fix macro

fix merge again
fix merge
2025-07-03 09:36:36 +02:00 · 2021-12-02 14:59:41 +00:00 · 2021-12-02 14:30:36 +00:00 · 2021-12-02 14:13:18 +00:00 · 2021-12-02 14:04:23 +00:00 · 2021-12-02 13:59:25 +00:00
47 changed files with 805 additions and 439 deletions
--- a/CHANGES.md
+++ b/CHANGES.md
@ -1,6 +1,17 @@
 # Changes

 ## Unreleased - 2021-xx-xx
+### Added
+* Methods on `AcceptLanguage`: `ranked` and `preference`. [#2480]
+
+### Changed
+* Rename `Accept::{mime_precedence => ranked}`. [#2480]
+* Rename `Accept::{mime_preference => preference}`. [#2480]
+
+### Fixed
+* Accept wildcard `*` items in `AcceptLanguage`. [#2480]
+
+[#2480]: https://github.com/actix/actix-web/pull/2480


 ## 4.0.0-beta.13 - 2021-11-30
--- a/actix-http/src/h1/decoder.rs
+++ b/actix-http/src/h1/decoder.rs
@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ pub(crate) trait MessageType: Sized {
            self.set_expect()
        }

-        // https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7230#section-3.3.3
+        // https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7230#section-3.3.3
        if chunked {
            // Chunked encoding
            Ok(PayloadLength::Payload(PayloadType::Payload(
--- a/actix-http/src/h1/encoder.rs
+++ b/actix-http/src/h1/encoder.rs
@ -71,15 +71,16 @@ pub(crate) trait MessageType: Sized {
                | StatusCode::PROCESSING
                | StatusCode::NO_CONTENT => {
                    // skip content-length and transfer-encoding headers
-                    // see https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7230#section-3.3.1
-                    // and https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7230#section-3.3.2
+                    // see https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7230#section-3.3.1
+                    // and https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7230#section-3.3.2
                    skip_len = true;
                    length = BodySize::None
                }

                StatusCode::NOT_MODIFIED => {
                    // 304 responses should never have a body but should retain a manually set
-                    // content-length header see https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7232#section-4.1
+                    // content-length header
+                    // see https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7232#section-4.1
                    skip_len = false;
                    length = BodySize::None;
                }
--- a/actix-http/src/h2/dispatcher.rs
+++ b/actix-http/src/h2/dispatcher.rs
@ -304,7 +304,7 @@ fn prepare_response(
    for (key, value) in head.headers.iter() {
        match *key {
            // TODO: consider skipping other headers according to:
-            //       https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7540#section-8.1.2.2
+            //       https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7540#section-8.1.2.2
            // omit HTTP/1.x only headers
            CONNECTION | TRANSFER_ENCODING => continue,
            CONTENT_LENGTH if skip_len => continue,
--- a/actix-http/src/header/mod.rs
+++ b/actix-http/src/header/mod.rs
@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ pub trait Header: IntoHeaderValue {
    fn name() -> HeaderName;

    /// Parse a header
-    fn parse<T: HttpMessage>(msg: &T) -> Result<Self, ParseError>;
+    fn parse<M: HttpMessage>(msg: &M) -> Result<Self, ParseError>;
 }

 /// Convert `http::HeaderMap` to our `HeaderMap`.
@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ impl From<http::HeaderMap> for HeaderMap {
 }

 /// This encode set is used for HTTP header values and is defined at
-/// <https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5987#section-3.2>.
+/// <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5987#section-3.2>.
 pub(crate) const HTTP_VALUE: &AsciiSet = &CONTROLS
    .add(b' ')
    .add(b'"')
--- a/actix-http/src/header/shared/charset.rs
+++ b/actix-http/src/header/shared/charset.rs
@ -1,14 +1,13 @@
-use std::fmt::{self, Display};
-use std::str::FromStr;
+use std::{fmt, str};

 use self::Charset::*;

-/// A Mime charset.
+/// A MIME character set.
 ///
 /// The string representation is normalized to upper case.
 ///
 /// See <http://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets/character-sets.xhtml>.
-#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
 #[allow(non_camel_case_types)]
 pub enum Charset {
    /// US ASCII
@ -95,13 +94,13 @@ impl Charset {
    }
 }

-impl Display for Charset {
+impl fmt::Display for Charset {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        f.write_str(self.label())
    }
 }

-impl FromStr for Charset {
+impl str::FromStr for Charset {
    type Err = crate::Error;

    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Charset, crate::Error> {
--- a/actix-http/src/header/shared/extended.rs
+++ b/actix-http/src/header/shared/extended.rs
@ -1,17 +1,17 @@
+// Originally from hyper v0.11.27 src/header/parsing.rs
+
 use std::{fmt, str::FromStr};

 use language_tags::LanguageTag;

 use crate::header::{Charset, HTTP_VALUE};

-// From hyper v0.11.27 src/header/parsing.rs
-
 /// The value part of an extended parameter consisting of three parts:
 /// - The REQUIRED character set name (`charset`).
 /// - The OPTIONAL language information (`language_tag`).
 /// - A character sequence representing the actual value (`value`), separated by single quotes.
 ///
-/// It is defined in [RFC 5987](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5987#section-3.2).
+/// It is defined in [RFC 5987 §3.2](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5987#section-3.2).
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
 pub struct ExtendedValue {
    /// The character set that is used to encode the `value` to a string.
@ -24,17 +24,17 @@ pub struct ExtendedValue {
    pub value: Vec<u8>,
 }

-/// Parses extended header parameter values (`ext-value`), as defined in
-/// [RFC 5987](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5987#section-3.2).
+/// Parses extended header parameter values (`ext-value`), as defined
+/// in [RFC 5987 §3.2](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5987#section-3.2).
 ///
 /// Extended values are denoted by parameter names that end with `*`.
 ///
 /// ## ABNF
 ///
-/// ```text
+/// ```plain
 /// ext-value     = charset  "'" [ language ] "'" value-chars
 ///               ; like RFC 2231's <extended-initial-value>
-///               ; (see [RFC2231], Section 7)
+///               ; (see [RFC 2231 §7])
 ///
 /// charset       = "UTF-8" / "ISO-8859-1" / mime-charset
 ///
@ -43,22 +43,26 @@ pub struct ExtendedValue {
 ///               / "!" / "#" / "$" / "%" / "&"
 ///               / "+" / "-" / "^" / "_" / "`"
 ///               / "{" / "}" / "~"
-///               ; as <mime-charset> in Section 2.3 of [RFC2978]
+///               ; as <mime-charset> in [RFC 2978 §2.3]
 ///               ; except that the single quote is not included
 ///               ; SHOULD be registered in the IANA charset registry
 ///
-/// language      = <Language-Tag, defined in [RFC5646], Section 2.1>
+/// language      = <Language-Tag, defined in [RFC 5646 §2.1]>
 ///
 /// value-chars   = *( pct-encoded / attr-char )
 ///
 /// pct-encoded   = "%" HEXDIG HEXDIG
-///               ; see [RFC3986], Section 2.1
+///               ; see [RFC 3986 §2.1]
 ///
 /// attr-char     = ALPHA / DIGIT
 ///               / "!" / "#" / "$" / "&" / "+" / "-" / "."
 ///               / "^" / "_" / "`" / "|" / "~"
 ///               ; token except ( "*" / "'" / "%" )
 /// ```
+///
+/// [RFC 2231 §7]: https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2231#section-7
+/// [RFC 2978 §2.3]: https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2978#section-2.3
+/// [RFC 3986 §2.1]: https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5646#section-2.1
 pub fn parse_extended_value(
    val: &str,
 ) -> Result<ExtendedValue, crate::error::ParseError> {
--- a/actix-http/src/header/shared/http_date.rs
+++ b/actix-http/src/header/shared/http_date.rs
@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use crate::{
    helpers::MutWriter,
 };

-/// A timestamp with HTTP formatting and parsing.
+/// A timestamp with HTTP-style formatting and parsing.
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
 pub struct HttpDate(SystemTime);

--- a/actix-http/src/header/shared/quality_item.rs
+++ b/actix-http/src/header/shared/quality_item.rs
@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
 use std::{
    cmp,
    convert::{TryFrom, TryInto},
-    fmt,
-    str::{self, FromStr},
+    fmt, str,
 };

 use derive_more::{Display, Error};
@ -26,9 +25,9 @@ const MAX_FLOAT_QUALITY: f32 = 1.0;
 /// a value between 0 and 1000 e.g. `Quality(532)` matches the quality
 /// `q=0.532`.
 ///
-/// [RFC7231 Section 5.3.1](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7231#section-5.3.1)
-/// gives more information on quality values in HTTP header fields.
-#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
+/// [RFC 7231 §5.3.1](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7231#section-5.3.1) gives more
+/// information on quality values in HTTP header fields.
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
 pub struct Quality(u16);

 impl Quality {
@ -79,20 +78,21 @@ impl TryFrom<f32> for Quality {
    }
 }

-/// Represents an item with a quality value as defined in
-/// [RFC7231](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7231#section-5.3.1).
-#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Debug)]
+/// Represents an item with a quality value as defined
+/// in [RFC 7231 §5.3.1](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7231#section-5.3.1).
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct QualityItem<T> {
-    /// The actual contents of the field.
+    /// The wrapped contents of the field.
    pub item: T,
+
    /// The quality (client or server preference) for the value.
    pub quality: Quality,
 }

 impl<T> QualityItem<T> {
-    /// Creates a new `QualityItem` from an item and a quality.
-    /// The item can be of any type.
-    /// The quality should be a value in the range [0, 1].
+    /// Constructs a new `QualityItem` from an item and a quality value.
+    ///
+    /// The item can be of any type. The quality should be a value in the range [0, 1].
    pub fn new(item: T, quality: Quality) -> QualityItem<T> {
        QualityItem { item, quality }
    }
@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ impl<T: fmt::Display> fmt::Display for QualityItem<T> {
    }
 }

-impl<T: FromStr> FromStr for QualityItem<T> {
+impl<T: str::FromStr> str::FromStr for QualityItem<T> {
    type Err = ParseError;

    fn from_str(qitem_str: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
@ -128,6 +128,7 @@ impl<T: FromStr> FromStr for QualityItem<T> {
        let mut raw_item = qitem_str;
        let mut quality = 1f32;

+        // TODO: MSRV(1.52): use rsplit_once
        let parts: Vec<_> = qitem_str.rsplitn(2, ';').map(str::trim).collect();

        if parts.len() == 2 {
@ -224,7 +225,7 @@ mod tests {
        }
    }

-    impl FromStr for Encoding {
+    impl str::FromStr for Encoding {
        type Err = crate::error::ParseError;
        fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Encoding, crate::error::ParseError> {
            use Encoding::*;
--- a/actix-http/src/header/utils.rs
+++ b/actix-http/src/header/utils.rs
@ -12,9 +12,12 @@ where
    I: Iterator<Item = &'a HeaderValue> + 'a,
    T: FromStr,
 {
-    let mut result = Vec::new();
+    let size_guess = all.size_hint().1.unwrap_or(2);
+    let mut result = Vec::with_capacity(size_guess);
+
    for h in all {
        let s = h.to_str().map_err(|_| ParseError::Header)?;
+
        result.extend(
            s.split(',')
                .filter_map(|x| match x.trim() {
@ -24,6 +27,7 @@ where
                .filter_map(|x| x.trim().parse().ok()),
        )
    }
+
    Ok(result)
 }

@ -32,10 +36,12 @@ where
 pub fn from_one_raw_str<T: FromStr>(val: Option<&HeaderValue>) -> Result<T, ParseError> {
    if let Some(line) = val {
        let line = line.to_str().map_err(|_| ParseError::Header)?;
+
        if !line.is_empty() {
            return T::from_str(line).or(Err(ParseError::Header));
        }
    }
+
    Err(ParseError::Header)
 }

@ -46,20 +52,45 @@ where
    T: fmt::Display,
 {
    let mut iter = parts.iter();
+
    if let Some(part) = iter.next() {
        fmt::Display::fmt(part, f)?;
    }
+
    for part in iter {
        f.write_str(", ")?;
        fmt::Display::fmt(part, f)?;
    }
+
    Ok(())
 }

 /// Percent encode a sequence of bytes with a character set defined in
-/// <https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5987#section-3.2>
+/// <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5987#section-3.2>
 #[inline]
 pub fn http_percent_encode(f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>, bytes: &[u8]) -> fmt::Result {
    let encoded = percent_encoding::percent_encode(bytes, HTTP_VALUE);
    fmt::Display::fmt(&encoded, f)
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn comma_delimited_parsing() {
+        let headers = vec![];
+        let res: Vec<usize> = from_comma_delimited(headers.iter()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(res, vec![0; 0]);
+
+        let headers = vec![
+            HeaderValue::from_static(""),
+            HeaderValue::from_static(","),
+            HeaderValue::from_static("  "),
+            HeaderValue::from_static("1    ,"),
+            HeaderValue::from_static(""),
+        ];
+        let res: Vec<usize> = from_comma_delimited(headers.iter()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(res, vec![1]);
+    }
+}
--- a/actix-http/src/ws/proto.rs
+++ b/actix-http/src/ws/proto.rs
@ -3,7 +3,9 @@ use std::{
    fmt,
 };

-/// Operation codes as part of RFC6455.
+/// Operation codes defined in [RFC 6455 §11.8].
+///
+/// [RFC 6455]: https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6455#section-11.8
 #[derive(Debug, Eq, PartialEq, Clone, Copy)]
 pub enum OpCode {
    /// Indicates a continuation frame of a fragmented message.
@ -105,7 +107,7 @@ pub enum CloseCode {
    Abnormal,

    /// Indicates that an endpoint is terminating the connection because it has received data within
-    /// a message that was not consistent with the type of the message (e.g., non-UTF-8 \[RFC3629\]
+    /// a message that was not consistent with the type of the message (e.g., non-UTF-8 \[RFC 3629\]
    /// data within a text message).
    Invalid,

@ -220,7 +222,8 @@ impl<T: Into<String>> From<(CloseCode, T)> for CloseReason {
    }
 }

-/// The WebSocket GUID as stated in the spec. See <https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6455#section-1.3>.
+/// The WebSocket GUID as stated in the spec.
+/// See <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6455#section-1.3>.
 static WS_GUID: &[u8] = b"258EAFA5-E914-47DA-95CA-C5AB0DC85B11";

 /// Hashes the `Sec-WebSocket-Key` header according to the WebSocket spec.
--- a/actix-multipart/CHANGES.md
+++ b/actix-multipart/CHANGES.md
@ -3,6 +3,12 @@
 ## Unreleased - 2021-xx-xx


+## 0.4.0-beta.9 - 2021-12-01
+* Polling `Field` after dropping `Multipart` now fails immediately instead of hanging forever. [#2463]
+
+[#2463]: https://github.com/actix/actix-web/pull/2463
+
+
 ## 0.4.0-beta.8 - 2021-11-22
 * Ensure a correct Content-Disposition header is included in every part of a multipart message. [#2451]
 * Added `MultipartError::NoContentDisposition` variant. [#2451]
@ -10,10 +16,8 @@
 * Added `Field::name` method for getting the field name. [#2451]
 * `MultipartError` now marks variants with inner errors as the source. [#2451]
 * `MultipartError` is now marked as non-exhaustive. [#2451]
-* Polling `Field` after dropping `Multipart` now fails immediately instead of hanging forever. [#2463]

 [#2451]: https://github.com/actix/actix-web/pull/2451
-[#2463]: https://github.com/actix/actix-web/pull/2463


 ## 0.4.0-beta.7 - 2021-10-20
--- a/actix-multipart/Cargo.toml
+++ b/actix-multipart/Cargo.toml
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "actix-multipart"
-version = "0.4.0-beta.8"
+version = "0.4.0-beta.9"
 authors = ["Nikolay Kim <fafhrd91@gmail.com>"]
 description = "Multipart form support for Actix Web"
 keywords = ["http", "web", "framework", "async", "futures"]
--- a/actix-multipart/README.md
+++ b/actix-multipart/README.md
@ -3,11 +3,11 @@
 > Multipart form support for Actix Web.

 [![crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/actix-multipart?label=latest)](https://crates.io/crates/actix-multipart)
-[![Documentation](https://docs.rs/actix-multipart/badge.svg?version=0.4.0-beta.8)](https://docs.rs/actix-multipart/0.4.0-beta.8)
+[![Documentation](https://docs.rs/actix-multipart/badge.svg?version=0.4.0-beta.9)](https://docs.rs/actix-multipart/0.4.0-beta.9)
 [![Version](https://img.shields.io/badge/rustc-1.52+-ab6000.svg)](https://blog.rust-lang.org/2021/05/06/Rust-1.52.0.html)
 ![MIT or Apache 2.0 licensed](https://img.shields.io/crates/l/actix-multipart.svg)
 <br />
-[![dependency status](https://deps.rs/crate/actix-multipart/0.4.0-beta.8/status.svg)](https://deps.rs/crate/actix-multipart/0.4.0-beta.8)
+[![dependency status](https://deps.rs/crate/actix-multipart/0.4.0-beta.9/status.svg)](https://deps.rs/crate/actix-multipart/0.4.0-beta.9)
 [![Download](https://img.shields.io/crates/d/actix-multipart.svg)](https://crates.io/crates/actix-multipart)
 [![Chat on Discord](https://img.shields.io/discord/771444961383153695?label=chat&logo=discord)](https://discord.gg/NWpN5mmg3x)

--- a/actix-multipart/src/error.rs
+++ b/actix-multipart/src/error.rs
@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ use derive_more::{Display, Error, From};
 pub enum MultipartError {
    /// Content-Disposition header is not found or is not equal to "form-data".
    ///
-    /// According to [RFC 7578](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7578#section-4.2) a
+    /// According to [RFC 7578 §4.2](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7578#section-4.2) a
    /// Content-Disposition header must always be present and equal to "form-data".
    #[display(fmt = "No Content-Disposition `form-data` header")]
    NoContentDisposition,
--- a/actix-multipart/src/server.rs
+++ b/actix-multipart/src/server.rs
@ -337,8 +337,8 @@ impl InnerMultipart {
                return Poll::Pending;
            };

-            // According to [RFC 7578](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7578#section-4.2) a
-            // Content-Disposition header must always be present and set to "form-data".
+            // According to RFC 7578 §4.2, a Content-Disposition header must always be present and
+            // set to "form-data".

            let content_disposition = headers
                .get(&header::CONTENT_DISPOSITION)
--- a/actix-web-codegen/src/lib.rs
+++ b/actix-web-codegen/src/lib.rs
@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ mod route;
 /// Creates resource handler, allowing multiple HTTP method guards.
 ///
 /// # Syntax
-/// ```text
+/// ```plain
 /// #[route("path", method="HTTP_METHOD"[, attributes])]
 /// ```
 ///
@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ concat!("
 Creates route handler with `actix_web::guard::", stringify!($variant), "`.

 # Syntax
-```text
+```plain
 #[", stringify!($method), r#"("path"[, attributes])]
 ```

--- a/awc/src/client/h1proto.rs
+++ b/awc/src/client/h1proto.rs
@ -66,8 +66,7 @@ where
    let mut framed = Framed::new(io, h1::ClientCodec::default());

    // Check EXPECT header and enable expect handle flag accordingly.
-    //
-    // RFC: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7231#section-5.1.1
+    // See https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7231#section-5.1.1
    let is_expect = if head.as_ref().headers.contains_key(EXPECT) {
        match body.size() {
            BodySize::None | BodySize::Sized(0) => {
--- a/awc/src/client/h2proto.rs
+++ b/awc/src/client/h2proto.rs
@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ where
    for (key, value) in headers {
        match *key {
            // TODO: consider skipping other headers according to:
-            //       https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7540#section-8.1.2.2
+            //       https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7540#section-8.1.2.2
            // omit HTTP/1.x only headers
            CONNECTION | TRANSFER_ENCODING => continue,
            CONTENT_LENGTH if skip_len => continue,
--- a/awc/src/ws.rs
+++ b/awc/src/ws.rs
@ -312,9 +312,8 @@ impl WebsocketsRequest {
            );
        }

-        // Generate a random key for the `Sec-WebSocket-Key` header.
-        // a base64-encoded (see Section 4 of [RFC4648]) value that,
-        // when decoded, is 16 bytes in length (RFC 6455)
+        // Generate a random key for the `Sec-WebSocket-Key` header which is a base64-encoded
+        // (see RFC 4648 §4) value that, when decoded, is 16 bytes in length (RFC 6455 §1.3).
        let sec_key: [u8; 16] = rand::random();
        let key = base64::encode(&sec_key);

--- a/scripts/ci-test.sh
+++ b/scripts/ci-test.sh
--- a/src/http/header/accept.rs
+++ b/src/http/header/accept.rs
@ -6,7 +6,8 @@ use super::{qitem, QualityItem};
 use crate::http::header;

 crate::http::header::common_header! {
-    /// `Accept` header, defined in [RFC7231](http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7231#section-5.3.2)
+    /// `Accept` header, defined
+    /// in [RFC 7231 §5.3.2](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7231#section-5.3.2)
    ///
    /// The `Accept` header field can be used by user agents to specify
    /// response media types that are acceptable. Accept header fields can
@ -15,8 +16,7 @@ crate::http::header::common_header! {
    /// in-line image
    ///
    /// # ABNF
-    ///
-    /// ```text
+    /// ```plain
    /// Accept = #( media-range [ accept-params ] )
    ///
    /// media-range    = ( "*/*"
@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ crate::http::header::common_header! {
    /// accept-ext = OWS ";" OWS token [ "=" ( token / quoted-string ) ]
    /// ```
    ///
-    /// # Example values
+    /// # Example Values
    /// * `audio/*; q=0.2, audio/basic`
    /// * `text/plain; q=0.5, text/html, text/x-dvi; q=0.8, text/x-c`
    ///
@ -77,9 +77,9 @@ crate::http::header::common_header! {
    ///     ])
    /// );
    /// ```
-    (Accept, header::ACCEPT) => (QualityItem<Mime>)+
+    (Accept, header::ACCEPT) => (QualityItem<Mime>)*

-    test_accept {
+    test_parse_and_format {
        // Tests from the RFC
         crate::http::header::common_header_test!(
            test1,
@ -88,6 +88,7 @@ crate::http::header::common_header! {
                QualityItem::new("audio/*".parse().unwrap(), q(200)),
                qitem("audio/basic".parse().unwrap()),
                ])));
+
        crate::http::header::common_header_test!(
            test2,
            vec![b"text/plain; q=0.5, text/html, text/x-dvi; q=0.8, text/x-c"],
@ -99,6 +100,7 @@ crate::http::header::common_header! {
                    q(800)),
                qitem("text/x-c".parse().unwrap()),
                ])));
+
        // Custom tests
        crate::http::header::common_header_test!(
            test3,
@ -153,8 +155,12 @@ impl Accept {
    /// Returns a sorted list of mime types from highest to lowest preference, accounting for
    /// [q-factor weighting] and specificity.
    ///
-    /// [q-factor weighting]: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7231#section-5.3.2
-    pub fn mime_precedence(&self) -> Vec<Mime> {
+    /// [q-factor weighting]: https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7231#section-5.3.2
+    pub fn ranked(&self) -> Vec<Mime> {
+        if self.is_empty() {
+            return vec![];
+        }
+
        let mut types = self.0.clone();

        // use stable sort so items with equal q-factor and specificity retain listed order
@ -201,12 +207,29 @@ impl Accept {
    /// If no q-factors are provided, the first mime type is chosen. Note that items without
    /// q-factors are given the maximum preference value.
    ///
-    /// Returns `None` if contained list is empty.
+    /// As per the spec, will return [`Mime::STAR_STAR`] (indicating no preference) if the contained
+    /// list is empty.
    ///
-    /// [q-factor weighting]: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7231#section-5.3.2
-    pub fn mime_preference(&self) -> Option<Mime> {
-        let types = self.mime_precedence();
-        types.first().cloned()
+    /// [q-factor weighting]: https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7231#section-5.3.2
+    pub fn preference(&self) -> Mime {
+        use actix_http::header::q;
+
+        let mut max_item = None;
+        let mut max_pref = q(0);
+
+        // uses manual max lookup loop since we want the first occurrence in the case of same
+        // preference but `Iterator::max_by_key` would give us the last occurrence
+
+        for pref in &self.0 {
+            // only change if strictly greater
+            // equal items, even while unsorted, still have higher preference if they appear first
+            if pref.quality > max_pref {
+                max_pref = pref.quality;
+                max_item = Some(pref.item.clone());
+            }
+        }
+
+        max_item.unwrap_or(mime::STAR_STAR)
    }
 }

@ -216,12 +239,12 @@ mod tests {
    use crate::http::header::q;

    #[test]
-    fn test_mime_precedence() {
+    fn ranking_precedence() {
        let test = Accept(vec![]);
-        assert!(test.mime_precedence().is_empty());
+        assert!(test.ranked().is_empty());

        let test = Accept(vec![qitem(mime::APPLICATION_JSON)]);
-        assert_eq!(test.mime_precedence(), vec!(mime::APPLICATION_JSON));
+        assert_eq!(test.ranked(), vec!(mime::APPLICATION_JSON));

        let test = Accept(vec![
            qitem(mime::TEXT_HTML),
@ -230,7 +253,7 @@ mod tests {
            QualityItem::new(mime::STAR_STAR, q(0.8)),
        ]);
        assert_eq!(
-            test.mime_precedence(),
+            test.ranked(),
            vec![
                mime::TEXT_HTML,
                "application/xhtml+xml".parse().unwrap(),
@ -245,20 +268,20 @@ mod tests {
            qitem(mime::IMAGE_PNG),
        ]);
        assert_eq!(
-            test.mime_precedence(),
+            test.ranked(),
            vec![mime::IMAGE_PNG, mime::IMAGE_STAR, mime::STAR_STAR]
        );
    }

    #[test]
-    fn test_mime_preference() {
+    fn preference_selection() {
        let test = Accept(vec![
            qitem(mime::TEXT_HTML),
            "application/xhtml+xml".parse().unwrap(),
            QualityItem::new("application/xml".parse().unwrap(), q(0.9)),
            QualityItem::new(mime::STAR_STAR, q(0.8)),
        ]);
-        assert_eq!(test.mime_preference(), Some(mime::TEXT_HTML));
+        assert_eq!(test.preference(), mime::TEXT_HTML);

        let test = Accept(vec![
            QualityItem::new("video/*".parse().unwrap(), q(0.8)),
@ -267,6 +290,6 @@ mod tests {
            qitem(mime::IMAGE_SVG),
            QualityItem::new(mime::IMAGE_STAR, q(0.8)),
        ]);
-        assert_eq!(test.mime_preference(), Some(mime::IMAGE_PNG));
+        assert_eq!(test.preference(), mime::IMAGE_PNG);
    }
 }
--- a/src/http/header/accept_charset.rs
+++ b/src/http/header/accept_charset.rs
@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use super::{Charset, QualityItem, ACCEPT_CHARSET};

 crate::http::header::common_header! {
    /// `Accept-Charset` header, defined in
-    /// [RFC7231](http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7231#section-5.3.3)
+    /// [RFC 7231 §5.3.3](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7231#section-5.3.3)
    ///
    /// The `Accept-Charset` header field can be sent by a user agent to
    /// indicate what charsets are acceptable in textual response content.
@ -12,12 +12,11 @@ crate::http::header::common_header! {
    /// those charsets.
    ///
    /// # ABNF
-    ///
-    /// ```text
+    /// ```plain
    /// Accept-Charset = 1#( ( charset / "*" ) [ weight ] )
    /// ```
    ///
-    /// # Example values
+    /// # Example Values
    /// * `iso-8859-5, unicode-1-1;q=0.8`
    ///
    /// # Examples
@ -55,7 +54,7 @@ crate::http::header::common_header! {
    /// ```
    (AcceptCharset, ACCEPT_CHARSET) => (QualityItem<Charset>)+

-    test_accept_charset {
+    test_parse_and_format {
        // Test case from RFC
        crate::http::header::common_header_test!(test1, vec![b"iso-8859-5, unicode-1-1;q=0.8"]);
    }
--- a/src/http/header/accept_encoding.rs
+++ b/src/http/header/accept_encoding.rs
@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
+// TODO: reinstate module
+
 use header::{Encoding, QualityItem};

 header! {
-    /// `Accept-Encoding` header, defined in
-    /// [RFC7231](http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7231#section-5.3.4)
+    /// `Accept-Encoding` header, defined
+    /// in [RFC 7231](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7231#section-5.3.4)
    ///
    /// The `Accept-Encoding` header field can be used by user agents to
    /// indicate what response content-codings are
@ -11,13 +13,12 @@ header! {
    /// preferred.
    ///
    /// # ABNF
-    ///
-    /// ```text
+    /// ```plain
    /// Accept-Encoding  = #( codings [ weight ] )
    /// codings          = content-coding / "identity" / "*"
    /// ```
    ///
-    /// # Example values
+    /// # Example Values
    /// * `compress, gzip`
    /// * ``
    /// * `*`
@ -60,15 +61,17 @@ header! {
    ///     ])
    /// );
    /// ```
-    (AcceptEncoding, "Accept-Encoding") => (QualityItem<Encoding>)*
+    (AcceptEncoding, header::ACCEPT_ENCODING) => (QualityItem<Encoding>)*

-    test_accept_encoding {
+    test_parse_and_format {
        // From the RFC
        crate::http::header::common_header_test!(test1, vec![b"compress, gzip"]);
        crate::http::header::common_header_test!(test2, vec![b""], Some(AcceptEncoding(vec![])));
        crate::http::header::common_header_test!(test3, vec![b"*"]);
+
        // Note: Removed quality 1 from gzip
        crate::http::header::common_header_test!(test4, vec![b"compress;q=0.5, gzip"]);
+
        // Note: Removed quality 1 from gzip
        crate::http::header::common_header_test!(test5, vec![b"gzip, identity; q=0.5, *;q=0"]);
    }
--- a/src/http/header/accept_language.rs
+++ b/src/http/header/accept_language.rs
@ -1,66 +1,224 @@
 use language_tags::LanguageTag;

-use super::{QualityItem, ACCEPT_LANGUAGE};
+use super::{common_header, Preference, QualityItem};
+use crate::http::header;

-crate::http::header::common_header! {
-    /// `Accept-Language` header, defined in
-    /// [RFC7231](http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7231#section-5.3.5)
+common_header! {
+    /// `Accept-Language` header, defined
+    /// in [RFC 7231 §5.3.5](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7231#section-5.3.5)
    ///
-    /// The `Accept-Language` header field can be used by user agents to
-    /// indicate the set of natural languages that are preferred in the
-    /// response.
+    /// The `Accept-Language` header field can be used by user agents to indicate the set of natural
+    /// languages that are preferred in the response.
+    ///
+    /// The `Accept-Language` header is defined in
+    /// [RFC 7231 §5.3.5](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7231#section-5.3.5) using language
+    /// ranges defined in [RFC 4647 §2.1](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4647#section-2.1).
    ///
    /// # ABNF
-    ///
-    /// ```text
+    /// ```plain
    /// Accept-Language = 1#( language-range [ weight ] )
-    /// language-range  = <language-range, see [RFC4647], Section 2.1>
+    /// language-range  = (1*8ALPHA *("-" 1*8alphanum)) / "*"
+    /// alphanum        = ALPHA / DIGIT
+    /// weight          = OWS ";" OWS "q=" qvalue
+    /// qvalue          = ( "0" [ "." 0*3DIGIT ] )
+    ///                 / ( "1" [ "." 0*3("0") ] )
    /// ```
    ///
-    /// # Example values
-    /// * `da, en-gb;q=0.8, en;q=0.7`
-    /// * `en-us;q=1.0, en;q=0.5, fr`
+    /// # Example Values
+    /// - `da, en-gb;q=0.8, en;q=0.7`
+    /// - `en-us;q=1.0, en;q=0.5, fr`
+    /// - `fr-CH, fr;q=0.9, en;q=0.8, de;q=0.7, *;q=0.5`
    ///
    /// # Examples
-    ///
    /// ```
    /// use actix_web::HttpResponse;
-    /// use actix_web::http::header::{AcceptLanguage, LanguageTag, qitem};
+    /// use actix_web::http::header::{AcceptLanguage, qitem};
    ///
    /// let mut builder = HttpResponse::Ok();
-    /// let langtag = LanguageTag::parse("en-US").unwrap();
    /// builder.insert_header(
    ///     AcceptLanguage(vec![
-    ///         qitem(langtag),
+    ///         qitem("en-US".parse().unwrap())
    ///     ])
    /// );
    /// ```
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use actix_web::HttpResponse;
-    /// use actix_web::http::header::{AcceptLanguage, LanguageTag, QualityItem, q, qitem};
+    /// use actix_web::http::header::{AcceptLanguage, QualityItem, q, qitem};
    ///
    /// let mut builder = HttpResponse::Ok();
    /// builder.insert_header(
    ///     AcceptLanguage(vec![
-    ///         qitem(LanguageTag::parse("da").unwrap()),
-    ///         QualityItem::new(LanguageTag::parse("en-GB").unwrap(), q(800)),
-    ///         QualityItem::new(LanguageTag::parse("en").unwrap(), q(700)),
+    ///         qitem("da".parse().unwrap()),
+    ///         QualityItem::new("en-GB".parse().unwrap(), q(800)),
+    ///         QualityItem::new("en".parse().unwrap(), q(700)),
    ///     ])
    /// );
    /// ```
-    (AcceptLanguage, ACCEPT_LANGUAGE) => (QualityItem<LanguageTag>)+
+    (AcceptLanguage, header::ACCEPT_LANGUAGE) => (QualityItem<Preference<LanguageTag>>)*

-    test_accept_language {
-        // From the RFC
-        crate::http::header::common_header_test!(test1, vec![b"da, en-gb;q=0.8, en;q=0.7"]);
-        // Own test
-        crate::http::header::common_header_test!(
-            test2, vec![b"en-US, en; q=0.5, fr"],
+    test_parse_and_format {
+        common_header_test!(no_headers, vec![b""; 0], Some(AcceptLanguage(vec![])));
+
+        common_header_test!(empty_header, vec![b""; 1], Some(AcceptLanguage(vec![])));
+
+        common_header_test!(
+            example_from_rfc,
+            vec![b"da, en-gb;q=0.8, en;q=0.7"]
+        );
+
+        common_header_test!(
+            not_ordered_by_weight,
+            vec![b"en-US, en; q=0.5, fr"],
            Some(AcceptLanguage(vec![
                qitem("en-US".parse().unwrap()),
                QualityItem::new("en".parse().unwrap(), q(500)),
                qitem("fr".parse().unwrap()),
-        ])));
+            ]))
+        );
+
+        common_header_test!(
+            has_wildcard,
+            vec![b"fr-CH, fr; q=0.9, en; q=0.8, de; q=0.7, *; q=0.5"],
+            Some(AcceptLanguage(vec![
+                qitem("fr-CH".parse().unwrap()),
+                QualityItem::new("fr".parse().unwrap(), q(900)),
+                QualityItem::new("en".parse().unwrap(), q(800)),
+                QualityItem::new("de".parse().unwrap(), q(700)),
+                QualityItem::new("*".parse().unwrap(), q(500)),
+            ]))
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+impl AcceptLanguage {
+    /// Returns a sorted list of languages from highest to lowest precedence, accounting
+    /// for [q-factor weighting].
+    ///
+    /// [q-factor weighting]: https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7231#section-5.3.2
+    pub fn ranked(&self) -> Vec<Preference<LanguageTag>> {
+        if self.0.is_empty() {
+            return vec![];
+        }
+
+        let mut types = self.0.clone();
+
+        // use stable sort so items with equal q-factor retain listed order
+        types.sort_by(|a, b| {
+            // sort by q-factor descending
+            b.quality.cmp(&a.quality)
+        });
+
+        types.into_iter().map(|qitem| qitem.item).collect()
+    }
+
+    /// Extracts the most preferable language, accounting for [q-factor weighting].
+    ///
+    /// If no q-factors are provided, the first language is chosen. Note that items without
+    /// q-factors are given the maximum preference value.
+    ///
+    /// As per the spec, returns [`Preference::Any`] if contained list is empty.
+    ///
+    /// [q-factor weighting]: https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7231#section-5.3.2
+    pub fn preference(&self) -> Preference<LanguageTag> {
+        use actix_http::header::q;
+
+        let mut max_item = None;
+        let mut max_pref = q(0);
+
+        // uses manual max lookup loop since we want the first occurrence in the case of same
+        // preference but `Iterator::max_by_key` would give us the last occurrence
+
+        for pref in &self.0 {
+            // only change if strictly greater
+            // equal items, even while unsorted, still have higher preference if they appear first
+            if pref.quality > max_pref {
+                max_pref = pref.quality;
+                max_item = Some(pref.item.clone());
+            }
+        }
+
+        max_item.unwrap_or(Preference::Any)
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::http::header::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn ranking_precedence() {
+        let test = AcceptLanguage(vec![]);
+        assert!(test.ranked().is_empty());
+
+        let test = AcceptLanguage(vec![qitem("fr-CH".parse().unwrap())]);
+        assert_eq!(test.ranked(), vec!("fr-CH".parse().unwrap()));
+
+        let test = AcceptLanguage(vec![
+            QualityItem::new("fr".parse().unwrap(), q(900)),
+            QualityItem::new("fr-CH".parse().unwrap(), q(1000)),
+            QualityItem::new("en".parse().unwrap(), q(800)),
+            QualityItem::new("*".parse().unwrap(), q(500)),
+            QualityItem::new("de".parse().unwrap(), q(700)),
+        ]);
+        assert_eq!(
+            test.ranked(),
+            vec![
+                "fr-CH".parse().unwrap(),
+                "fr".parse().unwrap(),
+                "en".parse().unwrap(),
+                "de".parse().unwrap(),
+                "*".parse().unwrap(),
+            ]
+        );
+
+        let test = AcceptLanguage(vec![
+            qitem("fr".parse().unwrap()),
+            qitem("fr-CH".parse().unwrap()),
+            qitem("en".parse().unwrap()),
+            qitem("*".parse().unwrap()),
+            qitem("de".parse().unwrap()),
+        ]);
+        assert_eq!(
+            test.ranked(),
+            vec![
+                "fr".parse().unwrap(),
+                "fr-CH".parse().unwrap(),
+                "en".parse().unwrap(),
+                "*".parse().unwrap(),
+                "de".parse().unwrap(),
+            ]
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn preference_selection() {
+        let test = AcceptLanguage(vec![
+            QualityItem::new("fr".parse().unwrap(), q(900)),
+            QualityItem::new("fr-CH".parse().unwrap(), q(1000)),
+            QualityItem::new("en".parse().unwrap(), q(800)),
+            QualityItem::new("*".parse().unwrap(), q(500)),
+            QualityItem::new("de".parse().unwrap(), q(700)),
+        ]);
+        assert_eq!(
+            test.preference(),
+            Preference::Specific("fr-CH".parse().unwrap())
+        );
+
+        let test = AcceptLanguage(vec![
+            qitem("fr".parse().unwrap()),
+            qitem("fr-CH".parse().unwrap()),
+            qitem("en".parse().unwrap()),
+            qitem("*".parse().unwrap()),
+            qitem("de".parse().unwrap()),
+        ]);
+        assert_eq!(
+            test.preference(),
+            Preference::Specific("fr".parse().unwrap())
+        );
+
+        let test = AcceptLanguage(vec![]);
+        assert_eq!(test.preference(), Preference::Any);
    }
 }
--- a/src/http/header/allow.rs
+++ b/src/http/header/allow.rs
@ -1,27 +1,27 @@
-use crate::http::header;
 use actix_http::http::Method;

+use crate::http::header;
+
 crate::http::header::common_header! {
-    /// `Allow` header, defined in [RFC7231](http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7231#section-7.4.1)
+    /// `Allow` header, defined
+    /// in [RFC 7231 §7.4.1](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7231#section-7.4.1)
    ///
    /// The `Allow` header field lists the set of methods advertised as
-    /// supported by the target resource.  The purpose of this field is
+    /// supported by the target resource. The purpose of this field is
    /// strictly to inform the recipient of valid request methods associated
    /// with the resource.
    ///
    /// # ABNF
-    ///
-    /// ```text
+    /// ```plain
    /// Allow = #method
    /// ```
    ///
-    /// # Example values
+    /// # Example Values
    /// * `GET, HEAD, PUT`
    /// * `OPTIONS, GET, PUT, POST, DELETE, HEAD, TRACE, CONNECT, PATCH, fOObAr`
    /// * ``
    ///
    /// # Examples
-    ///
    /// ```
    /// use actix_web::HttpResponse;
    /// use actix_web::http::{header::Allow, Method};
@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ crate::http::header::common_header! {
    /// ```
    (Allow, header::ALLOW) => (Method)*

-    test_allow {
+    test_parse_and_format {
        // From the RFC
        crate::http::header::common_header_test!(
            test1,
--- a/src/http/header/any_or_some.rs
+++ b/src/http/header/any_or_some.rs
@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+use std::{
+    fmt::{self, Write as _},
+    str,
+};
+
+/// A wrapper for types used in header values where wildcard (`*`) items are allowed but the
+/// underlying type does not support them.
+///
+/// For example, we use the `language-tags` crate for the [`AcceptLanguage`](super::AcceptLanguage)
+/// typed header but it does parse `*` successfully. On the other hand, the `mime` crate, used for
+/// [`Accept`](super::Accept), has first-party support for wildcard items so this wrapper is not
+/// used in those header types.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Hash)]
+pub enum AnyOrSome<T> {
+    /// A wildcard value.
+    Any,
+
+    /// A valid `T`.
+    Item(T),
+}
+
+impl<T> AnyOrSome<T> {
+    /// Returns true if item is wildcard (`*`) variant.
+    pub fn is_any(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, Self::Any)
+    }
+
+    /// Returns true if item is a valid item (`T`) variant.
+    pub fn is_item(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, Self::Item(_))
+    }
+
+    /// Returns reference to value in `Item` variant, if it is set.
+    pub fn item(&self) -> Option<&T> {
+        match self {
+            AnyOrSome::Item(ref item) => Some(item),
+            AnyOrSome::Any => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Consumes the container, returning the value in the `Item` variant, if it is set.
+    pub fn into_item(self) -> Option<T> {
+        match self {
+            AnyOrSome::Item(item) => Some(item),
+            AnyOrSome::Any => None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: fmt::Display> fmt::Display for AnyOrSome<T> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            AnyOrSome::Any => f.write_char('*'),
+            AnyOrSome::Item(item) => fmt::Display::fmt(item, f),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: str::FromStr> str::FromStr for AnyOrSome<T> {
+    type Err = T::Err;
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
+        match s.trim() {
+            "*" => Ok(Self::Any),
+            other => other.parse().map(AnyOrSome::Item),
+        }
+    }
+}
--- a/src/http/header/cache_control.rs
+++ b/src/http/header/cache_control.rs
@ -1,11 +1,14 @@
 use std::fmt::{self, Write};
 use std::str::FromStr;

+use derive_more::{Deref, DerefMut};
+
 use super::{fmt_comma_delimited, from_comma_delimited, Header, IntoHeaderValue, Writer};

 use crate::http::header;

-/// `Cache-Control` header, defined in [RFC7234](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7234#section-5.2)
+/// `Cache-Control` header, defined
+/// in [RFC 7234 §5.2](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7234#section-5.2).
 ///
 /// The `Cache-Control` header field is used to specify directives for
 /// caches along the request/response chain.  Such cache directives are
@ -13,13 +16,12 @@ use crate::http::header;
 /// not imply that the same directive is to be given in the response.
 ///
 /// # ABNF
-///
-/// ```text
+/// ```plain
 /// Cache-Control   = 1#cache-directive
 /// cache-directive = token [ "=" ( token / quoted-string ) ]
 /// ```
 ///
-/// # Example values
+/// # Example Values
 ///
 /// * `no-cache`
 /// * `private, community="UCI"`
@ -46,11 +48,9 @@ use crate::http::header;
 ///     CacheDirective::Extension("foo".to_owned(), Some("bar".to_owned())),
 /// ]));
 /// ```
-#[derive(PartialEq, Clone, Debug)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Deref, DerefMut)]
 pub struct CacheControl(pub Vec<CacheDirective>);

-crate::http::header::common_header_deref!(CacheControl => Vec<CacheDirective>);
-
 // TODO: this could just be the crate::http::header::common_header! macro
 impl Header for CacheControl {
    fn name() -> header::HeaderName {
@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ impl IntoHeaderValue for CacheControl {
 }

 /// `CacheControl` contains a list of these directives.
-#[derive(PartialEq, Clone, Debug)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub enum CacheDirective {
    /// "no-cache"
    NoCache,
--- a/src/http/header/content_disposition.rs
+++ b/src/http/header/content_disposition.rs
@ -1,10 +1,14 @@
-//! # References
+//! The `Content-Disposition` header and associated types.
 //!
-//! "The Content-Disposition Header Field" <https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2183.txt>
-//! "The Content-Disposition Header Field in the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)" <https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc6266.txt>
-//! "Returning Values from Forms: multipart/form-data" <https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc7578.txt>
-//! Browser conformance tests at: <http://greenbytes.de/tech/tc2231/>
-//! IANA assignment: <http://www.iana.org/assignments/cont-disp/cont-disp.xhtml>
+//! # References
+//! - "The Content-Disposition Header Field":
+//!   <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2183>
+//! - "The Content-Disposition Header Field in the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)":
+//!   <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6266>
+//! - "Returning Values from Forms: multipart/form-data":
+//!   <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7578>
+//! - Browser conformance tests at: <http://greenbytes.de/tech/tc2231/>
+//! - IANA assignment: <http://www.iana.org/assignments/cont-disp/cont-disp.xhtml>

 use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
 use regex::Regex;
@ -41,8 +45,9 @@ pub enum DispositionType {
    /// rather than process it normally (as per its media type).
    Attachment,

-    /// Used in *multipart/form-data* as defined in [RFC7578](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7578)
-    /// to carry the field name and optional filename.
+    /// Used in *multipart/form-data* as defined in
+    /// [RFC 7578](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7578) to carry the field name and
+    /// optional filename.
    FormData,

    /// Extension type. Should be handled by recipients the same way as Attachment.
@ -82,26 +87,29 @@ pub enum DispositionParam {

    /// A plain file name.
    ///
-    /// It is [not supposed](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6266#appendix-D) to contain any
-    /// non-ASCII characters when used in a *Content-Disposition* HTTP response header, where
+    /// It is [not supposed](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6266#appendix-D) to contain
+    /// any non-ASCII characters when used in a *Content-Disposition* HTTP response header, where
    /// [`FilenameExt`](DispositionParam::FilenameExt) with charset UTF-8 may be used instead
    /// in case there are Unicode characters in file names.
    Filename(String),

    /// An extended file name. It must not exist for `ContentType::Formdata` according to
-    /// [RFC7578 Section 4.2](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7578#section-4.2).
+    /// [RFC 7578 §4.2](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7578#section-4.2).
    FilenameExt(ExtendedValue),

    /// An unrecognized regular parameter as defined in
-    /// [RFC5987](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5987) as *reg-parameter*, in
-    /// [RFC6266](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6266) as *token "=" value*. Recipients should
-    /// ignore unrecognizable parameters.
+    /// [RFC 5987 §3.2.1](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5987#section-3.2.1) as
+    /// `reg-parameter`, in
+    /// [RFC 6266 §4.1](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6266#section-4.1) as
+    /// `token "=" value`. Recipients should ignore unrecognizable parameters.
    Unknown(String, String),

    /// An unrecognized extended parameter as defined in
-    /// [RFC5987](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5987) as *ext-parameter*, in
-    /// [RFC6266](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6266) as *ext-token "=" ext-value*. The single
-    /// trailing asterisk is not included. Recipients should ignore unrecognizable parameters.
+    /// [RFC 5987 §3.2.1](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5987#section-3.2.1) as
+    /// `ext-parameter`, in
+    /// [RFC 6266 §4.1](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6266#section-4.1) as
+    /// `ext-token "=" ext-value`. The single trailing asterisk is not included. Recipients should
+    /// ignore unrecognizable parameters.
    UnknownExt(String, ExtendedValue),
 }

@ -195,10 +203,10 @@ impl DispositionParam {
 }

 /// A *Content-Disposition* header. It is compatible to be used either as
-/// [a response header for the main body](https://mdn.io/Content-Disposition#As_a_response_header_for_the_main_body)
-/// as (re)defined in [RFC6266](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6266), or as
+/// [a response header for the main body](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Content-Disposition#as_a_response_header_for_the_main_body)
+/// as (re)defined in [RFC 6266](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6266), or as
 /// [a header for a multipart body](https://mdn.io/Content-Disposition#As_a_header_for_a_multipart_body)
-/// as (re)defined in [RFC7587](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7578).
+/// as (re)defined in [RFC 7587](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7578).
 ///
 /// In a regular HTTP response, the *Content-Disposition* response header is a header indicating if
 /// the content is expected to be displayed *inline* in the browser, that is, as a Web page or as
@ -212,7 +220,7 @@ impl DispositionParam {
 /// itself, *Content-Disposition* has no effect.
 ///
 /// # ABNF
-/// ```text
+/// ```plain
 /// content-disposition = "Content-Disposition" ":"
 ///                       disposition-type *( ";" disposition-parm )
 ///
@ -233,19 +241,17 @@ impl DispositionParam {
 /// ```
 ///
 /// # Note
+/// *filename* is [not supposed](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6266#appendix-D) to
+/// contain any non-ASCII characters when used in a *Content-Disposition* HTTP response header,
+/// where filename* with charset UTF-8 may be used instead in case there are Unicode characters in
+/// file names. Filename is [acceptable](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7578#section-4.2)
+/// to be UTF-8 encoded directly in a *Content-Disposition* header for
+/// *multipart/form-data*, though.
 ///
-/// filename is [not supposed](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6266#appendix-D) to contain any
-/// non-ASCII characters when used in a *Content-Disposition* HTTP response header, where
-/// filename* with charset UTF-8 may be used instead in case there are Unicode characters in file
-/// names.
-/// filename is [acceptable](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7578#section-4.2) to be UTF-8 encoded
-/// directly in a *Content-Disposition* header for *multipart/form-data*, though.
-///
-/// filename* [must not](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7578#section-4.2) be used within
+/// *filename* [must not](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7578#section-4.2) be used within
 /// *multipart/form-data*.
 ///
-/// # Example
-///
+/// # Examples
 /// ```
 /// use actix_web::http::header::{
 ///     Charset, ContentDisposition, DispositionParam, DispositionType,
@ -291,11 +297,11 @@ impl DispositionParam {
 /// ```
 ///
 /// # Security Note
-///
 /// If "filename" parameter is supplied, do not use the file name blindly, check and possibly
 /// change to match local file system conventions if applicable, and do not use directory path
-/// information that may be present. See [RFC2183](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2183#section-2.3).
-// TODO: private fields and use smallvec
+/// information that may be present.
+/// See [RFC 2183 §2.3](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2183#section-2.3).
+// TODO: think about using private fields and smallvec
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
 pub struct ContentDisposition {
    /// The disposition type
@ -342,7 +348,7 @@ impl ContentDisposition {
            } else {
                // regular parameters
                let value = if left.starts_with('\"') {
-                    // quoted-string: defined in RFC6266 -> RFC2616 Section 3.6
+                    // quoted-string: defined in RFC 6266 -> RFC 2616 Section 3.6
                    let mut escaping = false;
                    let mut quoted_string = vec![];
                    let mut end = None;
@ -393,22 +399,22 @@ impl ContentDisposition {
        Ok(cd)
    }

-    /// Returns `true` if it is [`Inline`](DispositionType::Inline).
+    /// Returns `true` if type is [`Inline`](DispositionType::Inline).
    pub fn is_inline(&self) -> bool {
        matches!(self.disposition, DispositionType::Inline)
    }

-    /// Returns `true` if it is [`Attachment`](DispositionType::Attachment).
+    /// Returns `true` if type is [`Attachment`](DispositionType::Attachment).
    pub fn is_attachment(&self) -> bool {
        matches!(self.disposition, DispositionType::Attachment)
    }

-    /// Returns `true` if it is [`FormData`](DispositionType::FormData).
+    /// Returns `true` if type is [`FormData`](DispositionType::FormData).
    pub fn is_form_data(&self) -> bool {
        matches!(self.disposition, DispositionType::FormData)
    }

-    /// Returns `true` if it is [`Ext`](DispositionType::Ext) and the `disp_type` matches.
+    /// Returns `true` if type is [`Ext`](DispositionType::Ext) and the `disp_type` matches.
    pub fn is_ext(&self, disp_type: impl AsRef<str>) -> bool {
        matches!(
            self.disposition,
@ -487,7 +493,9 @@ impl fmt::Display for DispositionParam {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        // All ASCII control characters (0-30, 127) including horizontal tab, double quote, and
        // backslash should be escaped in quoted-string (i.e. "foobar").
-        // Ref: RFC6266 S4.1 -> RFC2616 S3.6
+        //
+        // Ref: RFC 6266 §4.1 -> RFC 2616 §3.6
+        //
        // filename-parm  = "filename" "=" value
        // value          = token | quoted-string
        // quoted-string  = ( <"> *(qdtext | quoted-pair ) <"> )
@ -501,7 +509,7 @@ impl fmt::Display for DispositionParam {
        // CTL            = <any US-ASCII control character
        //                  (octets 0 - 31) and DEL (127)>
        //
-        // Ref: RFC7578 S4.2 -> RFC2183 S2 -> RFC2045 S5.1
+        // Ref: RFC 7578 S4.2 -> RFC 2183 S2 -> RFC 2045 S5.1
        // parameter := attribute "=" value
        // attribute := token
        //              ; Matching of attributes
@ -746,7 +754,7 @@ mod tests {

    #[test]
    fn from_raw_with_unicode() {
-        /* RFC7578 Section 4.2:
+        /* RFC 7578 Section 4.2:
        Some commonly deployed systems use multipart/form-data with file names directly encoded
        including octets outside the US-ASCII range. The encoding used for the file names is
        typically UTF-8, although HTML forms will use the charset associated with the form.
@ -819,9 +827,9 @@ mod tests {

    #[test]
    fn test_from_raw_unnecessary_percent_decode() {
-        // In fact, RFC7578 (multipart/form-data) Section 2 and 4.2 suggests that filename with
+        // In fact, RFC 7578 (multipart/form-data) Section 2 and 4.2 suggests that filename with
        // non-ASCII characters MAY be percent-encoded.
-        // On the contrary, RFC6266 or other RFCs related to Content-Disposition response header
+        // On the contrary, RFC 6266 or other RFCs related to Content-Disposition response header
        // do not mention such percent-encoding.
        // So, it appears to be undecidable whether to percent-decode or not without
        // knowing the usage scenario (multipart/form-data v.s. HTTP response header) and
--- a/src/http/header/content_language.rs
+++ b/src/http/header/content_language.rs
@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
-use super::{QualityItem, CONTENT_LANGUAGE};
 use language_tags::LanguageTag;

-crate::http::header::common_header! {
-    /// `Content-Language` header, defined in
-    /// [RFC7231](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7231#section-3.1.3.2)
+use super::{common_header, QualityItem, CONTENT_LANGUAGE};
+
+common_header! {
+    /// `Content-Language` header, defined
+    /// in [RFC 7231 §3.1.3.2](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7231#section-3.1.3.2)
    ///
    /// The `Content-Language` header field describes the natural language(s)
    /// of the intended audience for the representation.  Note that this
@ -11,18 +12,15 @@ crate::http::header::common_header! {
    /// representation.
    ///
    /// # ABNF
-    ///
-    /// ```text
+    /// ```plain
    /// Content-Language = 1#language-tag
    /// ```
    ///
-    /// # Example values
-    ///
+    /// # Example Values
    /// * `da`
    /// * `mi, en`
    ///
    /// # Examples
-    ///
    /// ```
    /// use actix_web::HttpResponse;
    /// use actix_web::http::header::{ContentLanguage, LanguageTag, qitem};
@ -49,7 +47,7 @@ crate::http::header::common_header! {
    /// ```
    (ContentLanguage, CONTENT_LANGUAGE) => (QualityItem<LanguageTag>)+

-    test_content_language {
+    test_parse_and_format {
        crate::http::header::common_header_test!(test1, vec![b"da"]);
        crate::http::header::common_header_test!(test2, vec![b"mi, en"]);
    }
--- a/src/http/header/content_range.rs
+++ b/src/http/header/content_range.rs
@ -1,15 +1,17 @@
-use std::fmt::{self, Display, Write};
-use std::str::FromStr;
+use std::{
+    fmt::{self, Display, Write},
+    str::FromStr,
+};

 use super::{HeaderValue, IntoHeaderValue, InvalidHeaderValue, Writer, CONTENT_RANGE};
 use crate::error::ParseError;

 crate::http::header::common_header! {
-    /// `Content-Range` header, defined in
-    /// [RFC7233](http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7233#section-4.2)
+    /// `Content-Range` header, defined
+    /// in [RFC 7233 §4.2](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7233#section-4.2)
    (ContentRange, CONTENT_RANGE) => [ContentRangeSpec]

-    test_content_range {
+    test_parse_and_format {
        crate::http::header::common_header_test!(test_bytes,
            vec![b"bytes 0-499/500"],
            Some(ContentRange(ContentRangeSpec::Bytes {
@ -69,11 +71,11 @@ crate::http::header::common_header! {
    }
 }

-/// Content-Range, described in [RFC7233](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7233#section-4.2)
+/// Content-Range header, defined
+/// in [RFC 7233 §4.2](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7233#section-4.2)
 ///
 /// # ABNF
-///
-/// ```text
+/// ```plain
 /// Content-Range       = byte-content-range
 ///                     / other-content-range
 ///
@ -89,7 +91,7 @@ crate::http::header::common_header! {
 /// other-content-range = other-range-unit SP other-range-resp
 /// other-range-resp    = *CHAR
 /// ```
-#[derive(PartialEq, Clone, Debug)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub enum ContentRangeSpec {
    /// Byte range
    Bytes {
--- a/src/http/header/content_type.rs
+++ b/src/http/header/content_type.rs
@ -2,8 +2,8 @@ use super::CONTENT_TYPE;
 use mime::Mime;

 crate::http::header::common_header! {
-    /// `Content-Type` header, defined in
-    /// [RFC7231](http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7231#section-3.1.1.5)
+    /// `Content-Type` header, defined
+    /// in [RFC 7231 §3.1.1.5](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7231#section-3.1.1.5)
    ///
    /// The `Content-Type` header field indicates the media type of the
    /// associated representation: either the representation enclosed in the
@ -18,18 +18,15 @@ crate::http::header::common_header! {
    /// this is an issue, it's possible to implement `Header` on a custom struct.
    ///
    /// # ABNF
-    ///
-    /// ```text
+    /// ```plain
    /// Content-Type = media-type
    /// ```
    ///
-    /// # Example values
-    ///
+    /// # Example Values
    /// * `text/html; charset=utf-8`
    /// * `application/json`
    ///
    /// # Examples
-    ///
    /// ```
    /// use actix_web::HttpResponse;
    /// use actix_web::http::header::ContentType;
@ -51,7 +48,7 @@ crate::http::header::common_header! {
    /// ```
    (ContentType, CONTENT_TYPE) => [Mime]

-    test_content_type {
+    test_parse_and_format {
        crate::http::header::common_header_test!(
            test1,
            vec![b"text/html"],
@ -113,5 +110,3 @@ impl ContentType {
        ContentType(mime::APPLICATION_OCTET_STREAM)
    }
 }
-
-impl Eq for ContentType {}
--- a/src/http/header/date.rs
+++ b/src/http/header/date.rs
@ -2,19 +2,18 @@ use super::{HttpDate, DATE};
 use std::time::SystemTime;

 crate::http::header::common_header! {
-    /// `Date` header, defined in [RFC7231](http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7231#section-7.1.1.2)
+    /// `Date` header, defined
+    /// in [RFC 7231 §7.1.1.2](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7231#section-7.1.1.2)
    ///
    /// The `Date` header field represents the date and time at which the
    /// message was originated.
    ///
    /// # ABNF
-    ///
-    /// ```text
+    /// ```plain
    /// Date = HTTP-date
    /// ```
    ///
-    /// # Example values
-    ///
+    /// # Example Values
    /// * `Tue, 15 Nov 1994 08:12:31 GMT`
    ///
    /// # Example
@ -31,7 +30,7 @@ crate::http::header::common_header! {
    /// ```
    (Date, DATE) => [HttpDate]

-    test_date {
+    test_parse_and_format {
        crate::http::header::common_header_test!(test1, vec![b"Tue, 15 Nov 1994 08:12:31 GMT"]);
    }
 }
--- a/src/http/header/entity.rs
+++ b/src/http/header/entity.rs
@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
-use std::fmt::{self, Display, Write};
-use std::str::FromStr;
+use std::{
+    fmt::{self, Display, Write},
+    str::FromStr,
+};

 use super::{HeaderValue, IntoHeaderValue, InvalidHeaderValue, Writer};

@ -15,7 +17,8 @@ fn check_slice_validity(slice: &str) -> bool {
    slice.bytes().all(entity_validate_char)
 }

-/// An entity tag, defined in [RFC7232](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7232#section-2.3)
+/// An entity tag, defined
+/// in [RFC 7232 §2.3](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7232#section-2.3)
 ///
 /// An entity tag consists of a string enclosed by two literal double quotes.
 /// Preceding the first double quote is an optional weakness indicator,
@ -23,8 +26,7 @@ fn check_slice_validity(slice: &str) -> bool {
 /// `W/"xyzzy"`.
 ///
 /// # ABNF
-///
-/// ```text
+/// ```plain
 /// entity-tag = [ weak ] opaque-tag
 /// weak       = %x57.2F ; "W/", case-sensitive
 /// opaque-tag = DQUOTE *etagc DQUOTE
--- a/src/http/header/etag.rs
+++ b/src/http/header/etag.rs
@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 use super::{EntityTag, ETAG};

 crate::http::header::common_header! {
-    /// `ETag` header, defined in [RFC7232](http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7232#section-2.3)
+    /// `ETag` header, defined in
+    /// [RFC 7232 §2.3](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7232#section-2.3)
    ///
    /// The `ETag` header field in a response provides the current entity-tag
    /// for the selected representation, as determined at the conclusion of
@ -14,19 +15,16 @@ crate::http::header::common_header! {
    /// prefixed by a weakness indicator.
    ///
    /// # ABNF
-    ///
-    /// ```text
+    /// ```plain
    /// ETag       = entity-tag
    /// ```
    ///
-    /// # Example values
-    ///
+    /// # Example Values
    /// * `"xyzzy"`
    /// * `W/"xyzzy"`
    /// * `""`
    ///
    /// # Examples
-    ///
    /// ```
    /// use actix_web::HttpResponse;
    /// use actix_web::http::header::{ETag, EntityTag};
@ -48,7 +46,7 @@ crate::http::header::common_header! {
    /// ```
    (ETag, ETAG) => [EntityTag]

-    test_etag {
+    test_parse_and_format {
        // From the RFC
        crate::http::header::common_header_test!(test1,
            vec![b"\"xyzzy\""],
--- a/src/http/header/expires.rs
+++ b/src/http/header/expires.rs
@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 use super::{HttpDate, EXPIRES};

 crate::http::header::common_header! {
-    /// `Expires` header, defined in [RFC7234](http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7234#section-5.3)
+    /// `Expires` header, defined
+    /// in [RFC 7234 §5.3](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7234#section-5.3)
    ///
    /// The `Expires` header field gives the date/time after which the
    /// response is considered stale.
@ -11,12 +12,11 @@ crate::http::header::common_header! {
    /// time.
    ///
    /// # ABNF
-    ///
-    /// ```text
+    /// ```plain
    /// Expires = HTTP-date
    /// ```
    ///
-    /// # Example values
+    /// # Example Values
    /// * `Thu, 01 Dec 1994 16:00:00 GMT`
    ///
    /// # Example
@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ crate::http::header::common_header! {
    /// ```
    (Expires, EXPIRES) => [HttpDate]

-    test_expires {
+    test_parse_and_format {
        // Test case from RFC
        crate::http::header::common_header_test!(test1, vec![b"Thu, 01 Dec 1994 16:00:00 GMT"]);
    }
--- a/src/http/header/if_match.rs
+++ b/src/http/header/if_match.rs
@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-use super::{EntityTag, IF_MATCH};
+use super::{common_header, EntityTag, IF_MATCH};

-crate::http::header::common_header! {
-    /// `If-Match` header, defined in
-    /// [RFC7232](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7232#section-3.1)
+common_header! {
+    /// `If-Match` header, defined
+    /// in [RFC 7232 §3.1](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7232#section-3.1)
    ///
    /// The `If-Match` header field makes the request method conditional on
    /// the recipient origin server either having at least one current
@ -17,18 +17,15 @@ crate::http::header::common_header! {
    /// there have been any changes to the representation data.
    ///
    /// # ABNF
-    ///
-    /// ```text
+    /// ```plain
    /// If-Match = "*" / 1#entity-tag
    /// ```
    ///
-    /// # Example values
-    ///
+    /// # Example Values
    /// * `"xyzzy"`
    /// * "xyzzy", "r2d2xxxx", "c3piozzzz"
    ///
    /// # Examples
-    ///
    /// ```
    /// use actix_web::HttpResponse;
    /// use actix_web::http::header::IfMatch;
@ -52,7 +49,7 @@ crate::http::header::common_header! {
    /// ```
    (IfMatch, IF_MATCH) => {Any / (EntityTag)+}

-    test_if_match {
+    test_parse_and_format {
        crate::http::header::common_header_test!(
            test1,
            vec![b"\"xyzzy\""],
--- a/src/http/header/if_modified_since.rs
+++ b/src/http/header/if_modified_since.rs
@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 use super::{HttpDate, IF_MODIFIED_SINCE};

 crate::http::header::common_header! {
-    /// `If-Modified-Since` header, defined in
-    /// [RFC7232](http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7232#section-3.3)
+    /// `If-Modified-Since` header, defined
+    /// in [RFC 7232 §3.3](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7232#section-3.3)
    ///
    /// The `If-Modified-Since` header field makes a GET or HEAD request
    /// method conditional on the selected representation's modification date
@ -11,12 +11,11 @@ crate::http::header::common_header! {
    /// data has not changed.
    ///
    /// # ABNF
-    ///
-    /// ```text
+    /// ```plain
    /// If-Unmodified-Since = HTTP-date
    /// ```
    ///
-    /// # Example values
+    /// # Example Values
    /// * `Sat, 29 Oct 1994 19:43:31 GMT`
    ///
    /// # Example
@ -34,7 +33,7 @@ crate::http::header::common_header! {
    /// ```
    (IfModifiedSince, IF_MODIFIED_SINCE) => [HttpDate]

-    test_if_modified_since {
+    test_parse_and_format {
        // Test case from RFC
        crate::http::header::common_header_test!(test1, vec![b"Sat, 29 Oct 1994 19:43:31 GMT"]);
    }
--- a/src/http/header/if_none_match.rs
+++ b/src/http/header/if_none_match.rs
@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 use super::{EntityTag, IF_NONE_MATCH};

 crate::http::header::common_header! {
-    /// `If-None-Match` header, defined in
-    /// [RFC7232](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7232#section-3.2)
+    /// `If-None-Match` header, defined
+    /// in [RFC 7232 §3.2](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7232#section-3.2)
    ///
    /// The `If-None-Match` header field makes the request method conditional
    /// on a recipient cache or origin server either not having any current
@ -16,13 +16,11 @@ crate::http::header::common_header! {
    /// the representation data.
    ///
    /// # ABNF
-    ///
-    /// ```text
+    /// ```plain
    /// If-None-Match = "*" / 1#entity-tag
    /// ```
    ///
-    /// # Example values
-    ///
+    /// # Example Values
    /// * `"xyzzy"`
    /// * `W/"xyzzy"`
    /// * `"xyzzy", "r2d2xxxx", "c3piozzzz"`
@ -30,7 +28,6 @@ crate::http::header::common_header! {
    /// * `*`
    ///
    /// # Examples
-    ///
    /// ```
    /// use actix_web::HttpResponse;
    /// use actix_web::http::header::IfNoneMatch;
@ -54,7 +51,7 @@ crate::http::header::common_header! {
    /// ```
    (IfNoneMatch, IF_NONE_MATCH) => {Any / (EntityTag)+}

-    test_if_none_match {
+    test_parse_and_format {
        crate::http::header::common_header_test!(test1, vec![b"\"xyzzy\""]);
        crate::http::header::common_header_test!(test2, vec![b"W/\"xyzzy\""]);
        crate::http::header::common_header_test!(test3, vec![b"\"xyzzy\", \"r2d2xxxx\", \"c3piozzzz\""]);
--- a/src/http/header/if_range.rs
+++ b/src/http/header/if_range.rs
@ -8,7 +8,8 @@ use crate::error::ParseError;
 use crate::http::header;
 use crate::HttpMessage;

-/// `If-Range` header, defined in [RFC7233](http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7233#section-3.2)
+/// `If-Range` header, defined
+/// in [RFC 7233 §3.2](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7233#section-3.2)
 ///
 /// If a client has a partial copy of a representation and wishes to have
 /// an up-to-date copy of the entire representation, it could use the
@ -24,18 +25,16 @@ use crate::HttpMessage;
 /// in Range; otherwise, send me the entire representation.
 ///
 /// # ABNF
-///
-/// ```text
+/// ```plain
 /// If-Range = entity-tag / HTTP-date
 /// ```
 ///
-/// # Example values
+/// # Example Values
 ///
 /// * `Sat, 29 Oct 1994 19:43:31 GMT`
 /// * `\"xyzzy\"`
 ///
 /// # Examples
-///
 /// ```
 /// use actix_web::HttpResponse;
 /// use actix_web::http::header::{EntityTag, IfRange};
@ -108,10 +107,11 @@ impl IntoHeaderValue for IfRange {
 }

 #[cfg(test)]
-mod test_if_range {
+mod test_parse_and_format {
+    use std::str;
+
    use super::IfRange as HeaderField;
    use crate::http::header::*;
-    use std::str;

    crate::http::header::common_header_test!(test1, vec![b"Sat, 29 Oct 1994 19:43:31 GMT"]);
    crate::http::header::common_header_test!(test2, vec![b"\"abc\""]);
--- a/src/http/header/if_unmodified_since.rs
+++ b/src/http/header/if_unmodified_since.rs
@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 use super::{HttpDate, IF_UNMODIFIED_SINCE};

 crate::http::header::common_header! {
-    /// `If-Unmodified-Since` header, defined in
-    /// [RFC7232](http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7232#section-3.4)
+    /// `If-Unmodified-Since` header, defined
+    /// in [RFC 7232 §3.4](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7232#section-3.4)
    ///
    /// The `If-Unmodified-Since` header field makes the request method
    /// conditional on the selected representation's last modification date
@ -11,13 +11,11 @@ crate::http::header::common_header! {
    /// the user agent does not have an entity-tag for the representation.
    ///
    /// # ABNF
-    ///
-    /// ```text
+    /// ```plain
    /// If-Unmodified-Since = HTTP-date
    /// ```
    ///
-    /// # Example values
-    ///
+    /// # Example Values
    /// * `Sat, 29 Oct 1994 19:43:31 GMT`
    ///
    /// # Example
@ -35,7 +33,7 @@ crate::http::header::common_header! {
    /// ```
    (IfUnmodifiedSince, IF_UNMODIFIED_SINCE) => [HttpDate]

-    test_if_unmodified_since {
+    test_parse_and_format {
        // Test case from RFC
        crate::http::header::common_header_test!(test1, vec![b"Sat, 29 Oct 1994 19:43:31 GMT"]);
    }
--- a/src/http/header/last_modified.rs
+++ b/src/http/header/last_modified.rs
@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 use super::{HttpDate, LAST_MODIFIED};

 crate::http::header::common_header! {
-    /// `Last-Modified` header, defined in
-    /// [RFC7232](http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7232#section-2.2)
+    /// `Last-Modified` header, defined
+    /// in [RFC 7232 §2.2](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7232#section-2.2)
    ///
    /// The `Last-Modified` header field in a response provides a timestamp
    /// indicating the date and time at which the origin server believes the
@ -10,13 +10,11 @@ crate::http::header::common_header! {
    /// conclusion of handling the request.
    ///
    /// # ABNF
-    ///
-    /// ```text
+    /// ```plain
    /// Expires = HTTP-date
    /// ```
    ///
-    /// # Example values
-    ///
+    /// # Example Values
    /// * `Sat, 29 Oct 1994 19:43:31 GMT`
    ///
    /// # Example
@ -34,8 +32,8 @@ crate::http::header::common_header! {
    /// ```
    (LastModified, LAST_MODIFIED) => [HttpDate]

-        test_last_modified {
-            // Test case from RFC
-            crate::http::header::common_header_test!(test1, vec![b"Sat, 29 Oct 1994 19:43:31 GMT"]);
-        }
+    test_parse_and_format {
+        // Test case from RFC
+        crate::http::header::common_header_test!(test1, vec![b"Sat, 29 Oct 1994 19:43:31 GMT"]);
+    }
 }
--- a/src/http/header/macros.rs
+++ b/src/http/header/macros.rs
@ -1,33 +1,14 @@
-macro_rules! common_header_deref {
-    ($from:ty => $to:ty) => {
-        impl ::std::ops::Deref for $from {
-            type Target = $to;
-
-            #[inline]
-            fn deref(&self) -> &$to {
-                &self.0
-            }
-        }
-
-        impl ::std::ops::DerefMut for $from {
-            #[inline]
-            fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut $to {
-                &mut self.0
-            }
-        }
-    };
-}
-
 macro_rules! common_header_test_module {
    ($id:ident, $tm:ident{$($tf:item)*}) => {
-        #[allow(unused_imports)]
        #[cfg(test)]
        mod $tm {
+            #![allow(unused_imports)]
+
            use std::str;
            use actix_http::http::Method;
            use mime::*;
            use $crate::http::header::*;
-            use super::$id as HeaderField;
+            use super::{$id as HeaderField, *};
            $($tf)*
        }
    }
@ -42,14 +23,19 @@ macro_rules! common_header_test {

            let raw = $raw;
            let a: Vec<Vec<u8>> = raw.iter().map(|x| x.to_vec()).collect();
+
            let mut req = test::TestRequest::default();
+
            for item in a {
                req = req.insert_header((HeaderField::name(), item)).take();
            }
+
            let req = req.finish();
            let value = HeaderField::parse(&req);
+
            let result = format!("{}", value.unwrap());
            let expected = String::from_utf8(raw[0].to_vec()).unwrap();
+
            let result_cmp: Vec<String> = result
                .to_ascii_lowercase()
                .split(' ')
@ -60,10 +46,12 @@ macro_rules! common_header_test {
                .split(' ')
                .map(|x| x.to_owned())
                .collect();
+
            assert_eq!(result_cmp.concat(), expected_cmp.concat());
        }
    };
-    ($id:ident, $raw:expr, $typed:expr) => {
+
+    ($id:ident, $raw:expr, $exp:expr) => {
        #[test]
        fn $id() {
            use actix_http::test;
@ -75,128 +63,137 @@ macro_rules! common_header_test {
            }
            let req = req.finish();
            let val = HeaderField::parse(&req);
-            let typed: Option<HeaderField> = $typed;
-            // Test parsing
-            assert_eq!(val.ok(), typed);
-            // Test formatting
-            if typed.is_some() {
+            let exp: Option<HeaderField> = $exp;
+
+            // test parsing
+            assert_eq!(val.ok(), exp);
+
+            // test formatting
+            if let Some(exp) = exp {
                let raw = &($raw)[..];
                let mut iter = raw.iter().map(|b| str::from_utf8(&b[..]).unwrap());
                let mut joined = String::new();
-                joined.push_str(iter.next().unwrap());
-                for s in iter {
-                    joined.push_str(", ");
+                if let Some(s) = iter.next() {
                    joined.push_str(s);
+                    for s in iter {
+                        joined.push_str(", ");
+                        joined.push_str(s);
+                    }
                }
-                assert_eq!(format!("{}", typed.unwrap()), joined);
+                assert_eq!(format!("{}", exp), joined);
            }
        }
    };
 }

 macro_rules! common_header {
-    // $a:meta: Attributes associated with the header item (usually docs)
+    // TODO: these docs are wrong, there's no $n or $nn
+    // $attrs:meta: Attributes associated with the header item (usually docs)
    // $id:ident: Identifier of the header
    // $n:expr: Lowercase name of the header
    // $nn:expr: Nice name of the header

    // List header, zero or more items
-    ($(#[$a:meta])*($id:ident, $name:expr) => ($item:ty)*) => {
-        $(#[$a])*
-        #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    ($(#[$attrs:meta])*($id:ident, $name:expr) => ($item:ty)*) => {
+        $(#[$attrs])*
+        #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, ::derive_more::Deref, ::derive_more::DerefMut)]
        pub struct $id(pub Vec<$item>);
-        crate::http::header::common_header_deref!($id => Vec<$item>);
+
        impl $crate::http::header::Header for $id {
            #[inline]
            fn name() -> $crate::http::header::HeaderName {
                $name
            }
+
            #[inline]
-            fn parse<T>(msg: &T) -> Result<Self, $crate::error::ParseError>
-                where T: $crate::HttpMessage
-            {
-                $crate::http::header::from_comma_delimited(
-                    msg.headers().get_all(Self::name())).map($id)
+            fn parse<M: $crate::HttpMessage>(msg: &M) -> Result<Self, $crate::error::ParseError> {
+                let headers = msg.headers().get_all(Self::name());
+                $crate::http::header::from_comma_delimited(headers).map($id)
            }
        }
-        impl std::fmt::Display for $id {
+
+        impl ::core::fmt::Display for $id {
            #[inline]
-            fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> ::std::fmt::Result {
+            fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::core::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> ::core::fmt::Result {
                $crate::http::header::fmt_comma_delimited(f, &self.0[..])
            }
        }
+
        impl $crate::http::header::IntoHeaderValue for $id {
            type Error = $crate::http::header::InvalidHeaderValue;

            fn try_into_value(self) -> Result<$crate::http::header::HeaderValue, Self::Error> {
-                use std::fmt::Write;
+                use ::core::fmt::Write;
                let mut writer = $crate::http::header::Writer::new();
                let _ = write!(&mut writer, "{}", self);
                $crate::http::header::HeaderValue::from_maybe_shared(writer.take())
            }
        }
    };
+
    // List header, one or more items
-    ($(#[$a:meta])*($id:ident, $name:expr) => ($item:ty)+) => {
-        $(#[$a])*
-        #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    ($(#[$attrs:meta])*($id:ident, $name:expr) => ($item:ty)+) => {
+        $(#[$attrs])*
+        #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, ::derive_more::Deref, ::derive_more::DerefMut)]
        pub struct $id(pub Vec<$item>);
-        crate::http::header::common_header_deref!($id => Vec<$item>);
+
        impl $crate::http::header::Header for $id {
            #[inline]
            fn name() -> $crate::http::header::HeaderName {
                $name
            }
            #[inline]
-            fn parse<T>(msg: &T) -> Result<Self, $crate::error::ParseError>
-                where T: $crate::HttpMessage
-            {
+            fn parse<M: $crate::HttpMessage>(msg: &M) -> Result<Self, $crate::error::ParseError> {
                $crate::http::header::from_comma_delimited(
                    msg.headers().get_all(Self::name())).map($id)
            }
        }
-        impl std::fmt::Display for $id {
+
+        impl ::core::fmt::Display for $id {
            #[inline]
-            fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+            fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::core::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> ::core::fmt::Result {
                $crate::http::header::fmt_comma_delimited(f, &self.0[..])
            }
        }
+
        impl $crate::http::header::IntoHeaderValue for $id {
            type Error = $crate::http::header::InvalidHeaderValue;

            fn try_into_value(self) -> Result<$crate::http::header::HeaderValue, Self::Error> {
-                use std::fmt::Write;
+                use ::core::fmt::Write;
                let mut writer = $crate::http::header::Writer::new();
                let _ = write!(&mut writer, "{}", self);
                $crate::http::header::HeaderValue::from_maybe_shared(writer.take())
            }
        }
    };
+
    // Single value header
-    ($(#[$a:meta])*($id:ident, $name:expr) => [$value:ty]) => {
-        $(#[$a])*
-        #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    ($(#[$attrs:meta])*($id:ident, $name:expr) => [$value:ty]) => {
+        $(#[$attrs])*
+        #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, ::derive_more::Deref, ::derive_more::DerefMut)]
        pub struct $id(pub $value);
-        crate::http::header::common_header_deref!($id => $value);
+
        impl $crate::http::header::Header for $id {
            #[inline]
            fn name() -> $crate::http::header::HeaderName {
                $name
            }
+
            #[inline]
-            fn parse<T>(msg: &T) -> Result<Self, $crate::error::ParseError>
-                where T: $crate::HttpMessage
-            {
-                $crate::http::header::from_one_raw_str(
-                    msg.headers().get(Self::name())).map($id)
+            fn parse<M: $crate::HttpMessage>(msg: &M) -> Result<Self, $crate::error::ParseError> {
+                let header = msg.headers().get(Self::name());
+                $crate::http::header::from_one_raw_str(header).map($id)
            }
        }
-        impl std::fmt::Display for $id {
+
+        impl ::core::fmt::Display for $id {
            #[inline]
-            fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
-                std::fmt::Display::fmt(&self.0, f)
+            fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::core::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> ::core::fmt::Result {
+                ::core::fmt::Display::fmt(&self.0, f)
            }
        }
+
        impl $crate::http::header::IntoHeaderValue for $id {
            type Error = $crate::http::header::InvalidHeaderValue;

@ -205,9 +202,10 @@ macro_rules! common_header {
            }
        }
    };
+
    // List header, one or more items with "*" option
-    ($(#[$a:meta])*($id:ident, $name:expr) => {Any / ($item:ty)+}) => {
-        $(#[$a])*
+    ($(#[$attrs:meta])*($id:ident, $name:expr) => {Any / ($item:ty)+}) => {
+        $(#[$attrs])*
        #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
        pub enum $id {
            /// Any value is a match
@ -215,42 +213,46 @@ macro_rules! common_header {
            /// Only the listed items are a match
            Items(Vec<$item>),
        }
+
        impl $crate::http::header::Header for $id {
            #[inline]
            fn name() -> $crate::http::header::HeaderName {
                $name
            }
-            #[inline]
-            fn parse<T>(msg: &T) -> Result<Self, $crate::error::ParseError>
-                where T: $crate::HttpMessage
-            {
-                let any = msg.headers().get(Self::name()).and_then(|hdr| {
-                    hdr.to_str().ok().and_then(|hdr| Some(hdr.trim() == "*"))});

-                if let Some(true) = any {
+            #[inline]
+            fn parse<M: $crate::HttpMessage>(msg: &M) -> Result<Self, $crate::error::ParseError> {
+                let is_any = msg
+                    .headers()
+                    .get(Self::name())
+                    .and_then(|hdr| hdr.to_str().ok())
+                    .map(|hdr| hdr.trim() == "*");
+
+                if let Some(true) = is_any {
                    Ok($id::Any)
                } else {
-                    Ok($id::Items(
-                        $crate::http::header::from_comma_delimited(
-                            msg.headers().get_all(Self::name()))?))
+                    let headers = msg.headers().get_all(Self::name());
+                    Ok($id::Items($crate::http::header::from_comma_delimited(headers)?))
                }
            }
        }
-        impl std::fmt::Display for $id {
+
+        impl ::core::fmt::Display for $id {
            #[inline]
-            fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+            fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::core::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> ::core::fmt::Result {
                match *self {
                    $id::Any => f.write_str("*"),
-                    $id::Items(ref fields) => $crate::http::header::fmt_comma_delimited(
-                        f, &fields[..])
+                    $id::Items(ref fields) =>
+                        $crate::http::header::fmt_comma_delimited(f, &fields[..])
                }
            }
        }
+
        impl $crate::http::header::IntoHeaderValue for $id {
            type Error = $crate::http::header::InvalidHeaderValue;

            fn try_into_value(self) -> Result<$crate::http::header::HeaderValue, Self::Error> {
-                use std::fmt::Write;
+                use ::core::fmt::Write;
                let mut writer = $crate::http::header::Writer::new();
                let _ = write!(&mut writer, "{}", self);
                $crate::http::header::HeaderValue::from_maybe_shared(writer.take())
@ -259,32 +261,32 @@ macro_rules! common_header {
    };

    // optional test module
-    ($(#[$a:meta])*($id:ident, $name:expr) => ($item:ty)* $tm:ident{$($tf:item)*}) => {
+    ($(#[$attrs:meta])*($id:ident, $name:expr) => ($item:ty)* $tm:ident{$($tf:item)*}) => {
        crate::http::header::common_header! {
-            $(#[$a])*
+            $(#[$attrs])*
            ($id, $name) => ($item)*
        }

        crate::http::header::common_header_test_module! { $id, $tm { $($tf)* }}
    };
-    ($(#[$a:meta])*($id:ident, $n:expr) => ($item:ty)+ $tm:ident{$($tf:item)*}) => {
+    ($(#[$attrs:meta])*($id:ident, $n:expr) => ($item:ty)+ $tm:ident{$($tf:item)*}) => {
        crate::http::header::common_header! {
-            $(#[$a])*
+            $(#[$attrs])*
            ($id, $n) => ($item)+
        }

        crate::http::header::common_header_test_module! { $id, $tm { $($tf)* }}
    };
-    ($(#[$a:meta])*($id:ident, $name:expr) => [$item:ty] $tm:ident{$($tf:item)*}) => {
+    ($(#[$attrs:meta])*($id:ident, $name:expr) => [$item:ty] $tm:ident{$($tf:item)*}) => {
        crate::http::header::common_header! {
-            $(#[$a])* ($id, $name) => [$item]
+            $(#[$attrs])* ($id, $name) => [$item]
        }

        crate::http::header::common_header_test_module! { $id, $tm { $($tf)* }}
    };
-    ($(#[$a:meta])*($id:ident, $name:expr) => {Any / ($item:ty)+} $tm:ident{$($tf:item)*}) => {
+    ($(#[$attrs:meta])*($id:ident, $name:expr) => {Any / ($item:ty)+} $tm:ident{$($tf:item)*}) => {
        crate::http::header::common_header! {
-            $(#[$a])*
+            $(#[$attrs])*
            ($id, $name) => {Any / ($item)+}
        }

@ -292,7 +294,7 @@ macro_rules! common_header {
    };
 }

-pub(crate) use {common_header, common_header_deref, common_header_test_module};
+pub(crate) use {common_header, common_header_test_module};

 #[cfg(test)]
 pub(crate) use common_header_test;
--- a/src/http/header/mod.rs
+++ b/src/http/header/mod.rs
@ -1,15 +1,52 @@
 //! A Collection of Header implementations for common HTTP Headers.
 //!
-//! ## Mime
-//!
+//! ## Mime Types
 //! Several header fields use MIME values for their contents. Keeping with the strongly-typed theme,
 //! the [mime] crate is used in such headers as [`ContentType`] and [`Accept`].

-use bytes::{Bytes, BytesMut};
 use std::fmt;

-pub use self::accept_charset::AcceptCharset;
+use bytes::{Bytes, BytesMut};
+
+// re-export from actix-http
+// - header name / value types
+// - relevant traits for converting to header name / value
+// - all const header names
+// - header map
+// - the few typed headers from actix-http
+// - header parsing utils
 pub use actix_http::http::header::*;
+
+mod accept_charset;
+// mod accept_encoding;
+mod accept;
+mod accept_language;
+mod allow;
+mod cache_control;
+mod content_disposition;
+mod content_language;
+mod content_range;
+mod content_type;
+mod date;
+mod encoding;
+mod entity;
+mod etag;
+mod expires;
+mod if_match;
+mod if_modified_since;
+mod if_none_match;
+mod if_range;
+mod if_unmodified_since;
+mod last_modified;
+mod macros;
+mod preference;
+// mod range;
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+pub(crate) use macros::common_header_test;
+pub(crate) use macros::{common_header, common_header_test_module};
+
+pub use self::accept_charset::AcceptCharset;
 //pub use self::accept_encoding::AcceptEncoding;
 pub use self::accept::Accept;
 pub use self::accept_language::AcceptLanguage;
@ -30,11 +67,10 @@ pub use self::if_none_match::IfNoneMatch;
 pub use self::if_range::IfRange;
 pub use self::if_unmodified_since::IfUnmodifiedSince;
 pub use self::last_modified::LastModified;
+pub use self::preference::Preference;
 //pub use self::range::{Range, ByteRangeSpec};
-pub(crate) use actix_http::http::header::{
-    fmt_comma_delimited, from_comma_delimited, from_one_raw_str,
-};

+/// Format writer ([`fmt::Write`]) for a [`BytesMut`].
 #[derive(Debug, Default)]
 struct Writer {
    buf: BytesMut,
@ -62,30 +98,3 @@ impl fmt::Write for Writer {
        fmt::write(self, args)
    }
 }
-
-mod accept_charset;
-// mod accept_encoding;
-mod accept;
-mod accept_language;
-mod allow;
-mod cache_control;
-mod content_disposition;
-mod content_language;
-mod content_range;
-mod content_type;
-mod date;
-mod encoding;
-mod entity;
-mod etag;
-mod expires;
-mod if_match;
-mod if_modified_since;
-mod if_none_match;
-mod if_range;
-mod if_unmodified_since;
-mod last_modified;
-
-mod macros;
-#[cfg(test)]
-pub(crate) use macros::common_header_test;
-pub(crate) use macros::{common_header, common_header_deref, common_header_test_module};
--- a/src/http/header/preference.rs
+++ b/src/http/header/preference.rs
@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+use std::{
+    fmt::{self, Write as _},
+    str,
+};
+
+/// A wrapper for types used in header values where wildcard (`*`) items are allowed but the
+/// underlying type does not support them.
+///
+/// For example, we use the `language-tags` crate for the [`AcceptLanguage`](super::AcceptLanguage)
+/// typed header but it does not parse `*` successfully. On the other hand, the `mime` crate, used
+/// for [`Accept`](super::Accept), has first-party support for wildcard items so this wrapper is not
+/// used in those header types.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Hash)]
+pub enum Preference<T> {
+    /// A wildcard value.
+    Any,
+
+    /// A valid `T`.
+    Specific(T),
+}
+
+impl<T> Preference<T> {
+    /// Returns true if preference is the any/wildcard (`*`) value.
+    pub fn is_any(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, Self::Any)
+    }
+
+    /// Returns true if preference is the specific item (`T`) variant.
+    pub fn is_specific(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, Self::Specific(_))
+    }
+
+    /// Returns reference to value in `Specific` variant, if it is set.
+    pub fn item(&self) -> Option<&T> {
+        match self {
+            Preference::Specific(ref item) => Some(item),
+            Preference::Any => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Consumes the container, returning the value in the `Specific` variant, if it is set.
+    pub fn into_item(self) -> Option<T> {
+        match self {
+            Preference::Specific(item) => Some(item),
+            Preference::Any => None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: fmt::Display> fmt::Display for Preference<T> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Preference::Any => f.write_char('*'),
+            Preference::Specific(item) => fmt::Display::fmt(item, f),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: str::FromStr> str::FromStr for Preference<T> {
+    type Err = T::Err;
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
+        match s.trim() {
+            "*" => Ok(Self::Any),
+            other => other.parse().map(Preference::Specific),
+        }
+    }
+}
--- a/src/http/header/range.rs
+++ b/src/http/header/range.rs
@ -1,19 +1,21 @@
-use std::fmt::{self, Display};
-use std::str::FromStr;
+// TODO: reinstate module

-use super::parsing::from_one_raw_str;
-use super::{Header, Raw};
+use std::{
+    fmt::{self, Display},
+    str::FromStr,
+};

-/// `Range` header, defined in [RFC7233](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7233#section-3.1)
+use super::{parsing::from_one_raw_str, Header, Raw};
+
+/// `Range` header, defined
+/// in [RFC 7233 §3.1](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7233#section-3.1)
 ///
-/// The "Range" header field on a GET request modifies the method
-/// semantics to request transfer of only one or more sub-ranges of the
-/// selected representation data, rather than the entire selected
+/// The "Range" header field on a GET request modifies the method semantics to request transfer of
+/// only one or more sub-ranges of the selected representation data, rather than the entire selected
 /// representation data.
 ///
 /// # ABNF
-///
-/// ```text
+/// ```plain
 /// Range =	byte-ranges-specifier / other-ranges-specifier
 /// other-ranges-specifier = other-range-unit "=" other-range-set
 /// other-range-set = 1*VCHAR
@ -27,8 +29,7 @@ use super::{Header, Raw};
 /// last-byte-pos = 1*DIGIT
 /// ```
 ///
-/// # Example values
-///
+/// # Example Values
 /// * `bytes=1000-`
 /// * `bytes=-2000`
 /// * `bytes=0-1,30-40`
@ -37,7 +38,6 @@ use super::{Header, Raw};
 /// * `custom_unit=xxx-yyy`
 ///
 /// # Examples
-///
 /// ```
 /// use hyper::header::{Headers, Range, ByteRangeSpec};
 ///
@ -63,6 +63,7 @@ use super::{Header, Raw};
 pub enum Range {
    /// Byte range
    Bytes(Vec<ByteRangeSpec>),
+
    /// Custom range, with unit not registered at IANA
    /// (`other-range-unit`: String , `other-range-set`: String)
    Unregistered(String, String),
@ -74,8 +75,10 @@ pub enum Range {
 pub enum ByteRangeSpec {
    /// Get all bytes between x and y ("x-y")
    FromTo(u64, u64),
+
    /// Get all bytes starting from x ("x-")
    AllFrom(u64),
+
    /// Get last x bytes ("-x")
    Last(u64),
 }
@ -93,7 +96,7 @@ impl ByteRangeSpec {
    /// simply ignore the range header and serve the full entity using a `200
    /// OK` status code.
    ///
-    /// This function closely follows [RFC 7233][1] section 2.1.
+    /// This function closely follows [RFC 7233 §2.1].
    /// As such, it considers ranges to be satisfiable if they meet the
    /// following conditions:
    ///
@ -112,7 +115,7 @@ impl ByteRangeSpec {
    /// value of last-byte-pos with a value that is one less than the current
    /// length of the selected representation).
    ///
-    /// [1]: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7233
+    /// [RFC 7233 §2.1]: https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7233
    pub fn to_satisfiable_range(&self, full_length: u64) -> Option<(u64, u64)> {
        // If the full length is zero, there is no satisfiable end-inclusive range.
        if full_length == 0 {
@ -238,9 +241,7 @@ impl FromStr for ByteRangeSpec {
                .or(Err(::Error::Header))
                .map(ByteRangeSpec::AllFrom),
            (Some(start), Some(end)) => match (start.parse(), end.parse()) {
-                (Ok(start), Ok(end)) if start <= end => {
-                    Ok(ByteRangeSpec::FromTo(start, end))
-                }
+                (Ok(start), Ok(end)) if start <= end => Ok(ByteRangeSpec::FromTo(start, end)),
                _ => Err(::Error::Header),
            },
            _ => Err(::Error::Header),
@ -248,16 +249,6 @@ impl FromStr for ByteRangeSpec {
    }
 }

-fn from_comma_delimited<T: FromStr>(s: &str) -> Vec<T> {
-    s.split(',')
-        .filter_map(|x| match x.trim() {
-            "" => None,
-            y => Some(y),
-        })
-        .filter_map(|x| x.parse().ok())
-        .collect()
-}
-
 impl Header for Range {
    fn header_name() -> &'static str {
        static NAME: &'static str = "Range";
@ -286,8 +277,7 @@ mod tests {
        assert_eq!(r2, r3);

        let r: Range = Header::parse_header(&"bytes=1-100,200-".into()).unwrap();
-        let r2: Range =
-            Header::parse_header(&"bytes= 1-100 , 101-xxx,  200- ".into()).unwrap();
+        let r2: Range = Header::parse_header(&"bytes= 1-100 , 101-xxx,  200- ".into()).unwrap();
        let r3 = Range::Bytes(vec![
            ByteRangeSpec::FromTo(1, 100),
            ByteRangeSpec::AllFrom(200),
--- a/src/service.rs
+++ b/src/service.rs
@ -561,7 +561,6 @@ where
 /// The max number of services can be grouped together is 12.
 ///
 /// # Examples
-///
 /// ```
 /// use actix_web::{services, web, App};
 ///
Author	SHA1	Message	Date
Rob Ede	30da2e5618	fix macro	2021-12-02 14:59:41 +00:00
Rob Ede	43a0e8102f	fix merge again	2021-12-02 14:30:36 +00:00
Rob Ede	183fbdfd74	fix merge	2021-12-02 14:13:18 +00:00
Rob Ede	57ee49a618	Merge branch 'master' into improve-typed-header-macro	2021-12-02 14:04:23 +00:00
Rob Ede	075d871e63	wrap `LanguageTags` type in new `AnyOrSome` type to support wildcards (#2480 )	2021-12-02 13:59:25 +00:00
Rob Ede	c4b20df56a	convert all remaining IETF RFC links to new format	2021-12-02 03:45:04 +00:00
Rob Ede	a75212695a	improve typed header macro	2021-12-01 20:17:06 +00:00
Rob Ede	2f9c97461a	Merge branch 'master' into fix-accept-lang	2021-12-01 19:45:18 +00:00
Rob Ede	0df275c478	update all IETF RFC links to new URL format	2021-12-01 19:42:02 +00:00
Rob Ede	a0eb0d22be	fix quality item import	2021-12-01 19:38:02 +00:00
Rob Ede	303843dcda	update changelog	2021-12-01 19:01:55 +00:00
Rob Ede	75b026b740	wrap LanguageTags type in new AnyOrSome type to support wildcards fixes #2434	2021-12-01 18:56:33 +00:00
Rob Ede	697238fadc	prepare actix-multipart release 0.4.0-beta.9	2021-12-01 00:26:07 +00:00