diff --git a/auth/casbin/src/main.rs b/auth/casbin/src/main.rs
index 1858f20..ff2cf90 100644
--- a/auth/casbin/src/main.rs
+++ b/auth/casbin/src/main.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use actix_web::{middleware, web, App, HttpRequest, HttpResponse, HttpServer};
 /// simple handle
 async fn success(enforcer: web::Data<RwLock<Enforcer>>, req: HttpRequest) -> HttpResponse {
     let mut e = enforcer.write().await;
-    println!("{:?}", req);
+    println!("{req:?}");
     assert_eq!(vec!["data2_admin"], e.get_roles_for_user("alice", None));
 
     HttpResponse::Ok().body("Success: alice is data2_admin.")
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ async fn success(enforcer: web::Data<RwLock<Enforcer>>, req: HttpRequest) -> Htt
 
 async fn fail(enforcer: web::Data<RwLock<Enforcer>>, req: HttpRequest) -> HttpResponse {
     let mut e = enforcer.write().await;
-    println!("{:?}", req);
+    println!("{req:?}");
     assert_eq!(vec!["data1_admin"], e.get_roles_for_user("alice", None));
 
     HttpResponse::Ok().body("Fail: alice is not data1_admin.") // In fact, it can't be displayed.
diff --git a/auth/cookie-session/src/main.rs b/auth/cookie-session/src/main.rs
index 1dd5b0e..a1c2298 100644
--- a/auth/cookie-session/src/main.rs
+++ b/auth/cookie-session/src/main.rs
@@ -10,12 +10,12 @@ use actix_web::{middleware::Logger, web, App, HttpRequest, HttpServer, Result};
 
 /// simple index handler with session
 async fn index(session: Session, req: HttpRequest) -> Result<&'static str> {
-    log::info!("{:?}", req);
+    log::info!("{req:?}");
 
     // RequestSession trait is used for session access
     let mut counter = 1;
     if let Some(count) = session.get::<i32>("counter")? {
-        log::info!("SESSION value: {}", count);
+        log::info!("SESSION value: {count}");
         counter = count + 1;
         session.insert("counter", counter)?;
     } else {
diff --git a/auth/redis-session/src/main.rs b/auth/redis-session/src/main.rs
index 18c5af4..a897da8 100644
--- a/auth/redis-session/src/main.rs
+++ b/auth/redis-session/src/main.rs
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ async fn logout(session: Session) -> Result<String> {
     let id: Option<String> = session.get("user_id")?;
     if let Some(x) = id {
         session.purge();
-        Ok(format!("Logged out: {}", x))
+        Ok(format!("Logged out: {x}"))
     } else {
         Ok("Could not log out anonymous user".into())
     }
diff --git a/basics/basics/src/main.rs b/basics/basics/src/main.rs
index a8186e8..33a0edd 100644
--- a/basics/basics/src/main.rs
+++ b/basics/basics/src/main.rs
@@ -22,12 +22,12 @@ async fn favicon() -> Result<impl Responder> {
 /// simple index handler
 #[get("/welcome")]
 async fn welcome(req: HttpRequest, session: Session) -> Result<HttpResponse> {
-    println!("{:?}", req);
+    println!("{req:?}");
 
     // session
     let mut counter = 1;
     if let Some(count) = session.get::<i32>("counter")? {
-        println!("SESSION value: {}", count);
+        println!("SESSION value: {count}");
         counter = count + 1;
     }
 
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ async fn response_body(path: web::Path<String>) -> HttpResponse {
 
 /// handler with path parameters like `/user/{name}/`
 async fn with_param(req: HttpRequest, path: web::Path<(String,)>) -> HttpResponse {
-    println!("{:?}", req);
+    println!("{req:?}");
 
     HttpResponse::Ok()
         .content_type(ContentType::plaintext())
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ async fn main() -> io::Result<()> {
             // redirect
             .service(
                 web::resource("/").route(web::get().to(|req: HttpRequest| async move {
-                    println!("{:?}", req);
+                    println!("{req:?}");
                     HttpResponse::Found()
                         .insert_header((header::LOCATION, "static/welcome.html"))
                         .finish()
diff --git a/basics/hello-world/src/main.rs b/basics/hello-world/src/main.rs
index 9f6ebe2..e38da71 100644
--- a/basics/hello-world/src/main.rs
+++ b/basics/hello-world/src/main.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use actix_web::{middleware, web, App, HttpRequest, HttpServer};
 
 async fn index(req: HttpRequest) -> &'static str {
-    println!("REQ: {:?}", req);
+    println!("REQ: {req:?}");
     "Hello world!"
 }
 
diff --git a/basics/state/src/main.rs b/basics/state/src/main.rs
index 4142463..0d37bdf 100644
--- a/basics/state/src/main.rs
+++ b/basics/state/src/main.rs
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ async fn index(
     counter_atomic: Data<AtomicUsize>,
     req: HttpRequest,
 ) -> HttpResponse {
-    println!("{:?}", req);
+    println!("{req:?}");
 
     // Increment the counters
     *counter_mutex.lock().unwrap() += 1;
diff --git a/basics/todo/src/api.rs b/basics/todo/src/api.rs
index 15f9431..173e48a 100644
--- a/basics/todo/src/api.rs
+++ b/basics/todo/src/api.rs
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ pub async fn update(
         "put" => toggle(db, params).await,
         "delete" => delete(db, params, session).await,
         unsupported_method => {
-            let msg = format!("Unsupported HTTP method: {}", unsupported_method);
+            let msg = format!("Unsupported HTTP method: {unsupported_method}");
             Err(error::ErrorBadRequest(msg))
         }
     }
diff --git a/cors/backend/src/user.rs b/cors/backend/src/user.rs
index 7766494..a7a1120 100644
--- a/cors/backend/src/user.rs
+++ b/cors/backend/src/user.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ pub struct Info {
 
 #[post("/user/info")]
 pub async fn info(info: web::Json<Info>) -> web::Json<Info> {
-    println!("=========={:?}=========", info);
+    println!("=========={info:?}=========");
     web::Json(Info {
         username: info.username.clone(),
         email: info.email.clone(),
diff --git a/databases/diesel/src/main.rs b/databases/diesel/src/main.rs
index 5d8c6ee..62c68e3 100644
--- a/databases/diesel/src/main.rs
+++ b/databases/diesel/src/main.rs
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ async fn get_user(
     if let Some(user) = user {
         Ok(HttpResponse::Ok().json(user))
     } else {
-        let res = HttpResponse::NotFound().body(format!("No user found with uid: {}", user_uid));
+        let res = HttpResponse::NotFound().body(format!("No user found with uid: {user_uid}"));
         Ok(res)
     }
 }
diff --git a/databases/mongodb/src/main.rs b/databases/mongodb/src/main.rs
index 8dc22c5..e5f88a4 100644
--- a/databases/mongodb/src/main.rs
+++ b/databases/mongodb/src/main.rs
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ async fn get_user(client: web::Data<Client>, username: web::Path<String>) -> Htt
     {
         Ok(Some(user)) => HttpResponse::Ok().json(user),
         Ok(None) => {
-            HttpResponse::NotFound().body(format!("No user found with username {}", username))
+            HttpResponse::NotFound().body(format!("No user found with username {username}"))
         }
         Err(err) => HttpResponse::InternalServerError().body(err.to_string()),
     }
diff --git a/databases/redis/src/main.rs b/databases/redis/src/main.rs
index 0f95ad2..da822cc 100644
--- a/databases/redis/src/main.rs
+++ b/databases/redis/src/main.rs
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ async fn del_stuff(redis: web::Data<Addr<RedisActor>>) -> actix_web::Result<Http
         }
 
         _ => {
-            log::error!("{:?}", res);
+            log::error!("{res:?}");
             Ok(HttpResponse::InternalServerError().finish())
         }
     }
diff --git a/forms/form/src/main.rs b/forms/form/src/main.rs
index 547c09b..2c4bef3 100644
--- a/forms/form/src/main.rs
+++ b/forms/form/src/main.rs
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ async fn handle_post_2(
 
 /// Request and POST Params
 async fn handle_post_3(req: HttpRequest, params: web::Form<MyParams>) -> impl Responder {
-    println!("Handling POST request: {:?}", req);
+    println!("Handling POST request: {req:?}");
 
     HttpResponse::Ok()
         .content_type("text/plain")
diff --git a/forms/multipart-s3/src/main.rs b/forms/multipart-s3/src/main.rs
index 0d32702..1522a27 100644
--- a/forms/multipart-s3/src/main.rs
+++ b/forms/multipart-s3/src/main.rs
@@ -81,9 +81,9 @@ async fn main() -> std::io::Result<()> {
     let aws_s3_bucket_name =
         env::var("AWS_S3_BUCKET_NAME").expect("AWS_S3_BUCKET_NAME must be set");
 
-    log::info!("aws_access_key_id:     {}", aws_access_key_id);
-    log::info!("aws_secret_access_key: {}", aws_secret_access_key);
-    log::info!("aws_s3_bucket_name:    {}", aws_s3_bucket_name);
+    log::info!("aws_access_key_id:     {aws_access_key_id}");
+    log::info!("aws_secret_access_key: {aws_secret_access_key}");
+    log::info!("aws_s3_bucket_name:    {aws_s3_bucket_name}");
 
     std::fs::create_dir_all("./tmp").unwrap();
 
diff --git a/forms/multipart-s3/src/utils/s3.rs b/forms/multipart-s3/src/utils/s3.rs
index 5e2aaee..8a354c9 100644
--- a/forms/multipart-s3/src/utils/s3.rs
+++ b/forms/multipart-s3/src/utils/s3.rs
@@ -24,10 +24,9 @@ impl Client {
 
     pub fn url(&self, key: &str) -> String {
         format!(
-            "https://{}.s3.{}.amazonaws.com/{}",
+            "https://{}.s3.{}.amazonaws.com/{key}",
             std::env::var("AWS_S3_BUCKET_NAME").unwrap(),
             std::env::var("AWS_REGION").unwrap(),
-            key
         )
     }
 
diff --git a/forms/multipart-s3/src/utils/upload.rs b/forms/multipart-s3/src/utils/upload.rs
index 04717ba..dd5be03 100644
--- a/forms/multipart-s3/src/utils/upload.rs
+++ b/forms/multipart-s3/src/utils/upload.rs
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ impl Tmpfile {
     fn new(filename: &str) -> Tmpfile {
         Tmpfile {
             name: filename.to_string(),
-            tmp_path: format!("./tmp/{}", filename),
+            tmp_path: format!("./tmp/{filename}"),
             s3_key: "".to_string(),
             s3_url: "".to_string(),
         }
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ impl Tmpfile {
     }
 
     async fn s3_upload(&mut self, s3_upload_key: String) {
-        let key = format!("{}{}", &s3_upload_key, &self.name);
+        let key = format!("{s3_upload_key}{}", &self.name);
         self.s3_key = key.clone();
         let url: String = Client::new().put_object(&self.tmp_path, &key.clone()).await;
         self.s3_url = url;
diff --git a/forms/multipart/src/main.rs b/forms/multipart/src/main.rs
index 7971e3a..d829e4e 100644
--- a/forms/multipart/src/main.rs
+++ b/forms/multipart/src/main.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ async fn save_file(mut payload: Multipart) -> Result<HttpResponse, Error> {
         let filename = content_disposition
             .get_filename()
             .map_or_else(|| Uuid::new_v4().to_string(), sanitize_filename::sanitize);
-        let filepath = format!("./tmp/{}", filename);
+        let filepath = format!("./tmp/{filename}");
 
         // File::create is blocking operation, use threadpool
         let mut f = web::block(|| std::fs::File::create(filepath)).await??;
diff --git a/http-proxy/src/main.rs b/http-proxy/src/main.rs
index 99edfec..03c32a6 100644
--- a/http-proxy/src/main.rs
+++ b/http-proxy/src/main.rs
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ async fn main() -> std::io::Result<()> {
         .next()
         .expect("given forwarding address was not valid");
 
-    let forward_url = format!("http://{}", forward_socket_addr);
+    let forward_url = format!("http://{forward_socket_addr}");
     let forward_url = Url::parse(&forward_url).unwrap();
 
     log::info!(
diff --git a/https-tls/openssl-auto-le/src/main.rs b/https-tls/openssl-auto-le/src/main.rs
index a621f34..dfa08c4 100644
--- a/https-tls/openssl-auto-le/src/main.rs
+++ b/https-tls/openssl-auto-le/src/main.rs
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ pub async fn gen_tls_cert(user_email: &str, user_domain: &str) -> anyhow::Result
         let proof = chall.http_proof()?;
 
         // Place the file/contents in the correct place.
-        let path = format!("acme-challenge/{}", token);
+        let path = format!("acme-challenge/{token}");
         fs::write(&path, &proof)?;
 
         // After the file is accessible from the web, the calls
diff --git a/https-tls/openssl/src/main.rs b/https-tls/openssl/src/main.rs
index 40108ae..64a7b0c 100644
--- a/https-tls/openssl/src/main.rs
+++ b/https-tls/openssl/src/main.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use openssl::ssl::{SslAcceptor, SslFiletype, SslMethod};
 
 /// simple handle
 async fn index(req: HttpRequest) -> Result<HttpResponse, Error> {
-    println!("{:?}", req);
+    println!("{req:?}");
     Ok(HttpResponse::Ok()
         .content_type("text/plain")
         .body("Welcome!"))
diff --git a/https-tls/rustls/src/main.rs b/https-tls/rustls/src/main.rs
index b0785d7..c1d3286 100644
--- a/https-tls/rustls/src/main.rs
+++ b/https-tls/rustls/src/main.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ use rustls_pemfile::{certs, pkcs8_private_keys};
 
 /// simple handle
 async fn index(req: HttpRequest) -> HttpResponse {
-    debug!("{:?}", req);
+    debug!("{req:?}");
 
     HttpResponse::Ok().content_type(ContentType::html()).body(
         "<!DOCTYPE html><html><body>\
diff --git a/json/json-validation/src/main.rs b/json/json-validation/src/main.rs
index 250b8f8..610e2f9 100644
--- a/json/json-validation/src/main.rs
+++ b/json/json-validation/src/main.rs
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ async fn step_x(data: SomeData, client: &Client) -> actix_web::Result<SomeData>
 
     let body: HttpBinResponse = serde_json::from_slice(&body).unwrap();
 
-    println!("{:?}", body);
+    println!("{body:?}");
 
     Ok(body.json)
 }
diff --git a/json/json/src/main.rs b/json/json/src/main.rs
index 11de7fe..b6754c2 100644
--- a/json/json/src/main.rs
+++ b/json/json/src/main.rs
@@ -17,8 +17,8 @@ async fn index(item: web::Json<MyObj>) -> HttpResponse {
 
 /// This handler uses json extractor with limit
 async fn extract_item(item: web::Json<MyObj>, req: HttpRequest) -> HttpResponse {
-    println!("request: {:?}", req);
-    println!("model: {:?}", item);
+    println!("request: {req:?}");
+    println!("model: {item:?}");
 
     HttpResponse::Ok().json(item.0) // <- send json response
 }
diff --git a/json/jsonrpc/src/main.rs b/json/jsonrpc/src/main.rs
index d288b34..91388bc 100644
--- a/json/jsonrpc/src/main.rs
+++ b/json/jsonrpc/src/main.rs
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ async fn rpc_select(
                 .await
             {
                 Ok(ok) => Ok(Value::from(ok)),
-                Err(e) => Err(convention::ErrorData::new(500, &format!("{:?}", e)[..])),
+                Err(e) => Err(convention::ErrorData::new(500, &format!("{e:?}")[..])),
             }
         }
         "get" => {
diff --git a/middleware/middleware-http-to-https/src/main.rs b/middleware/middleware-http-to-https/src/main.rs
index d41745e..e3ceb32 100644
--- a/middleware/middleware-http-to-https/src/main.rs
+++ b/middleware/middleware-http-to-https/src/main.rs
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ async fn main() -> std::io::Result<()> {
             .wrap_fn(|sreq, srv| {
                 let host = sreq.connection_info().host().to_owned();
                 let uri = sreq.uri().to_owned();
-                let url = format!("https://{}{}", host, uri);
+                let url = format!("https://{host}{uri}");
 
                 // If the scheme is "https" then it will let other services below this wrap_fn
                 // handle the request and if it's "http" then a response with redirect status code
diff --git a/middleware/middleware/src/read_request_body.rs b/middleware/middleware/src/read_request_body.rs
index 40d3859..9896cc9 100644
--- a/middleware/middleware/src/read_request_body.rs
+++ b/middleware/middleware/src/read_request_body.rs
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ where
                 body.extend_from_slice(&chunk?);
             }
 
-            println!("request body: {:?}", body);
+            println!("request body: {body:?}");
             let res = svc.call(req).await?;
 
             println!("response: {:?}", res.headers());
diff --git a/protobuf/src/main.rs b/protobuf/src/main.rs
index bb189f0..3fa291a 100644
--- a/protobuf/src/main.rs
+++ b/protobuf/src/main.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ pub struct MyObj {
 }
 
 async fn index(msg: ProtoBuf<MyObj>) -> Result<HttpResponse> {
-    log::info!("model: {:?}", msg);
+    log::info!("model: {msg:?}");
     HttpResponse::Ok().protobuf(msg.0) // <- send response
 }
 
diff --git a/run-in-thread/src/main.rs b/run-in-thread/src/main.rs
index 8de935e..845692a 100644
--- a/run-in-thread/src/main.rs
+++ b/run-in-thread/src/main.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use std::{sync::mpsc, thread, time};
 use actix_web::{dev::ServerHandle, middleware, rt, web, App, HttpRequest, HttpServer};
 
 async fn index(req: HttpRequest) -> &'static str {
-    log::info!("REQ: {:?}", req);
+    log::info!("REQ: {req:?}");
     "Hello world!"
 }
 
diff --git a/websockets/chat-broker/src/server.rs b/websockets/chat-broker/src/server.rs
index ed53337..f09ed77 100644
--- a/websockets/chat-broker/src/server.rs
+++ b/websockets/chat-broker/src/server.rs
@@ -75,9 +75,8 @@ impl Handler<JoinRoom> for WsChatServer {
 
         let id = self.add_client_to_room(&room_name, None, client);
         let join_msg = format!(
-            "{} joined {}",
+            "{} joined {room_name}",
             client_name.unwrap_or_else(|| "anon".to_string()),
-            room_name
         );
 
         self.send_chat_message(&room_name, &join_msg, id);
diff --git a/websockets/chat-broker/src/session.rs b/websockets/chat-broker/src/session.rs
index 84afc7d..30f7a41 100644
--- a/websockets/chat-broker/src/session.rs
+++ b/websockets/chat-broker/src/session.rs
@@ -63,9 +63,8 @@ impl WsChatSession {
 
     pub fn send_msg(&self, msg: &str) {
         let content = format!(
-            "{}: {}",
+            "{}: {msg}",
             self.name.clone().unwrap_or_else(|| "anon".to_string()),
-            msg
         );
 
         let msg = SendMessage(self.room.clone(), self.id, content);
@@ -110,7 +109,7 @@ impl StreamHandler<Result<ws::Message, ws::ProtocolError>> for WsChatSession {
             Ok(msg) => msg,
         };
 
-        log::debug!("WEBSOCKET MESSAGE: {:?}", msg);
+        log::debug!("WEBSOCKET MESSAGE: {msg:?}");
 
         match msg {
             ws::Message::Text(text) => {
@@ -133,13 +132,13 @@ impl StreamHandler<Result<ws::Message, ws::ProtocolError>> for WsChatSession {
                         Some("/name") => {
                             if let Some(name) = command.next() {
                                 self.name = Some(name.to_owned());
-                                ctx.text(format!("name changed to: {}", name));
+                                ctx.text(format!("name changed to: {name}"));
                             } else {
                                 ctx.text("!!! name is required");
                             }
                         }
 
-                        _ => ctx.text(format!("!!! unknown command: {:?}", msg)),
+                        _ => ctx.text(format!("!!! unknown command: {msg:?}")),
                     }
 
                     return;
diff --git a/websockets/chat-tcp/src/client.rs b/websockets/chat-tcp/src/client.rs
index 0ea94b3..16ef0a3 100644
--- a/websockets/chat-tcp/src/client.rs
+++ b/websockets/chat-tcp/src/client.rs
@@ -40,23 +40,23 @@ async fn main() {
             Some(msg) = framed.next() => {
                 match msg {
                     Ok(codec::ChatResponse::Message(ref msg)) => {
-                        println!("message: {}", msg);
+                        println!("message: {msg}");
                     }
                     Ok(codec::ChatResponse::Joined(ref msg)) => {
-                        println!("!!! joined: {}", msg);
+                        println!("!!! joined: {msg}");
                     }
 
                     Ok(codec::ChatResponse::Rooms(rooms)) => {
                         println!("!!! Available rooms:");
                         for room in rooms {
-                            println!("{}", room);
+                            println!("{room}");
                         }
                     }
 
                     // respond to pings with a "pong"
                     Ok(codec::ChatResponse::Ping) => { framed.send(codec::ChatRequest::Ping).await.unwrap(); },
 
-                    _ => { eprintln!("{:?}", msg); }
+                    _ => { eprintln!("{msg:?}"); }
                 }
             }
 
diff --git a/websockets/chat-tcp/src/main.rs b/websockets/chat-tcp/src/main.rs
index 125eb18..f006e0b 100644
--- a/websockets/chat-tcp/src/main.rs
+++ b/websockets/chat-tcp/src/main.rs
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ impl StreamHandler<Result<ws::Message, ws::ProtocolError>> for WsChatSession {
             Ok(msg) => msg,
         };
 
-        log::debug!("WEBSOCKET MESSAGE: {:?}", msg);
+        log::debug!("WEBSOCKET MESSAGE: {msg:?}");
         match msg {
             ws::Message::Ping(msg) => {
                 self.hb = Instant::now();
@@ -168,11 +168,11 @@ impl StreamHandler<Result<ws::Message, ws::ProtocolError>> for WsChatSession {
                                 ctx.text("!!! name is required");
                             }
                         }
-                        _ => ctx.text(format!("!!! unknown command: {:?}", m)),
+                        _ => ctx.text(format!("!!! unknown command: {m:?}")),
                     }
                 } else {
                     let msg = if let Some(ref name) = self.name {
-                        format!("{}: {}", name, m)
+                        format!("{name}: {m}")
                     } else {
                         m.to_owned()
                     };
diff --git a/websockets/chat-tcp/src/session.rs b/websockets/chat-tcp/src/session.rs
index 687548e..42f4a04 100644
--- a/websockets/chat-tcp/src/session.rs
+++ b/websockets/chat-tcp/src/session.rs
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ impl StreamHandler<Result<ChatRequest, io::Error>> for ChatSession {
                 // so actor wont receive any new messages until it get list of rooms back
             }
             Ok(ChatRequest::Join(name)) => {
-                println!("Join to room: {}", name);
+                println!("Join to room: {name}");
                 self.room = name.clone();
                 self.addr.do_send(server::Join {
                     id: self.id,
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ impl StreamHandler<Result<ChatRequest, io::Error>> for ChatSession {
             }
             Ok(ChatRequest::Message(message)) => {
                 // send message to chat server
-                println!("Peer message: {}", message);
+                println!("Peer message: {message}");
                 self.addr.do_send(server::Message {
                     id: self.id,
                     msg: message,
diff --git a/websockets/chat/src/main.rs b/websockets/chat/src/main.rs
index 13ddcdb..932810f 100644
--- a/websockets/chat/src/main.rs
+++ b/websockets/chat/src/main.rs
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ async fn chat_route(
 /// Displays state
 async fn get_count(count: web::Data<AtomicUsize>) -> impl Responder {
     let current_count = count.load(Ordering::SeqCst);
-    format!("Visitors: {}", current_count)
+    format!("Visitors: {current_count}")
 }
 
 #[actix_web::main]
diff --git a/websockets/chat/src/server.rs b/websockets/chat/src/server.rs
index fb23691..6861cb1 100644
--- a/websockets/chat/src/server.rs
+++ b/websockets/chat/src/server.rs
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ impl Handler<Connect> for ChatServer {
             .insert(id);
 
         let count = self.visitor_count.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
-        self.send_message("Main", &format!("Total visitors {}", count), 0);
+        self.send_message("Main", &format!("Total visitors {count}"), 0);
 
         // send id back
         id
diff --git a/websockets/chat/src/session.rs b/websockets/chat/src/session.rs
index 8594711..ce3f418 100644
--- a/websockets/chat/src/session.rs
+++ b/websockets/chat/src/session.rs
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ impl StreamHandler<Result<ws::Message, ws::ProtocolError>> for WsChatSession {
             Ok(msg) => msg,
         };
 
-        log::debug!("WEBSOCKET MESSAGE: {:?}", msg);
+        log::debug!("WEBSOCKET MESSAGE: {msg:?}");
         match msg {
             ws::Message::Ping(msg) => {
                 self.hb = Instant::now();
@@ -172,11 +172,11 @@ impl StreamHandler<Result<ws::Message, ws::ProtocolError>> for WsChatSession {
                                 ctx.text("!!! name is required");
                             }
                         }
-                        _ => ctx.text(format!("!!! unknown command: {:?}", m)),
+                        _ => ctx.text(format!("!!! unknown command: {m:?}")),
                     }
                 } else {
                     let msg = if let Some(ref name) = self.name {
-                        format!("{}: {}", name, m)
+                        format!("{name}: {m}")
                     } else {
                         m.to_owned()
                     };
diff --git a/websockets/echo/src/client.rs b/websockets/echo/src/client.rs
index b0e519d..6bcfd95 100644
--- a/websockets/echo/src/client.rs
+++ b/websockets/echo/src/client.rs
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ async fn main() {
                 match msg {
                     Ok(ws::Frame::Text(txt)) => {
                         // log echoed messages from server
-                        log::info!("Server: {:?}", txt)
+                        log::info!("Server: {txt:?}")
                     }
 
                     Ok(ws::Frame::Ping(_)) => {
diff --git a/websockets/echo/src/server.rs b/websockets/echo/src/server.rs
index f1bf818..9ae6df6 100644
--- a/websockets/echo/src/server.rs
+++ b/websockets/echo/src/server.rs
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ impl Actor for MyWebSocket {
 impl StreamHandler<Result<ws::Message, ws::ProtocolError>> for MyWebSocket {
     fn handle(&mut self, msg: Result<ws::Message, ws::ProtocolError>, ctx: &mut Self::Context) {
         // process websocket messages
-        println!("WS: {:?}", msg);
+        println!("WS: {msg:?}");
         match msg {
             Ok(ws::Message::Ping(msg)) => {
                 self.hb = Instant::now();