
+impl<S, B> Service for SayHiMiddleware<S>
+where
+    S: Service<Request = ServiceRequest, Response = ServiceResponse<B>, Error = Error>,
+    S::Future: 'static,
+    B: 'static,
+{
+    type Request = ServiceRequest;
+    type Response = ServiceResponse<B>;
+    type Error = Error;
+    type Future = Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = Result<Self::Response, Self::Error>>>>;
+
+    fn poll_ready(&mut self, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Result<(), Self::Error>> {
+        self.service.poll_ready(cx)
+    }
+
+    fn call(&mut self, req: ServiceRequest) -> Self::Future {
+        println!("Hi from start. You requested: {}", req.path());
+
+        let fut = self.service.call(req);
+
+        Box::pin(async move {
+            let res = fut.await?;
+
+            println!("Hi from response");
+            Ok(res)
+        })
+    }
+}

basics/nested-routing/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+[package]
+name = "async_ex2"
+version = "0.1.0"
+authors = ["dowwie <dkcdkg@gmail.com>"]
+edition = "2018"
+
+[dependencies]
+actix-web = { version = "3", features = ["openssl"] }
+actix-service = "1.0.0"
+bytes = "0.5.3"
+env_logger = "0.8"
+futures = "0.3.1"
+serde = { version = "^1.0", features = ["derive"] }
+serde_json = "1.0.39"
+time = "0.1.42"
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+actix-rt = "1"

basics/nested-routing/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+This example illustrates how to use nested resource registration through application-level configuration.  
+The endpoints do nothing.
+

basics/nested-routing/src/appconfig.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+use actix_web::web;
+
+use crate::handlers::{parts, products};
+
+pub fn config_app(cfg: &mut web::ServiceConfig) {
+    // domain includes: /products/{product_id}/parts/{part_id}
+    cfg.service(
+        web::scope("/products")
+            .service(
+                web::resource("")
+                    .route(web::get().to(products::get_products))
+                    .route(web::post().to(products::add_product)),
+            )
+            .service(
+                web::scope("/{product_id}")
+                    .service(
+                        web::resource("")
+                            .route(web::get().to(products::get_product_detail))
+                            .route(web::delete().to(products::remove_product)),
+                    )
+                    .service(
+                        web::scope("/parts")
+                            .service(
+                                web::resource("")
+                                    .route(web::get().to(parts::get_parts))
+                                    .route(web::post().to(parts::add_part)),
+                            )
+                            .service(
+                                web::resource("/{part_id}")
+                                    .route(web::get().to(parts::get_part_detail))
+                                    .route(web::delete().to(parts::remove_part)),
+                            ),
+                    ),
+            ),
+    );
+}

basics/nested-routing/src/bin/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+use actix_web::{middleware, App, HttpServer};
+
+use async_ex2::appconfig::config_app;
+
+#[actix_web::main]
+async fn main() -> std::io::Result<()> {
+    std::env::set_var("RUST_LOG", "actix_server=info,actix_web=info");
+    env_logger::init();
+
+    HttpServer::new(|| {
+        App::new()
+            .configure(config_app)
+            .wrap(middleware::Logger::default())
+    })
+    .bind("127.0.0.1:8080")?
+    .run()
+    .await
+}

basics/nested-routing/src/common.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
+#[derive(Deserialize, Serialize)]
+pub struct Product {
+    id: Option<i64>,
+    product_type: Option<String>,
+    name: Option<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Deserialize, Serialize)]
+pub struct Part {
+    id: Option<i64>,
+    part_type: Option<String>,
+    name: Option<String>,
+}

basics/nested-routing/src/handlers/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+pub mod parts;
+pub mod products;

basics/nested-routing/src/handlers/parts.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+use actix_web::{web, Error, HttpResponse};
+
+use crate::common::{Part, Product};
+
+pub async fn get_parts(_query: web::Query<Option<Part>>) -> Result<HttpResponse, Error> {
+    Ok(HttpResponse::Ok().finish())
+}
+
+pub async fn add_part(_new_part: web::Json<Product>) -> Result<HttpResponse, Error> {
+    Ok(HttpResponse::Ok().finish())
+}
+
+pub async fn get_part_detail(_id: web::Path<String>) -> Result<HttpResponse, Error> {
+    Ok(HttpResponse::Ok().finish())
+}
+
+pub async fn remove_part(_id: web::Path<String>) -> Result<HttpResponse, Error> {
+    Ok(HttpResponse::Ok().finish())
+}

basics/nested-routing/src/handlers/products.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+use actix_web::{web, Error, HttpResponse};
+
+use crate::common::{Part, Product};
+
+pub async fn get_products(
+    _query: web::Query<Option<Part>>,
+) -> Result<HttpResponse, Error> {
+    Ok(HttpResponse::Ok().finish())
+}
+
+pub async fn add_product(
+    _new_product: web::Json<Product>,
+) -> Result<HttpResponse, Error> {
+    Ok(HttpResponse::Ok().finish())
+}
+
+pub async fn get_product_detail(_id: web::Path<String>) -> Result<HttpResponse, Error> {
+    Ok(HttpResponse::Ok().finish())
+}
+
+pub async fn remove_product(_id: web::Path<String>) -> Result<HttpResponse, Error> {
+    Ok(HttpResponse::Ok().finish())
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use crate::appconfig::config_app;
+    use actix_service::Service;
+    use actix_web::{
+        http::{header, StatusCode},
+        test, App,
+    };
+
+    #[actix_rt::test]
+    async fn test_add_product() {
+        let mut app = test::init_service(App::new().configure(config_app)).await;
+
+        let payload = r#"{"id":12345,"product_type":"fancy","name":"test"}"#.as_bytes();
+
+        let req = test::TestRequest::post()
+            .uri("/products")
+            .header(header::CONTENT_TYPE, "application/json")
+            .set_payload(payload)
+            .to_request();
+
+        let resp = app.call(req).await.unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::OK);
+    }
+}

basics/nested-routing/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+pub mod appconfig;
+pub mod common;
+pub mod handlers;

basics/run-in-thread/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+[package]
+name = "run-in-thread"
+version = "2.0.0"
+authors = ["Nikolay Kim <fafhrd91@gmail.com>"]
+edition = "2018"
+description = "Run actix-web in separate thread"
+
+[dependencies]
+actix-web = "3"
+env_logger = "0.8"

basics/run-in-thread/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+use std::sync::mpsc;
+use std::{thread, time};
+
+use actix_web::{dev::Server, middleware, rt, web, App, HttpRequest, HttpServer};
+
+async fn index(req: HttpRequest) -> &'static str {
+    println!("REQ: {:?}", req);
+    "Hello world!"
+}
+
+fn run_app(tx: mpsc::Sender<Server>) -> std::io::Result<()> {
+    let mut sys = rt::System::new("test");
+
+    // srv is server controller type, `dev::Server`
+    let srv = HttpServer::new(|| {
+        App::new()
+            // enable logger
+            .wrap(middleware::Logger::default())
+            .service(web::resource("/index.html").to(|| async { "Hello world!" }))
+            .service(web::resource("/").to(index))
+    })
+    .bind("127.0.0.1:8080")?
+    .run();
+
+    // send server controller to main thread
+    let _ = tx.send(srv.clone());
+
+    // run future
+    sys.block_on(srv)
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    std::env::set_var("RUST_LOG", "actix_web=info,actix_server=trace");
+    env_logger::init();
+
+    let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel();
+
+    println!("START SERVER");
+    thread::spawn(move || {
+        let _ = run_app(tx);
+    });
+
+    let srv = rx.recv().unwrap();
+
+    println!("WAITING 10 SECONDS");
+    thread::sleep(time::Duration::from_secs(10));
+
+    println!("STOPPING SERVER");
+    // init stop server and wait until server gracefully exit
+    rt::System::new("").block_on(srv.stop(true));
+}

basics/shutdown-server/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+[package]
+name = "shutdown-server"
+version = "2.0.0"
+authors = ["Rob Ede <robjtede@icloud.com>"]
+edition = "2018"
+description = "Send a request to the server to shut it down"
+
+[dependencies]
+actix-web = "3"
+env_logger = "0.8"
+futures = "0.3"
+tokio = { version = "0.2", features = ["signal"] }

basics/shutdown-server/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+# shutdown-server
+
+Demonstrates how to shutdown the web server in a couple of ways:
+
+1. remotely, via http request
+	- Created in response to actix/actix-web#1315
+
+2. sending a SIGINT signal to the server (control-c)
+	- actix-server natively supports SIGINT
+
+
+## Usage
+
+### Running The Server
+
+```bash
+cargo run --bin shutdown-server
+
+# Starting 8 workers
+# Starting "actix-web-service-127.0.0.1:8080" service on 127.0.0.1:8080
+```
+
+### Available Routes
+
+- [GET /hello](http://localhost:8080/hello)
+  - Regular hello world route
+- [POST /stop](http://localhost:8080/stop)
+  - Calling this will shutdown the server and exit

basics/shutdown-server/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+use actix_web::{get, middleware, post, web, App, HttpResponse, HttpServer};
+use futures::executor;
+use std::{sync::mpsc, thread};
+
+#[get("/hello")]
+async fn hello() -> &'static str {
+    "Hello world!"
+}
+
+#[post("/stop")]
+async fn stop(stopper: web::Data<mpsc::Sender<()>>) -> HttpResponse {
+    // make request that sends message through the Sender
+    stopper.send(()).unwrap();
+
+    HttpResponse::NoContent().finish()
+}
+
+#[actix_web::main]
+async fn main() -> std::io::Result<()> {
+    std::env::set_var("RUST_LOG", "actix_server=debug,actix_web=debug");
+    env_logger::init();
+
+    // create a channel
+    let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel::<()>();
+
+    let bind = "127.0.0.1:8080";
+
+    // start server as normal but don't .await after .run() yet
+    let server = HttpServer::new(move || {
+        // give the server a Sender in .data
+        App::new()
+            .data(tx.clone())
+            .wrap(middleware::Logger::default())
+            .service(hello)
+            .service(stop)
+    })
+    .bind(&bind)?
+    .run();
+
+    // clone the Server handle
+    let srv = server.clone();
+    thread::spawn(move || {
+        // wait for shutdown signal
+        rx.recv().unwrap();
+
+        // stop server gracefully
+        executor::block_on(srv.stop(true))
+    });
+
+    // run server
+    server.await
+}

basics/state/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+[package]
+name = "state"
+version = "2.0.0"
+authors = ["Nikolay Kim <fafhrd91@gmail.com>"]
+edition = "2018"
+
+[dependencies]
+actix-web = "3"
+env_logger = "0.8"

basics/state/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# state
+
+## Usage
+
+### server
+
+```bash
+cd examples/state
+cargo run
+# Started http server: 127.0.0.1:8080
+```
+
+### web client
+
+- [http://localhost:8080/](http://localhost:8080/)

basics/state/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+//! Application may have multiple data objects that are shared across
+//! all handlers within same Application.
+//!
+//! For global shared state, we wrap our state in a `actix_web::web::Data` and move it into
+//! the factory closure. The closure is called once-per-thread, and we clone our state
+//! and attach to each instance of the `App` with `.app_data(state.clone())`.
+//!
+//! For thread-local state, we construct our state within the factory closure and attach to
+//! the app with `.data(state)`.
+//!
+//! We retrieve our app state within our handlers with a `state: Data<...>` argument.
+//!
+//! By default, `actix-web` runs one `App` per logical cpu core.
+//! When running on <N> cores, we see that the example will increment `counter1` (global state via
+//! Mutex) and `counter3` (global state via Atomic variable) each time the endpoint is called,
+//! but only appear to increment `counter2` every Nth time on average (thread-local state). This
+//! is because the workload is being shared equally among cores.
+//!
+//! Check [user guide](https://actix.rs/docs/application/#state) for more info.
+
+use std::cell::Cell;
+use std::io;
+use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering};
+use std::sync::Mutex;
+
+use actix_web::{middleware, web, App, HttpRequest, HttpResponse, HttpServer};
+
+/// simple handle
+async fn index(
+    counter1: web::Data<Mutex<usize>>,
+    counter2: web::Data<Cell<u32>>,
+    counter3: web::Data<AtomicUsize>,
+    req: HttpRequest,
+) -> HttpResponse {
+    println!("{:?}", req);
+
+    // Increment the counters
+    *counter1.lock().unwrap() += 1;
+    counter2.set(counter2.get() + 1);
+    counter3.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
+
+    let body = format!(
+        "global mutex counter: {}, local counter: {}, global atomic counter: {}",
+        *counter1.lock().unwrap(),
+        counter2.get(),
+        counter3.load(Ordering::SeqCst),
+    );
+    HttpResponse::Ok().body(body)
+}
+
+#[actix_web::main]
+async fn main() -> io::Result<()> {
+    std::env::set_var("RUST_LOG", "actix_web=info");
+    env_logger::init();
+
+    // Create some global state prior to building the server
+    #[allow(clippy::mutex_atomic)] // it's intentional.
+    let counter1 = web::Data::new(Mutex::new(0usize));
+    let counter3 = web::Data::new(AtomicUsize::new(0usize));
+
+    // move is necessary to give closure below ownership of counter1
+    HttpServer::new(move || {
+        // Create some thread-local state
+        let counter2 = Cell::new(0u32);
+
+        App::new()
+            .app_data(counter1.clone()) // add shared state
+            .app_data(counter3.clone()) // add shared state
+            .data(counter2) // add thread-local state
+            // enable logger
+            .wrap(middleware::Logger::default())
+            // register simple handler
+            .service(web::resource("/").to(index))
+    })
+    .bind("127.0.0.1:8080")?
+    .run()
+    .await
+}

basics/static_index/.gitattributes

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+# Auto detect text files and perform LF normalization
+* text=auto

basics/static_index/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+[package]
+name = "static_index"
+version = "2.0.0"
+authors = ["Jose Marinez <digeratus@gmail.com>"]
+edition = "2018"
+
+[dependencies]
+actix-web = "3"
+actix-files = "0.3"
+env_logger = "0.8"

basics/static_index/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# static_index
+
+Demonstrates how to serve static files. Inside the `./static` folder you will find 2 subfolders:
+
+* `root`: A tree of files that will be served at the web root `/`. This includes the `css` and `js` folders, each
+  containing an example file.
+* `images`: A list of images that will be served at `/images` path, with file listing enabled.
+
+## Usage
+
+```bash
+$ cd examples/static_index
+$ cargo run
+```
+
+This will start the server on port 8080, it can be viewed at [http://localhost:8080](http://localhost:8080).

basics/static_index/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+use actix_files::Files;
+use actix_web::{middleware, App, HttpServer};
+
+#[actix_web::main]
+async fn main() -> std::io::Result<()> {
+    std::env::set_var("RUST_LOG", "actix_web=info");
+    env_logger::init();
+
+    HttpServer::new(|| {
+        App::new()
+            // Enable the logger.
+            .wrap(middleware::Logger::default())
+            // We allow the visitor to see an index of the images at `/images`.
+            .service(Files::new("/images", "static/images/").show_files_listing())
+            // Serve a tree of static files at the web root and specify the index file.
+            // Note that the root path should always be defined as the last item. The paths are
+            // resolved in the order they are defined. If this would be placed before the `/images`
+            // path then the service for the static images would never be reached.
+            .service(Files::new("/", "./static/root/").index_file("index.html"))
+    })
+    .bind("127.0.0.1:8080")?
+    .run()
+    .await
+}

basics/static_index/static/root/css/example.css

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+body {
+    text-align: center;
+}
+
+h1 {
+    font-family: sans-serif;
+}
+
+img {
+    transition: .5s ease-in-out;
+}

basics/static_index/static/root/index.html

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<meta charset="utf-8" />
+<html>
+<head>
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="css/example.css" />
+    <script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.5.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
+    <script src="/js/example.js"></script>
+</head>
+<body>
+    <h1>Actix-web</h1>
+    <img src="/images/logo.png" alt="Actix logo" />
+</body>
+</html>

basics/static_index/static/root/js/example.js

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+jQuery(document).ready(function () {
+    let rotation = 0;
+    jQuery("img").click(function () {
+        rotation += 360;
+        jQuery("img").css({'transform': 'rotate(' + rotation + 'deg)'});
+    });
+});

basics/todo/.env

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+DATABASE_URL=postgres://localhost/actix_todo

basics/todo/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+[package]
+authors = ["Dan Munckton <dangit@munckfish.net>"]
+name = "actix-todo"
+version = "2.0.0"
+edition = "2018"
+
+[dependencies]
+actix-web = "3"
+actix-files = "0.3"
+actix-session = "0.4"
+
+dotenv = "0.15"
+env_logger = "0.8"
+futures = "0.3.1"
+log = "0.4.3"
+serde = { version = "1.0.69", features = ["derive"] }
+serde_json = "1.0.22"
+tera = "1.5.0"
+
+[dependencies.diesel]
+features = ["postgres", "r2d2"]
+version = "1.3.2"

basics/todo/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+# actix-todo
+
+A port of the [Rocket Todo example](https://github.com/SergioBenitez/Rocket/tree/master/examples/todo) into [actix-web](https://actix.rs/). Except this uses PostgreSQL instead of SQLite.
+
+# Usage
+
+## Prerequisites
+
+* Rust >= 1.26
+* PostgreSQL >= 9.5
+
+## Change into the project sub-directory
+
+All instructions assume you have changed into this folder:
+
+```bash
+cd examples/todo
+```
+
+## Set up the database
+
+Install the [diesel](http://diesel.rs) command-line tool including the `postgres` feature:
+
+```bash
+cargo install diesel_cli --no-default-features --features postgres
+```
+
+Check the contents of the `.env` file. If your database requires a password, update `DATABASE_URL` to be of the form:
+
+```.env
+DATABASE_URL=postgres://username:password@localhost/actix_todo
+```
+
+Then to create and set-up the database run:
+
+```bash
+diesel database setup
+```
+
+## Run the application
+
+To run the application execute:
+
+```bash
+cargo run
+```
+
+Then to view it in your browser navigate to: [http://localhost:8088/](http://localhost:8088/)

basics/todo/diesel.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# For documentation on how to configure this file,
+# see diesel.rs/guides/configuring-diesel-cli
+
+[print_schema]
+file = "src/schema.rs"

basics/todo/migrations/00000000000000_diesel_initial_setup/down.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+-- This file was automatically created by Diesel to setup helper functions
+-- and other internal bookkeeping. This file is safe to edit, any future
+-- changes will be added to existing projects as new migrations.
+
+DROP FUNCTION IF EXISTS diesel_manage_updated_at(_tbl regclass);
+DROP FUNCTION IF EXISTS diesel_set_updated_at();

basics/todo/migrations/00000000000000_diesel_initial_setup/up.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+-- This file was automatically created by Diesel to setup helper functions
+-- and other internal bookkeeping. This file is safe to edit, any future
+-- changes will be added to existing projects as new migrations.
+
+
+
+
+-- Sets up a trigger for the given table to automatically set a column called
+-- `updated_at` whenever the row is modified (unless `updated_at` was included
+-- in the modified columns)
+--
+-- # Example
+--
+-- ```sql
+-- CREATE TABLE users (id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY, updated_at TIMESTAMP NOT NULL DEFAULT NOW());
+--
+-- SELECT diesel_manage_updated_at('users');
+-- ```
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION diesel_manage_updated_at(_tbl regclass) RETURNS VOID AS $$
+BEGIN
+    EXECUTE format('CREATE TRIGGER set_updated_at BEFORE UPDATE ON %s
+                    FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE diesel_set_updated_at()', _tbl);
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION diesel_set_updated_at() RETURNS trigger AS $$
+BEGIN
+    IF (
+        NEW IS DISTINCT FROM OLD AND
+        NEW.updated_at IS NOT DISTINCT FROM OLD.updated_at
+    ) THEN
+        NEW.updated_at := current_timestamp;
+    END IF;
+    RETURN NEW;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;

basics/todo/migrations/2018-07-05-163612_create_tasks_table/down.sql

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+DROP TABLE tasks

basics/todo/migrations/2018-07-05-163612_create_tasks_table/up.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+CREATE TABLE tasks (
+  id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
+  description VARCHAR NOT NULL,
+  completed BOOLEAN NOT NULL DEFAULT 'f'
+);

basics/todo/src/api.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+use actix_files::NamedFile;
+use actix_session::Session;
+use actix_web::middleware::errhandlers::ErrorHandlerResponse;
+use actix_web::{dev, error, http, web, Error, HttpResponse, Result};
+use serde::Deserialize;
+use tera::{Context, Tera};
+
+use crate::db;
+use crate::session::{self, FlashMessage};
+
+pub async fn index(
+    pool: web::Data<db::PgPool>,
+    tmpl: web::Data<Tera>,
+    session: Session,
+) -> Result<HttpResponse, Error> {
+    let tasks = web::block(move || db::get_all_tasks(&pool)).await?;
+
+    let mut context = Context::new();
+    context.insert("tasks", &tasks);
+
+    //Session is set during operations on other endpoints
+    //that can redirect to index
+    if let Some(flash) = session::get_flash(&session)? {
+        context.insert("msg", &(flash.kind, flash.message));
+        session::clear_flash(&session);
+    }
+
+    let rendered = tmpl
+        .render("index.html.tera", &context)
+        .map_err(error::ErrorInternalServerError)?;
+
+    Ok(HttpResponse::Ok().body(rendered))
+}
+
+#[derive(Deserialize)]
+pub struct CreateForm {
+    description: String,
+}
+
+pub async fn create(
+    params: web::Form<CreateForm>,
+    pool: web::Data<db::PgPool>,
+    session: Session,
+) -> Result<HttpResponse, Error> {
+    if params.description.is_empty() {
+        session::set_flash(
+            &session,
+            FlashMessage::error("Description cannot be empty"),
+        )?;
+        Ok(redirect_to("/"))
+    } else {
+        web::block(move || db::create_task(params.into_inner().description, &pool))
+            .await?;
+        session::set_flash(&session, FlashMessage::success("Task successfully added"))?;
+        Ok(redirect_to("/"))
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Deserialize)]
+pub struct UpdateParams {
+    id: i32,
+}
+
+#[derive(Deserialize)]
+pub struct UpdateForm {
+    _method: String,
+}
+
+pub async fn update(
+    db: web::Data<db::PgPool>,
+    params: web::Path<UpdateParams>,
+    form: web::Form<UpdateForm>,
+    session: Session,
+) -> Result<HttpResponse, Error> {
+    match form._method.as_ref() {
+        "put" => toggle(db, params).await,
+        "delete" => delete(db, params, session).await,
+        unsupported_method => {
+            let msg = format!("Unsupported HTTP method: {}", unsupported_method);
+            Err(error::ErrorBadRequest(msg))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+async fn toggle(
+    pool: web::Data<db::PgPool>,
+    params: web::Path<UpdateParams>,
+) -> Result<HttpResponse, Error> {
+    web::block(move || db::toggle_task(params.id, &pool)).await?;
+    Ok(redirect_to("/"))
+}
+
+async fn delete(
+    pool: web::Data<db::PgPool>,
+    params: web::Path<UpdateParams>,
+    session: Session,
+) -> Result<HttpResponse, Error> {
+    web::block(move || db::delete_task(params.id, &pool)).await?;
+    session::set_flash(&session, FlashMessage::success("Task was deleted."))?;
+    Ok(redirect_to("/"))
+}
+
+fn redirect_to(location: &str) -> HttpResponse {
+    HttpResponse::Found()
+        .header(http::header::LOCATION, location)
+        .finish()
+}
+
+pub fn bad_request<B>(res: dev::ServiceResponse<B>) -> Result<ErrorHandlerResponse<B>> {
+    let new_resp = NamedFile::open("static/errors/400.html")?
+        .set_status_code(res.status())
+        .into_response(res.request())?;
+    Ok(ErrorHandlerResponse::Response(
+        res.into_response(new_resp.into_body()),
+    ))
+}
+
+pub fn not_found<B>(res: dev::ServiceResponse<B>) -> Result<ErrorHandlerResponse<B>> {
+    let new_resp = NamedFile::open("static/errors/404.html")?
+        .set_status_code(res.status())
+        .into_response(res.request())?;
+    Ok(ErrorHandlerResponse::Response(
+        res.into_response(new_resp.into_body()),
+    ))
+}
+
+pub fn internal_server_error<B>(
+    res: dev::ServiceResponse<B>,
+) -> Result<ErrorHandlerResponse<B>> {
+    let new_resp = NamedFile::open("static/errors/500.html")?
+        .set_status_code(res.status())
+        .into_response(res.request())?;
+    Ok(ErrorHandlerResponse::Response(
+        res.into_response(new_resp.into_body()),
+    ))
+}

basics/todo/src/db.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+use std::ops::Deref;
+
+use diesel::pg::PgConnection;
+use diesel::r2d2::{ConnectionManager, Pool, PoolError, PooledConnection};
+
+use crate::model::{NewTask, Task};
+
+pub type PgPool = Pool<ConnectionManager<PgConnection>>;
+type PgPooledConnection = PooledConnection<ConnectionManager<PgConnection>>;
+
+pub fn init_pool(database_url: &str) -> Result<PgPool, PoolError> {
+    let manager = ConnectionManager::<PgConnection>::new(database_url);
+    Pool::builder().build(manager)
+}
+
+fn get_conn(pool: &PgPool) -> Result<PgPooledConnection, &'static str> {
+    pool.get().map_err(|_| "Can't get connection")
+}
+
+pub fn get_all_tasks(pool: &PgPool) -> Result<Vec<Task>, &'static str> {
+    Task::all(get_conn(pool)?.deref()).map_err(|_| "Error retrieving tasks")
+}
+
+pub fn create_task(todo: String, pool: &PgPool) -> Result<(), &'static str> {
+    let new_task = NewTask { description: todo };
+    Task::insert(new_task, get_conn(pool)?.deref())
+        .map(|_| ())
+        .map_err(|_| "Error inserting task")
+}
+
+pub fn toggle_task(id: i32, pool: &PgPool) -> Result<(), &'static str> {
+    Task::toggle_with_id(id, get_conn(pool)?.deref())
+        .map(|_| ())
+        .map_err(|_| "Error toggling task completion")
+}
+
+pub fn delete_task(id: i32, pool: &PgPool) -> Result<(), &'static str> {
+    Task::delete_with_id(id, get_conn(pool)?.deref())
+        .map(|_| ())
+        .map_err(|_| "Error deleting task")
+}

basics/todo/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate diesel;
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate log;
+
+use std::{env, io};
+
+use actix_files as fs;
+use actix_session::CookieSession;
+use actix_web::middleware::{errhandlers::ErrorHandlers, Logger};
+use actix_web::{http, web, App, HttpServer};
+use dotenv::dotenv;
+use tera::Tera;
+
+mod api;
+mod db;
+mod model;
+mod schema;
+mod session;
+
+static SESSION_SIGNING_KEY: &[u8] = &[0; 32];
+
+#[actix_web::main]
+async fn main() -> io::Result<()> {
+    dotenv().ok();
+
+    env::set_var("RUST_LOG", "actix_todo=debug,actix_web=info");
+    env_logger::init();
+
+    let database_url = env::var("DATABASE_URL").expect("DATABASE_URL must be set");
+    let pool = db::init_pool(&database_url).expect("Failed to create pool");
+
+    let app = move || {
+        debug!("Constructing the App");
+
+        let mut templates = match Tera::new("templates/**/*") {
+            Ok(t) => t,
+            Err(e) => {
+                println!("Parsing error(s): {}", e);
+                ::std::process::exit(1);
+            }
+        };
+        templates.autoescape_on(vec!["tera"]);
+
+        let session_store = CookieSession::signed(SESSION_SIGNING_KEY).secure(false);
+
+        let error_handlers = ErrorHandlers::new()
+            .handler(
+                http::StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR,
+                api::internal_server_error,
+            )
+            .handler(http::StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST, api::bad_request)
+            .handler(http::StatusCode::NOT_FOUND, api::not_found);
+
+        App::new()
+            .data(templates)
+            .data(pool.clone())
+            .wrap(Logger::default())
+            .wrap(session_store)
+            .wrap(error_handlers)
+            .service(web::resource("/").route(web::get().to(api::index)))
+            .service(web::resource("/todo").route(web::post().to(api::create)))
+            .service(web::resource("/todo/{id}").route(web::post().to(api::update)))
+            .service(fs::Files::new("/static", "static/"))
+    };
+
+    debug!("Starting server");
+    HttpServer::new(app).bind("localhost:8088")?.run().await
+}

basics/todo/src/model.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+use diesel::pg::PgConnection;
+use diesel::prelude::*;
+use serde::Serialize;
+
+use crate::schema::{
+    tasks,
+    tasks::dsl::{completed as task_completed, tasks as all_tasks},
+};
+
+#[derive(Debug, Insertable)]
+#[table_name = "tasks"]
+pub struct NewTask {
+    pub description: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Queryable, Serialize)]
+pub struct Task {
+    pub id: i32,
+    pub description: String,
+    pub completed: bool,
+}
+
+impl Task {
+    pub fn all(conn: &PgConnection) -> QueryResult<Vec<Task>> {
+        all_tasks.order(tasks::id.desc()).load::<Task>(conn)
+    }
+
+    pub fn insert(todo: NewTask, conn: &PgConnection) -> QueryResult<usize> {
+        diesel::insert_into(tasks::table)
+            .values(&todo)
+            .execute(conn)
+    }
+
+    pub fn toggle_with_id(id: i32, conn: &PgConnection) -> QueryResult<usize> {
+        let task = all_tasks.find(id).get_result::<Task>(conn)?;
+
+        let new_status = !task.completed;
+        let updated_task = diesel::update(all_tasks.find(id));
+        updated_task
+            .set(task_completed.eq(new_status))
+            .execute(conn)
+    }
+
+    pub fn delete_with_id(id: i32, conn: &PgConnection) -> QueryResult<usize> {
+        diesel::delete(all_tasks.find(id)).execute(conn)
+    }
+}

basics/todo/src/schema.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+table! {
+    tasks (id) {
+        id -> Int4,
+        description -> Varchar,
+        completed -> Bool,
+    }
+}

basics/todo/src/session.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+use actix_session::Session;
+use actix_web::error::Result;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
+const FLASH_KEY: &str = "flash";
+
+pub fn set_flash(session: &Session, flash: FlashMessage) -> Result<()> {
+    session.set(FLASH_KEY, flash)
+}
+
+pub fn get_flash(session: &Session) -> Result<Option<FlashMessage>> {
+    session.get::<FlashMessage>(FLASH_KEY)
+}
+
+pub fn clear_flash(session: &Session) {
+    session.remove(FLASH_KEY);
+}
+
+#[derive(Deserialize, Serialize)]
+pub struct FlashMessage {
+    pub kind: String,
+    pub message: String,
+}
+
+impl FlashMessage {
+    pub fn success(message: &str) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            kind: "success".to_owned(),
+            message: message.to_owned(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn error(message: &str) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            kind: "error".to_owned(),
+            message: message.to_owned(),
+        }
+    }
+}

basics/todo/static/css/normalize.css

@@ -0,0 +1,427 @@
+/*! normalize.css v3.0.2 | MIT License | git.io/normalize */
+
+/**
+ * 1. Set default font family to sans-serif.
+ * 2. Prevent iOS text size adjust after orientation change, without disabling
+ *    user zoom.
+ */
+
+html {
+  font-family: sans-serif; /* 1 */
+  -ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; /* 2 */
+  -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; /* 2 */
+}
+
+/**
+ * Remove default margin.
+ */
+
+body {
+  margin: 0;
+}
+
+/* HTML5 display definitions
+   ========================================================================== */
+
+/**
+ * Correct `block` display not defined for any HTML5 element in IE 8/9.
+ * Correct `block` display not defined for `details` or `summary` in IE 10/11
+ * and Firefox.
+ * Correct `block` display not defined for `main` in IE 11.
+ */
+
+article,
+aside,
+details,
+figcaption,
+figure,
+footer,
+header,
+hgroup,
+main,
+menu,
+nav,
+section,
+summary {
+  display: block;
+}
+
+/**
+ * 1. Correct `inline-block` display not defined in IE 8/9.
+ * 2. Normalize vertical alignment of `progress` in Chrome, Firefox, and Opera.
+ */
+
+audio,
+canvas,
+progress,
+video {
+  display: inline-block; /* 1 */
+  vertical-align: baseline; /* 2 */
+}
+
+/**
+ * Prevent modern browsers from displaying `audio` without controls.
+ * Remove excess height in iOS 5 devices.
+ */
+
+audio:not([controls]) {
+  display: none;
+  height: 0;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Address `[hidden]` styling not present in IE 8/9/10.
+ * Hide the `template` element in IE 8/9/11, Safari, and Firefox < 22.
+ */
+
+[hidden],
+template {
+  display: none;
+}
+
+/* Links
+   ========================================================================== */
+
+/**
+ * Remove the gray background color from active links in IE 10.
+ */
+
+a {
+  background-color: transparent;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Improve readability when focused and also mouse hovered in all browsers.
+ */
+
+a:active,
+a:hover {
+  outline: 0;
+}
+
+/* Text-level semantics
+   ========================================================================== */
+
+/**
+ * Address styling not present in IE 8/9/10/11, Safari, and Chrome.
+ */
+
+abbr[title] {
+  border-bottom: 1px dotted;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Address style set to `bolder` in Firefox 4+, Safari, and Chrome.
+ */
+
+b,
+strong {
+  font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Address styling not present in Safari and Chrome.
+ */
+
+dfn {
+  font-style: italic;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Address variable `h1` font-size and margin within `section` and `article`
+ * contexts in Firefox 4+, Safari, and Chrome.
+ */
+
+h1 {
+  font-size: 2em;
+  margin: 0.67em 0;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Address styling not present in IE 8/9.
+ */
+
+mark {
+  background: #ff0;
+  color: #000;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Address inconsistent and variable font size in all browsers.
+ */
+
+small {
+  font-size: 80%;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Prevent `sub` and `sup` affecting `line-height` in all browsers.
+ */
+
+sub,
+sup {
+  font-size: 75%;
+  line-height: 0;
+  position: relative;
+  vertical-align: baseline;
+}
+
+sup {
+  top: -0.5em;
+}
+
+sub {
+  bottom: -0.25em;
+}
+
+/* Embedded content
+   ========================================================================== */
+
+/**
+ * Remove border when inside `a` element in IE 8/9/10.
+ */
+
+img {
+  border: 0;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Correct overflow not hidden in IE 9/10/11.
+ */
+
+svg:not(:root) {
+  overflow: hidden;
+}
+
+/* Grouping content
+   ========================================================================== */
+
+/**
+ * Address margin not present in IE 8/9 and Safari.
+ */
+
+figure {
+  margin: 1em 40px;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Address differences between Firefox and other browsers.
+ */
+
+hr {
+  -moz-box-sizing: content-box;
+  box-sizing: content-box;
+  height: 0;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Contain overflow in all browsers.
+ */
+
+pre {
+  overflow: auto;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Address odd `em`-unit font size rendering in all browsers.
+ */
+
+code,
+kbd,
+pre,
+samp {
+  font-family: monospace, monospace;
+  font-size: 1em;
+}
+
+/* Forms
+   ========================================================================== */
+
+/**
+ * Known limitation: by default, Chrome and Safari on OS X allow very limited
+ * styling of `select`, unless a `border` property is set.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * 1. Correct color not being inherited.
+ *    Known issue: affects color of disabled elements.
+ * 2. Correct font properties not being inherited.
+ * 3. Address margins set differently in Firefox 4+, Safari, and Chrome.
+ */
+
+button,
+input,
+optgroup,
+select,
+textarea {
+  color: inherit; /* 1 */
+  font: inherit; /* 2 */
+  margin: 0; /* 3 */
+}
+
+/**
+ * Address `overflow` set to `hidden` in IE 8/9/10/11.
+ */
+
+button {
+  overflow: visible;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Address inconsistent `text-transform` inheritance for `button` and `select`.
+ * All other form control elements do not inherit `text-transform` values.
+ * Correct `button` style inheritance in Firefox, IE 8/9/10/11, and Opera.
+ * Correct `select` style inheritance in Firefox.
+ */
+
+button,
+select {
+  text-transform: none;
+}
+
+/**
+ * 1. Avoid the WebKit bug in Android 4.0.* where (2) destroys native `audio`
+ *    and `video` controls.
+ * 2. Correct inability to style clickable `input` types in iOS.
+ * 3. Improve usability and consistency of cursor style between image-type
+ *    `input` and others.
+ */
+
+button,
+html input[type="button"], /* 1 */
+input[type="reset"],
+input[type="submit"] {
+  -webkit-appearance: button; /* 2 */
+  cursor: pointer; /* 3 */
+}
+
+/**
+ * Re-set default cursor for disabled elements.
+ */
+
+button[disabled],
+html input[disabled] {
+  cursor: default;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Remove inner padding and border in Firefox 4+.
+ */
+
+button::-moz-focus-inner,
+input::-moz-focus-inner {
+  border: 0;
+  padding: 0;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Address Firefox 4+ setting `line-height` on `input` using `!important` in
+ * the UA stylesheet.
+ */
+
+input {
+  line-height: normal;
+}
+
+/**
+ * It's recommended that you don't attempt to style these elements.
+ * Firefox's implementation doesn't respect box-sizing, padding, or width.
+ *
+ * 1. Address box sizing set to `content-box` in IE 8/9/10.
+ * 2. Remove excess padding in IE 8/9/10.
+ */
+
+input[type="checkbox"],
+input[type="radio"] {
+  box-sizing: border-box; /* 1 */
+  padding: 0; /* 2 */
+}
+
+/**
+ * Fix the cursor style for Chrome's increment/decrement buttons. For certain
+ * `font-size` values of the `input`, it causes the cursor style of the
+ * decrement button to change from `default` to `text`.
+ */
+
+input[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,
+input[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button {
+  height: auto;
+}
+
+/**
+ * 1. Address `appearance` set to `searchfield` in Safari and Chrome.
+ * 2. Address `box-sizing` set to `border-box` in Safari and Chrome
+ *    (include `-moz` to future-proof).
+ */
+
+input[type="search"] {
+  -webkit-appearance: textfield; /* 1 */
+  -moz-box-sizing: content-box;
+  -webkit-box-sizing: content-box; /* 2 */
+  box-sizing: content-box;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Remove inner padding and search cancel button in Safari and Chrome on OS X.
+ * Safari (but not Chrome) clips the cancel button when the search input has
+ * padding (and `textfield` appearance).
+ */
+
+input[type="search"]::-webkit-search-cancel-button,
+input[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration {
+  -webkit-appearance: none;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Define consistent border, margin, and padding.
+ */
+
+fieldset {
+  border: 1px solid #c0c0c0;
+  margin: 0 2px;
+  padding: 0.35em 0.625em 0.75em;
+}
+
+/**
+ * 1. Correct `color` not being inherited in IE 8/9/10/11.
+ * 2. Remove padding so people aren't caught out if they zero out fieldsets.
+ */
+
+legend {
+  border: 0; /* 1 */
+  padding: 0; /* 2 */
+}
+
+/**
+ * Remove default vertical scrollbar in IE 8/9/10/11.
+ */
+
+textarea {
+  overflow: auto;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Don't inherit the `font-weight` (applied by a rule above).
+ * NOTE: the default cannot safely be changed in Chrome and Safari on OS X.
+ */
+
+optgroup {
+  font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+/* Tables
+   ========================================================================== */
+
+/**
+ * Remove most spacing between table cells.
+ */
+
+table {
+  border-collapse: collapse;
+  border-spacing: 0;
+}
+
+td,
+th {
+  padding: 0;
+}

basics/todo/static/css/skeleton.css

@@ -0,0 +1,421 @@
+/*
+* Skeleton V2.0.4
+* Copyright 2014, Dave Gamache
+* www.getskeleton.com
+* Free to use under the MIT license.
+* http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+* 12/29/2014
+*/
+
+
+/* Table of contents
+––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
+- Grid
+- Base Styles
+- Typography
+- Links
+- Buttons
+- Forms
+- Lists
+- Code
+- Tables
+- Spacing
+- Utilities
+- Clearing
+- Media Queries
+*/
+
+
+/* Grid
+–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– */
+.container {
+  position: relative;
+  width: 100%;
+  max-width: 960px;
+  margin: 0 auto;
+  padding: 0 20px;
+  box-sizing: border-box; }
+.column,
+.columns {
+  width: 100%;
+  float: left;
+  box-sizing: border-box; }
+
+/* For devices larger than 400px */
+@media (min-width: 400px) {
+  .container {
+    width: 85%;
+    padding: 0; }
+}
+
+/* For devices larger than 550px */
+@media (min-width: 550px) {
+  .container {
+    width: 80%; }
+  .column,
+  .columns {
+    margin-left: 4%; }
+  .column:first-child,
+  .columns:first-child {
+    margin-left: 0; }
+
+  .one.column,
+  .one.columns                    { width: 4.66666666667%; }
+  .two.columns                    { width: 13.3333333333%; }
+  .three.columns                  { width: 22%;            }
+  .four.columns                   { width: 30.6666666667%; }
+  .five.columns                   { width: 39.3333333333%; }
+  .six.columns                    { width: 48%;            }
+  .seven.columns                  { width: 56.6666666667%; }
+  .eight.columns                  { width: 65.3333333333%; }
+  .nine.columns                   { width: 74.0%;          }
+  .ten.columns                    { width: 82.6666666667%; }
+  .eleven.columns                 { width: 91.3333333333%; }
+  .twelve.columns                 { width: 100%; margin-left: 0; }
+
+  .one-third.column               { width: 30.6666666667%; }
+  .two-thirds.column              { width: 65.3333333333%; }
+
+  .one-half.column                { width: 48%; }
+
+  /* Offsets */
+  .offset-by-one.column,
+  .offset-by-one.columns          { margin-left: 8.66666666667%; }
+  .offset-by-two.column,
+  .offset-by-two.columns          { margin-left: 17.3333333333%; }
+  .offset-by-three.column,
+  .offset-by-three.columns        { margin-left: 26%;            }
+  .offset-by-four.column,
+  .offset-by-four.columns         { margin-left: 34.6666666667%; }
+  .offset-by-five.column,
+  .offset-by-five.columns         { margin-left: 43.3333333333%; }
+  .offset-by-six.column,
+  .offset-by-six.columns          { margin-left: 52%;            }
+  .offset-by-seven.column,
+  .offset-by-seven.columns        { margin-left: 60.6666666667%; }
+  .offset-by-eight.column,
+  .offset-by-eight.columns        { margin-left: 69.3333333333%; }
+  .offset-by-nine.column,
+  .offset-by-nine.columns         { margin-left: 78.0%;          }
+  .offset-by-ten.column,
+  .offset-by-ten.columns          { margin-left: 86.6666666667%; }
+  .offset-by-eleven.column,
+  .offset-by-eleven.columns       { margin-left: 95.3333333333%; }
+
+  .offset-by-one-third.column,
+  .offset-by-one-third.columns    { margin-left: 34.6666666667%; }
+  .offset-by-two-thirds.column,
+  .offset-by-two-thirds.columns   { margin-left: 69.3333333333%; }
+
+  .offset-by-one-half.column,
+  .offset-by-one-half.columns     { margin-left: 52%; }
+
+}
+
+
+/* Base Styles
+–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– */
+/* NOTE
+html is set to 62.5% so that all the REM measurements throughout Skeleton
+are based on 10px sizing. So basically 1.5rem = 15px :) */
+html {
+  font-size: 62.5%; }
+body {
+  font-size: 1.5em; /* currently ems cause chrome bug misinterpreting rems on body element */
+  line-height: 1.6;
+  font-weight: 400;
+  font-family: "Raleway", "HelveticaNeue", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
+  color: #222; }
+
+
+/* Typography
+–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– */
+h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
+  margin-top: 0;
+  margin-bottom: 2rem;
+  font-weight: 300; }
+h1 { font-size: 4.0rem; line-height: 1.2;  letter-spacing: -.1rem;}
+h2 { font-size: 3.6rem; line-height: 1.25; letter-spacing: -.1rem; }
+h3 { font-size: 3.0rem; line-height: 1.3;  letter-spacing: -.1rem; }
+h4 { font-size: 2.4rem; line-height: 1.35; letter-spacing: -.08rem; }
+h5 { font-size: 1.8rem; line-height: 1.5;  letter-spacing: -.05rem; }
+h6 { font-size: 1.5rem; line-height: 1.6;  letter-spacing: 0; }
+
+/* Larger than phablet */
+@media (min-width: 550px) {
+  h1 { font-size: 5.0rem; }
+  h2 { font-size: 4.2rem; }
+  h3 { font-size: 3.6rem; }
+  h4 { font-size: 3.0rem; }
+  h5 { font-size: 2.4rem; }
+  h6 { font-size: 1.5rem; }
+}
+
+p {
+  margin-top: 0; }
+
+
+/* Links
+–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– */
+a {
+  color: #1EAEDB; }
+a:hover {
+  color: #0FA0CE; }
+
+
+/* Buttons
+–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– */
+.button,
+button,
+input[type="submit"],
+input[type="reset"],
+input[type="button"] {
+  display: inline-block;
+  height: 38px;
+  padding: 0 30px;
+  color: #555;
+  text-align: center;
+  font-size: 11px;
+  font-weight: 600;
+  line-height: 38px;
+  letter-spacing: .1rem;
+  text-transform: uppercase;
+  text-decoration: none;
+  white-space: nowrap;
+  background-color: transparent;
+  border-radius: 4px;
+  border: 1px solid #bbb;
+  cursor: pointer;
+  box-sizing: border-box; }
+.button:hover,
+button:hover,
+input[type="submit"]:hover,
+input[type="reset"]:hover,
+input[type="button"]:hover,
+.button:focus,
+button:focus,
+input[type="submit"]:focus,
+input[type="reset"]:focus,
+input[type="button"]:focus {
+  color: #333;
+  border-color: #888;
+  outline: 0; }
+.button.button-primary,
+button.button-primary,
+button.primary,
+input[type="submit"].button-primary,
+input[type="reset"].button-primary,
+input[type="button"].button-primary {
+  color: #FFF;
+  background-color: #33C3F0;
+  border-color: #33C3F0; }
+.button.button-primary:hover,
+button.button-primary:hover,
+button.primary:hover,
+input[type="submit"].button-primary:hover,
+input[type="reset"].button-primary:hover,
+input[type="button"].button-primary:hover,
+.button.button-primary:focus,
+button.button-primary:focus,
+button.primary:focus,
+input[type="submit"].button-primary:focus,
+input[type="reset"].button-primary:focus,
+input[type="button"].button-primary:focus {
+  color: #FFF;
+  background-color: #1EAEDB;
+  border-color: #1EAEDB; }
+
+
+/* Forms
+–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– */
+input[type="email"],
+input[type="number"],
+input[type="search"],
+input[type="text"],
+input[type="tel"],
+input[type="url"],
+input[type="password"],
+textarea,
+select {
+  height: 38px;
+  padding: 6px 10px; /* The 6px vertically centers text on FF, ignored by Webkit */
+  background-color: #fff;
+  border: 1px solid #D1D1D1;
+  border-radius: 4px;
+  box-shadow: none;
+  box-sizing: border-box; }
+/* Removes awkward default styles on some inputs for iOS */
+input[type="email"],
+input[type="number"],
+input[type="search"],
+input[type="text"],
+input[type="tel"],
+input[type="url"],
+input[type="password"],
+textarea {
+  -webkit-appearance: none;
+     -moz-appearance: none;
+          appearance: none; }
+textarea {
+  min-height: 65px;
+  padding-top: 6px;
+  padding-bottom: 6px; }
+input[type="email"]:focus,
+input[type="number"]:focus,
+input[type="search"]:focus,
+input[type="text"]:focus,
+input[type="tel"]:focus,
+input[type="url"]:focus,
+input[type="password"]:focus,
+textarea:focus,
+select:focus {
+  border: 1px solid #33C3F0;
+  outline: 0; }
+label,
+legend {
+  display: block;
+  margin-bottom: .5rem;
+  font-weight: 600; }
+fieldset {
+  padding: 0;
+  border-width: 0; }
+input[type="checkbox"],
+input[type="radio"] {
+  display: inline; }
+label > .label-body {
+  display: inline-block;
+  margin-left: .5rem;
+  font-weight: normal; }
+
+
+/* Lists
+–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– */
+ul {
+  list-style: circle inside; }
+ol {
+  list-style: decimal inside; }
+ol, ul {
+  padding-left: 0;
+  margin-top: 0; }
+ul ul,
+ul ol,
+ol ol,
+ol ul {
+  margin: 1.5rem 0 1.5rem 3rem;
+  font-size: 90%; }
+li {
+  margin-bottom: 1rem; }
+
+
+/* Code
+–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– */
+code {
+  padding: .2rem .5rem;
+  margin: 0 .2rem;
+  font-size: 90%;
+  white-space: nowrap;
+  background: #F1F1F1;
+  border: 1px solid #E1E1E1;
+  border-radius: 4px; }
+pre > code {
+  display: block;
+  padding: 1rem 1.5rem;
+  white-space: pre; }
+
+
+/* Tables
+–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– */
+th,
+td {
+  padding: 12px 15px;
+  text-align: left;
+  border-bottom: 1px solid #E1E1E1; }
+th:first-child,
+td:first-child {
+  padding-left: 0; }
+th:last-child,
+td:last-child {
+  padding-right: 0; }
+
+
+/* Spacing
+–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– */
+button,
+.button {
+  margin-bottom: 1rem; }
+input,
+textarea,
+select,
+fieldset {
+  margin-bottom: 1.5rem; }
+pre,
+blockquote,
+dl,
+figure,
+table,
+p,
+ul,
+ol,
+form {
+  margin-bottom: 2.5rem; }
+
+
+/* Utilities
+–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– */
+.u-full-width {
+  width: 100%;
+  box-sizing: border-box; }
+.u-max-full-width {
+  max-width: 100%;
+  box-sizing: border-box; }
+.u-pull-right {
+  float: right; }
+.u-pull-left {
+  float: left; }
+
+
+/* Misc
+–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– */
+hr {
+  margin-top: 3rem;
+  margin-bottom: 3.5rem;
+  border-width: 0;
+  border-top: 1px solid #E1E1E1; }
+
+
+/* Clearing
+–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– */
+
+/* Self Clearing Goodness */
+.container:after,
+.row:after,
+.u-cf {
+  content: "";
+  display: table;
+  clear: both; }
+
+
+/* Media Queries
+–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– */
+/*
+Note: The best way to structure the use of media queries is to create the queries
+near the relevant code. For example, if you wanted to change the styles for buttons
+on small devices, paste the mobile query code up in the buttons section and style it
+there.
+*/
+
+
+/* Larger than mobile */
+@media (min-width: 400px) {}
+
+/* Larger than phablet (also point when grid becomes active) */
+@media (min-width: 550px) {}
+
+/* Larger than tablet */
+@media (min-width: 750px) {}
+
+/* Larger than desktop */
+@media (min-width: 1000px) {}
+
+/* Larger than Desktop HD */
+@media (min-width: 1200px) {}

basics/todo/static/css/style.css

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+.field-error {
+  border: 1px solid #ff0000 !important;
+}
+
+.field-error-msg {
+  color: #ff0000;
+  display: block;
+  margin: -10px 0 10px 0;
+}
+
+.field-success {
+  border: 1px solid #5AB953 !important;
+}
+
+.field-success-msg {
+  color: #5AB953;
+  display: block;
+  margin: -10px 0 10px 0;
+}
+
+span.completed {
+    text-decoration: line-through;
+}
+
+form.inline {
+  display: inline;
+}
+
+form.link,
+button.link {
+  display: inline;
+  color: #1EAEDB;
+  border: none;
+  outline: none;
+  background: none;
+  cursor: pointer;
+  padding: 0;
+  margin: 0 0 0 0;
+  height: inherit;
+  text-decoration: underline;
+  font-size: inherit;
+  text-transform: none;
+  font-weight: normal;
+  line-height: inherit;
+  letter-spacing: inherit;
+}
+
+form.link:hover, button.link:hover {
+  color: #0FA0CE;
+}
+
+button.small {
+  height: 20px;
+  padding: 0 10px;
+  font-size: 10px;
+  line-height: 20px;
+  margin: 0 2.5px;
+}

basics/todo/static/errors/400.html

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en">
+<head>
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge">
+  <title>The server could not understand the request (400)</title>
+
+  <link href="//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Raleway:400,300,600" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/normalize.css">
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/skeleton.css">
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/style.css">
+</head>
+<body>
+  <div class="container">
+    <div class="row">
+      <h1>The server could not understand the request</h1>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</body>
+</html>

basics/todo/static/errors/404.html

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en">
+<head>
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge">
+  <title>The page you were looking for doesn't exist (404)</title>
+
+  <link href="//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Raleway:400,300,600" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/normalize.css">
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/skeleton.css">
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/style.css">
+</head>
+<body>
+  <div class="container">
+    <div class="row">
+      <h1>The page you were looking for doesn't exist.</h1>
+      <p>You may have mistyped the address or the page may have moved.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</body>
+</html>

basics/todo/static/errors/500.html

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en">
+<head>
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge">
+  <title>Ooops (500)</title>
+
+  <link href="//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Raleway:400,300,600" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/normalize.css">
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/skeleton.css">
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/style.css">
+</head>
+<body>
+  <div class="container">
+    <div class="row">
+      <h1>Ooops ...</h1>
+      <p>How embarrassing!</p>
+      <p>Looks like something weird happened while processing your request.</p>
+      <p>Please try again in a few moments.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</body>
+</html>

basics/todo/templates/index.html.tera

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en">
+<head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8">
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge">
+    <title>Actix Todo Example</title>
+
+    <link href="//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Raleway:400,300,600" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/normalize.css">
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/skeleton.css">
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/style.css">
+</head>
+<body>
+  <div class="container">
+    <p><!-- nothing to see here --></p>
+
+    <div class="row">
+      <h4>Actix Todo</h4>
+      <form action="/todo" method="post">
+        <div class="ten columns">
+          <input type="text" placeholder="enter a task description ..."
+            name="description" id="description" value="" autofocus
+            class="u-full-width {% if msg %}field-{{msg.0}}{% endif %}" />
+          {% if msg %}
+            <small class="field-{{msg.0}}-msg">
+               {{msg.1}}
+            </small>
+          {% endif %}
+        </div>
+        <div class="two columns">
+          <input type="submit" value="add task">
+        </div>
+      </form>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="row">
+      <div class="twelve columns">
+        <ul>
+          {% for task in tasks %}
+            <li>
+              {% if task.completed %}
+                <span class="completed">{{task.description}}</span>
+                <form action="/todo/{{task.id}}" class="inline" method="post">
+                  <input type="hidden" name="_method" value="put" />
+                  <button type="submit" class="small">undo</button>
+                </form>
+                <form action="/todo/{{task.id}}" method="post" class="inline">
+                  <input type="hidden" name="_method" value="delete" />
+                  <button type="submit" class="primary small">delete</button>
+                </form>
+              {% else %}
+                <form action="/todo/{{task.id}}" class="link" method="post">
+                  <input type="hidden" name="_method" value="put" />
+                  <button type="submit" class="link">{{task.description}}</button>
+                </form>
+              {% endif %}
+            </li>
+          {% endfor %}
+        </ul>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</body>
+</html>